Energy 102Electrical Energy

Energy 101: The BasicsCovered

• 8 Forms of Energy• Primarily Chemical Energy

Electrical Energy

• Secondary Form of Energy• Can Not Exist on Its Own• Must be Produced or Stored by Another

Form

Electrical Energy• Not Static Electricity• Electrons on the Move

Primary Energy Forms

• Chemical

• Radiant

• Mechanical

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Five Times More Energy Educated

Grading SystemFinal Exam

Class Participation

Reliable Electrical Energy

Early Telegraph Systems

Powered EarlyTelegraph and Telephone Systems

Alexandra Volta

Voltaic Pile – Battery Invented 1800

Zinc Gains 2 Extra ElectronsNegative

Copper Loses 2 ElectronsPositive

Batteries are Everywhere

Storage BatteriesExpensive Today

Electric Car Batteries

Photovoltaic Cell

PV Cell Efficiency

7 % – 17 %Most of the Incoming Radiant

Transformed into Thermalor Reflected

Total 2012 U.S. Energy from PV Systems

0.1%

Twice as Expensive as Natural Gas, Coal, or Nuclear

Super PV Cells• Cheaper to Manufacturer• More Efficient Transforming

Radiant Energy into Electrical

Laws of PhysicsMay Prevent or Allow

Tracking the Sun

20% more in winter

50% more in summer

Anti – Reflective Coating

33% absorption without coating96 % absorption with coating

99% of U.S. Electricity

Primary Energy Forms for Electrical Energy

Radiant and Chemical – 1%Mechanical – 99%

Electrical Generator

Michael Faraday1791-1867

Michael Faraday - 1831

Joseph Henry1797 - 1878

Hand Generators

Early Generatorsmid 1800s

Thomas Edison

Pearl Street Station, New York - 1882

85 Customers400 Lamps

Pearl Street Station New York – 1882-4

Customers85-508Lamps

400 - 10,164

Electric Power – 40%2012 U.S. Energy Demand

Thermal Power Plants2012 U.S. Electricity Production

• Coal – 42% • Natural Gas – 25%• Nuclear – 19%• Petroleum – 1%• Biomass 3%• Geothermal 0.3%

Spins 60 Times a Second in the Americas

Most of the World - 50 cycles per second

Energy ConversionThermal Power Plants

• 1/3 to Electrical Energy • 2/3 to Thermal Energy

Cogeneration

Hydroelectric Power – 4 %Up to 90% Efficient

Wind Power - 3 %U.S. Electricity

Turbine EfficiencyMechanical to Electrical Energy

• Average - 20%• Perfect Wind Speed – 50%

Electric Grid

Alexander Volta

André-Marie Ampere

James Watt

Low Amperage

Higher Amperage

1 Amp

6.2×1018 Electrons per second

Voltage – Push on Electrons

Power = Voltage x Current

P = VI

Watts = Volts x Amps

500 Watt Hair Dryer

500W = 120V x II = 500W/110V

I = 4.2A

Electric Grid

Output Voltage - 11- 25kVPower Output 100 - 1,400 MW

7% Conversion intoThermal Energy

Step up Voltage 10-30 timeswill

Reduce Current 10-30 times

Reduce Current by only 10 times Reduces Thermal Losses by 100

Reduce Collisions

Reduce Thermal Losses in Power Lines

Transformers

P = VI MW = (10)V (1/10)I

1/100 Thermal Energy Losses

Electric Grid

Step Up 10-30 Times to 138KV – 765 KV

11-25 KV

Electric Grid

Electric Grid

Electric Grid

120V and 240V

2400V

Electric Grid

Switching to Satellite

Energy 102 Final Exam

Thermal energy changes water into high pressure steam to turn a

turbine and generator at 60 cycles per second.

Generator Produces Electrical Energy

11KV – 25 KV

To Reduce Thermal LossesTransformers Step Up Voltage

10-30 times

Reducing Current 10-30 times

High Voltage Transmission Lines

Substation Steps Down Voltage and Increases Current

Distribution Lines into Neighborhoods

Above and Below Ground

Once in the NeighborhoodStepped Down to 120V and 240V

Transformation from Electrical Energy

into Thermal and Radiant Energy

Radiant and Chemical Energy Produce

Chemical Reaction on Surface of the Bread

Final GradeQuintuple or More – A Money Back Retake Energy 102

Thank You, Energy 102 Instructors!