Endosulfan Field Guide

8/3/2019 Endosulfan Field Guide

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How t o Grow Crops

w i t hout Endosu l fan

Field Guide

to Non-chemical Pest Management inbanana, cabbage and other crucifers , cassava, citrus, coffee, corn,

cotton and other fiber crops, cowpea, eggplant, forage crops,

forest trees, garlic, lettuce, mango, mungbean, onion, ornamentals,

peanut, pepper, pigeon pea, oil crops, ornamentals, potato, rice,

sesame, sorghum, soybean, squash and other cucurbits, string bean,

sweet potato, tea, tomato, and wheat production

Pesticide Action Network (PAN) Germany


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3/73

How t o Grow Crops

w i t hout Endosu lfan

Field Guideto Non-chemical Pest Management in

banana, cabbage and other crucifers , cassava, citrus, coffee, corn,

cotton and other fiber crops, cowpea, eggplant, forage crops,

forest trees, garlic, lettuce, mango, mungbean, onion, ornamentals,

peanut, pepper, pigeon pea, oil crops, ornamentals, potato, rice,

sesame, sorghum, soybean, squash and other cucurbits, string bean,sweet potato, tea, tomato, and wheat production


Hamburg, 2008


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Pest ic ide Ac t ion Netw ork (PAN).

Founded in 1982, the Pesticide Action Network is an

international coalition of over 600 citizens groups in more

than 60 countries, working to oppose the misuse of

pesticides and to promote sustainable agriculture andecologically sound pest management.

PAN Germany was established in 1984 as part of this

global network and has continually been involved in

initiatives to reduce the use of hazardous pesticides and to

promote sustainable pest management systems on national,

European and global levels.

Acknow ledgemen ts

First, we want to express our gratitude to the

universities and organizations that have given thepermission to use their photos for the OISAT project.

(For more details see p. 71)

We also wish to thank all the individuals, groups and

organizations that have prepared the bases of the most

control measures presented in this field guide, may it have

been by preserving traditional experience, on field trials, on

field research or in the lab.

Last but not least we want to thank Misereor for their

financial support and KEMI/SENSA who financially

contributed to this publication through PAN Asia/Pacific.


Nernstweg 32, 22765 Hamburg, Germany

Phone: +49(0)40 3991910-0

Fax: + 49(0)40 3907520

Email: [email protected]: www.pan-germany.org

www.oisat.org

Prepared by: Dr. Jewel K. Bissdorf

Editor: Carina Weber

Layout: Reginald Bruhn

Hamburg

January 2008

Apart from the photos, permission is granted to reproduce

any and all portions of this publication, provided thepublisher, title, author and editor are acknowledged.


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Handbook: How to Live and Work Without Endosulfan

Table of contents

Prologue.... ........................................................ ....................................................... ............................................. 8

I. Introduction....................................................................... .............................................................................. 10

II. General Pest Management Practices........................................................... ................................................ 12

III. Pest Management Methods .............................................................. ........................................................... 12

III. 1. Cultural and physical control methods .................................................................................... 13

Bagging of fruits .................................................... ....................................................... .......................... 14

Companion planting ........................................................ ....................................................... ................ 14

Composting................................................ ........................................................ .................................... 15

Crop rotation ........................................................ ........................................................ .......................... 17

Fruit fly traps ........................................................ ........................................................ .......................... 18

Handpicking ................................................ ....................................................... .................................... 18

Light trap .................................................... ........................................................ .................................... 19

Mulching...... ........................................................ ........................................................ ........................... 19

Pheromone traps....................... ........................................................ ..................................................... 20

Pruning................. ........................................................ .......................................................................... 21

Soil baits.................................. ........................................................ ....................................................... 21

Soil traps .................................................... ........................................................ .................................... 22

Sticky board trap ................................................... ....................................................... .......................... 22

Trap cropping ....................................................... ........................................................ .......................... 23

III. 2. Biological control ............................................................. .......................................................... 24

III. 2. 1. Beneficial insects ....................................................... ............................................................ 24

Braconid ..................................................... ............................................................ ................................ 24

Cotesia ...................................................... ............................................................ ................................ 24

Damsel bug ................................................ ....................................................... .................................... 25

Damsel fly .................................................... ....................................................... ................................... 25

Diadegma................................................................ ............................................................................... 26

Encarsia ........................................................ ............................................................ ............................. 26

Ground beetle ................................................. ........................................................ ............................... 27

Hoverfly ........................................................ ............................................................ ............................. 27

Lacewing................................................... ............................................................ ................................. 28

Ladybird beetles ........................................................ ............................................................................. 28

Mealybug destroyer ......................................................... ...................................................................... 29

Minute pirate bug .......................................................... ......................................................................... 29

Praying mantis ...................................................... ........................................................................... ...... 30

Predatory mite...................................................... ............................................................................. ..... 30

Rove beetles ................................................... ............................................................ ........................... 31

Spider................. ........................................................... ......................................................................... 31

Tachinid fly ................................................... ....................................................... ................................... 32

Tiphia wasp................................................ ........................................................ .................................... 33

Trichogramma.................................................... ............................................................ ........................ 33

III. 2. 2. Homemade solutions ................................................................ ............................................. 34

III. 2. 2. 1. Plants used in Pest Control............. ........................................................... ....................... 34Aloe....................................................... ............................................................ ..................................... 34

Andrographis..... ............................................................ ......................................................................... 35

Pesticide Action Network (PAN) Germany 5


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6 Pesticide Action Network (PAN) Germany


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......................................................... .................................................................... 35

....................................................... ...................................................................... 36

Chili ........................................................ ........................................................... ..................................... 37

es................................ ............................................................ .................................................... 45

.................................................. ........................................................ 61

........................................................ ............................................ 71

Basil ..........................

Butterfly bush ............

Coriander ................................................. ........................................................ ...................................... 38

Custard apple........................................................ ............................................................................ ..... 39

Eupatorium....... ........................................................... ........................................................................... 40Garlic...... ........................................................... ................................................................................ ..... 40

Ginger ....................................................... ....................................................... ..................................... 42

Gliricidia ..................................................... ........................................................... ................................. 43

Guinea hen weed .................................................. ............................................................ ..................... 44

Horsetail .................................................... ....................................................... ...................................... 44

Lanson

Lemongrass ........................................................ ............................................................ ....................... 45

Mammey .................................................. ............................................................ .................................. 46

Marigold ....................................................... ........................................................... ............................... 47

Neem .................................................. ............................................................ ....................................... 48

Onion........................................... ........................................................... ................................................ 51

Papaya ................................................... ............................................................ ................................... 52

Pepper tree ................................................................................... ........................................................ 52

Pyrethrum.............................................. ........................................................ ......................................... 53

Quassia ..................................................... ............................................................ ................................ 54

Red cedar............................ ............................................................ ....................................................... 54

Spanish needle .................................................. ........................................................ ............................ 55

Stemona........... ............................................................ .......................................................................... 55

Sweet flag ..................................................................................... ........................................................ 56

Thundergod wine .................................................... ........................................................... .................... 57

Tinospora .................................................... ....................................................... .................................... 57

Tomato...................................................... ............................................................ ................................. 58

Turmeric .......................................................... ........................................................... ............................ 59Vitex ....................................................... ........................................................... ..................................... 60

Wormseed .................................................. ........................................................ ................................... 60

Wormwood ..................................

Yam bean..... ........................................................ ........................................................ .......................... 61

III. 2. 2. 2. Other homemade solutions...................................................... ......................................... 62

Alcohol ......................................................... ............................................................ .............................. 62

Ammonia spray .................................................... ........................................................... ....................... 63

Floor spray ................................................. ........................................................ .................................... 63

Plant ash ................................................... ........................................................... .................................. 64

Soap spray ................................................. ........................................................ .................................... 65

IV. References...................... ........................................................... ................................................................... 65

V. Appendix............................ ............................................................ ................................................................ 69

List of crops, wherein Endosulfan ist mostly used............. ............................................................ ......... 69

List of pests, wherein Endosulfan is mostly applied ........................................................ ....................... 69

List of pests corresponding the pages they are mentioned ...............................................................70

List of photo credits ............................


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, beneficial insects and biodiversity.

has the potential for long-range atmospheric transport. It

therefore contaminates environments far from where it is used. And it is bioaccumulative. Resi-

dues of Endosulfan have been found in indoor air, rain, lakes, rivers, strea

groundwater, well water, spring water, municipal water supp

prawn ponds, lagoons, estuarine and river sediment, soil, tree bark, aquatic plants, fish,

crocodile eggs, and other biota. They have been found in many countries. Residues have also

been found in food around the world. They were found in dairy foods, meat, chicken, vegetable

oil, peanuts, seeds, fruit, honey, rice, and many different vegetables. In Europe Endosulfan has

been among those pesticides with the highest frequency of exceeding the maximum residue

level allowed by the European Commission. Endosulfan is a leading cause of poisonings from

pesticides. It has poisoned numerous people, livestock and wildlife. As an endocrine disruptor

Endosulfan is threatening the reproductive capacity of living beings and it is increasing the risk

of breast cancer. In some communities it has left a legacy of deformity and malfunction. Many

cases of poisoning, including fatalities, have been reported - in Benin, Colombia, Costa Rica,Cuba, Guatemala, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan,

Turkey, and USA. It is one of the main causative agents of acute poisoning in Central America,

in southern India and other areas.

Pesticide Action Network (PAN) is working towards reducing the overall use and risks of

pesticides as well as the dependence on pesticides and to increase support for community-

based control over a sustainably produced food supply. PAN is committed, in its projects,

strategies and campaigns to place pesticide concerns in the broad political and economic

context in ways that will advance the fight against rural poverty and enhance pro-poor

development and ethical trade. PAN aims to help local communities use the initiatives to benefit

their day-to-day lives. One of the various activities of PAN to detox plant protection and pest

management is to call for the global elimination of the use of Endosulfan and to provide

information on alternatives to the use of this toxic pesticide.

PAN Germany is part of the international Pesticide Action Network. Being part of this alliance

PAN Germany is working on the national, European and international level and is among others

supporting non-chemical pest management on tropical crops that are commonly grown by small

landholder farmers through the project Online Information Service for Non-chemical Pest

Management in the Tropics (OISAT).

Prologue

Pesticides worth more than 30 billion US dollar are intentionally released into the global environ-

ment every year. Many of these are highly toxic and have immediate adverse effects on human

health, wildlife, local food sources such as cattle or fish

Several of them have chronic effects including cancers, reproductive problems, birth defects,

hormonal disruption and damage to the immune system. Impacts come from direct exposure in

use, spray drift, washing work clothes used while spraying, home pesticide storage, pesticide

dumps, and persistence in the environment. One of these highly problematic pesticides is

Endosulfan.

Endosulfan is an organochlorine insecticide. It is widely considered to be a persistent organic

pollutant (POP). It is volatile and

m sediments,

lies, marine water and sediment,



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ed system to distribute information on non-chemical pest

It

d

nt of this publication is based on the information provided at www.oisat.org. It enables

of Endosulfan. The recommended

ctices described in this publication, the

hased in the local agricultural suppliers.

t

er

r)

www.oisat.org is part of a web-bas

management in the tropics and sub-tropics that is scientifically based and at the same time easy

to read. Information provided via www.oisat.org is relevant to small-scale farmers who intend to

produce crops using safer and more affordable non-chemical pest management practices.

provides varied information on how to lower the costs of production based on recommende

insect/mites pests, disease, and weeds control methods.

The conte

to provide farmers with practical guides to avoid the use

practices are scientifically based. Most of the farm pra

farmers can do by themselves. The materials needed can be found in the backyards of farmers

or in their kitchens or can be purc

By this publication we want to contribute to efforts to avoid harm to men and environmen

caused by the use of Endosulfan.

Carina Web

(PAN Germany Program Directo



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I. Introduction

akes place with the following

icine that cures and kills pests the

safe health standards are inadequate or not

here pesticides are used.

names but Thiodan is popularly used. It is a

t is used to control aphids,

rips, beetles, foliar feeding larvae, borers, cutworms, bollworms, bugs, whiteflies, leaf-

mites, tsetse fly and non-insect pests like mites and slugs that are attacking on

itrus and other fruit trees, vegetables, forage crops, oil crops, fiber crops, grains, cotton,

tobacco, coffee, tea, forest trees, and ornamentals (Cornell University, 2004).

Endolsufan is a highly toxic substance (EXTOXNET, 1992) but is widely and indiscriminately

used by subsistence farmers. There are strong evidences regarding its detrimental effects on

For centuries, subsistence farmers have grown traditional crops for their food and income.

They have used various methods to grow crops and to control the pests the natural way.

However, with the pressing demands for higher yields and income to support their increasingfamily sizes and needs, farmers must look for options. Thus, the shift from the traditional

farming system to the use of commercial synthetic pesticide t

reasons:

1. Farmers can not increase their cropping areas;

2. Potential food is lost because of the attack of insects and mites, diseases,

nematodes, and rodents;

3. Synthetic pesticide is one of the most commonly accepted methods in pests control

because of the misconception that it is a med

fastest way;4. Most of the governments agricultural programs for increased production support the

use of high yielding varieties and agrochemicals, like fertilizers and pesticides; and

5. There is a difficulty for extension services, GOs/NGOs, and farmers to get a

comprehensive overview on alternative control/management methods, especially in a

form, which can be integrated easily into extension training materials and applied by

farmers.

Every year, an estimated of one to five million cases of pesticide poisonings occur that

resulted in several thousand fatalities among agricultural workers. Most of these poisonings

happen in the developing countries where

implemented. Even though these countries use only approximately 25% of the global

pesticide production, they account for a staggering 99% of the related deaths.

The vast majority of these poisoning cases involve farmers and farm workers who have the

direct contact with these chemicals. Either farmers are directly applying pesticides on crops

or working in fields where pesticides are used. They may be lacking of the appropriate

clothings to prevent the intake of pesticides and they may not be practicing the necessary

precautionary measures while handling and preparing these solutions. In some instances,

they may be wearing contaminated clothing throughout the day and may be eating and

drinking contaminated food and water with their contaminated hands. Other family members,

particularly children and infants, are also extremely susceptible to pesticide residues when

the mothers bring their infants while doing weeding or harvesting and let the children help outwith other farm activities w

Endolsulfan is one of these synthetic chemicals. Endolsulfan was first introduced in the

1950s, commercially sold in several trade

chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide of the cyclodiene subgroup which acts as a contact

poison in a wide variety if insects and mites (EXTOXNET, 1992). I

th

hoppers, ter

c



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d the wide gap of

ISAT has two components: OISAT Infoand OISAT PartnerNetwork.

ISAT Info is a web-based information tool offering trainers, extension workers, and farmers

agricultural learning

ve, and ecologically

ound way. Its structure is based on the cropping season of the major crops, indicating key

t part. Furthermore, detailed information is presented on

reventive and curative pest management practices with the aim of providing basic and

p

llu

is

ti

w

rt on

ge and feedback to the OISAT database.

tion of the online information into training and extension services, an

ffective and efficient information flow From Web to Field to Web, will be ensured. The final

to smallholder farmers and to offer them reliable solutions

which can be adopted by them. The feedback from the field will be

ISAT PartnerNetworkto further expand and adapt the content and

in

many.org

e

n

their health and the environment. It is an important cause of human, animal, and aquatic

resources poisoning in many poor countries.

In 1991, several countries started issuing regulatory status of Endolsufan use. It is banned in

Singapore, Cambodia, Belize, and is highly restricted in Southeast Asia, Korea, Russia,

Canada, Denmark, Finland, Great Britain, Kuwait, and Netherlands (Macfarlane, 1999).

Nevertheless, despite of all the restrictions, reports showed that Endosulfan is still widely

used in the countries with the regulatory status (Weber, 1996).

With the increasing detrimental effects of synthetic chemical pesticides an

the needed information at the field levels on the alternatives measures, there is a need for a

mechanism that information on pest management practices will be in-placed and operational.

In January 2003, PAN Germany launched a project, Online Information Service for Non-

chemical Pest Management in the Tropics, OISAT, with the aim of limiting the use of and

dependence by the poor farmers on the hazardous pesticides, as well as the risk that may be

incurred; and of providing them with safer alternatives.

O

O

a quick access to up-to-date information for their work and for organizing

processes in order to minimize pest damage in a safer, more effecti

s

pests for each growth stage and plan

p

practical information for a holistic approach in

situation-specific. The descriptions contain i

together with a glossary of technical terms.

The existence of OISAT Info on the internet

significantly. Therefore, PAN Germany is con

est management, which is both flexible and

strations, photographs, and clear advices,

not effective enough to reach the farmers

nuously seeking a partnership with carefully

hom OISAT Info is a potentially appropriate

nerNetwork is a platform for informati

identified training and extension providers to

information tool. The resulting OISAT Pa

dissemination, information validation, exchan

Through the integra

e

aim is to make OISAT accessible

for their pest problems,

stimulated through the O

service of OISAT Info to the needs of its usersthe information provided.

OISAT was launched online 1st of July 2004 w

the E-mail address: oisat@pan-ger

the field, leading to a significant adoption of

ith the web address: www.oisat.org and with

ment Practices as Alternatives to Endosulfan

from OISAT Info.

The information of this handbook, Pest Manag

and other Synthetic Pesticides, is mostly take



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a

ts, mites, snails and slugs, rodents, hat are

agement practices area pest problem. The

chemical pesticides in pest

omic gains of the farmers.

ment methods - cul eficial

II. General Pest Man

Pest management is preventing, suppressing,

insect pes

gement Practicesor eradicating unwanted organisms such as

diseases, weeds, vertebrates, etc., t

causing problems to agricultural crops. The general pest manlassified according to the approaches or the methods used to dealc

approaches used can either be prevention, su

The methods can be chemical; cultural and phy

Since PAN Germany does not support the us

management practices, it promotes the integ

into consideration the environmental ecology a

The pest manage

ppression, or eradication of the problem pests.

sical; biological; and legal.

age of synthetic

ration of approaches and methods that takes

nd health and econ

tural and physical and biological (use of ben

insects and plant extracts and other homem

Germany are well elaborated in each respectiv

ade solutions) - that are promoted by PAN

e method.

III. Pest Managemen

t Methods

1. Cultural and physical methods

Cultural methods that aid in the prevention,

suppression, or eradication of pests include; field

sanitation; proper seed and variety selection; proper

seedbed preparation; planting date; row spacing;

seeding rate; fertilization; water management; croprotation; planting of trap crops and hedge rows;

companion planting; and intercropping, among others.

Physical or mechanical control includes proper land

actives soils. They contribute to

vive, grow, or reproduce.

"

preparation; hoeing; weeding, bagging of fruits; baits

and traps; row covers; mulching; handpicking; and

pruning, among others.

Generally cultural practices contribute to the

"belowground biodiversity" with the help of healthy and

biologically

aboveground biodiversity" by providing a habitat for

diverse natural enemies. Furthermore, culturalpractices contribute to prevent, suppress, or eradicate

pest build-up by disrupting the normal relationship

between the pest and the host plant and thus make

the pest less likely to sur

2. Biological control methods

2.1. Beneficial insects

that during its develo

dy of its host without killing

e host but usually weakening the host to some

xtent. A parasitoid (also a parasite) is an organism

at during its development lives inside or on the bodyf another host organism and eventually killing its

ing schemes, the integration of

e increased and the system tends to be

causes economic damage.

To conserve the beneficial insect population is to plant

crops that are producing nectars either as main crop,

companion crops, intercrops, multiple crops, and alongthe hedges or along the farm peripheries. Modify the

cropping practices by practicing crop rotation. Practice

The major categories of natural enemies arepredators, parasitoids, pathogens and some

vertebrates such as birds, snakes, etc. This

publication focuses on the beneficial insects as part of

the natural enemies in biological control.

Beneficial insects are divided into two groups -

predators and parasites, like other natural enemies.

A predator is an organism pment each other, which helps prevent one species (i.e., pest

species) from building up a population level thatconsumes several preys. A parasite is an organism

that lives in or on the bo

th

e

tho

host.

The presence of beneficial insects is stimulated byvarious intercropp

insectary plants, etc. By creating farming systems

which are high in biodiversity, the self-regulatory

mechanisms ar

more "dynamically stable". This means that the variety

of organisms provide more checks and balances on


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ections of your field to provide a habitat for the

Provide permanent beds

to protect beneficials

It is important to be able to identify the beneficials to

those that are not. Weekly field monitoring or a visual

inspection of plants is important to notice the presence

of pests and beneficial insects in order to consider

mulching and other form of ground covers in some

s

ground beetles and spiders.

and perennial plantings

population. when to make pest management decisions.

2.2. Plants used in pest control and other homemade solutions

Curative pest management practices should be used

and consider potential sid

t management. Some general traits of

llowing:

moisture,

enzymes. Rapid breakduced risks to non-

express acute toxicity or c

fects and toxicity are

pesticides. Plants in pest control are most effective

hen used in an integrated pest management (IPM)

rogram, which includes sanitation, cultural practices,

ant plant varieties,

.

ake botanicals more selective to certain plant-

d less harmful to beneficial insects.

)Phytotoxicity. Most plants used in pest control are

tr

ore expensive than synthetics, and

te

d ideally possess the

following characteristics:

o Be effective at a rate of max. 3-5% plant material

based on dry weight

o Be easy to grow and require little space and time

nial

olutions, the following

procedures MUST be observed:

o When storing the plants/plant parts for future

usage, make sure that they are properly dried andare stored in an airy container (never use plastic

container), away from direct sunlight and

moisture. Make sure that they are free from molds

before using them.

Do not use cooking and drinking utensils for the

extract preparation. Clean properly all the utensils

every time after using them.

t

g

f

few

e scale

spraying.

o Wear protective clothing while applying the

extract.

o Wash your hands after handling the plant extract.

in an integrated manner

effects on human health,

e

i

the environment, the

sustainability of the agricultural system and the

economy. A number of natural products can be used

in curative pes

plants used in pest control and other natural products

include the fo

a) Fast breakdown. Plant extracts used for pest

control degrade rapidly in sunlight, air, and

and by detoxificationa downo Be easy to harvest; preparation should be simple,

not too time-consuming or require too high a

technical input

o Applications should not be phytotoxic or decrease

the quality of a crop, e.g. taste or texture

me ns less persistence and re

target organisms. However, precise timing and/or

more frequent applications may be necessary.

Toxicity. Sb) ome plants in pest control are also used

as medicinal plants, others may have low to moderate

mammalian toxicity, and some are highly toxic (e.g.,

nicotine). They can auseWhen preparing the plant extract formulations and

other homemade schronic to sub-chronic effects on human health.

Therefore, information on side ef

mportant. During processing and application they

should be handled with the same caution as synthetic

for cultivation or procurement

o Recover quickly after the material is harvested

o Be peren

Not becom

w

p

mechanical controls, use of resist

nd biological control among othersa

c) Selectivity. The rapid break down and fast actiono

m

feeding pests an

d

non-phytotoxic. However, insecticidal soaps, sulfur,

sand nicotine sulfate may be toxic to some vegetable

or ornamentals.

o Do not have a direct contact with the crude extrac

while in the process of the preparation and durin

the application.

e)Cost and Availability. Plants used in pest con

tend to be m

olo Make sure that you place the plant extract out o

reach of children ansome d house pets while leaving itovernight.

are not produced in a great supply or are no lo

commercially available (e.g., nicotine). The po

ngero Always test the plant extract formulation on ancy of

o infested plants first before going into largsome botanicals may vary from one source or batch t

the next.

Plants used in pest control shoul

o e a weed or a host to plant pathogens

or insect pests

Possess complementary economic useo s

o Pose no hazard to non-target organisms, wildlife,

humans or the environment

o Select plants and/or plant parts that are pests-

free.



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III. 1. Cultural and physical control methods

Bagging of fruits

revents insect pests ding and damaging the fruits. The bag provides

rotection from mech prevents female flies' laying activities,

s, and fungal spots o per, safer, easier to do, and gives you a

iable estimate of your p

Bagging p , especially fruit flies, from fin

physical p

latex burn

anical injuries (scars and scratches) and

n the fruits. Although laborious, it is chea

more rel rojected harvest.

How to make a bag?

1. Cut old newspapers mea

27.5 cm for mango imilar

uble the layers, as sin

y.

3. Fold and sew or staple the sides and bottom of

sheets to make a recta

suring 15 x 22 cm or

12.5 x and for fruits of s

size.

2. Do gle layer breaks apart

easil

the ngular bag.

How to bag a fruit?in the bag to inflate it

e some of the fruits, leaving 1 on each

er.

. Insert one fruit per bag then close the bag using

coconut midrib or firmly tie top end of bag with

of the bag upwards to prevent

e the

ladder firmly on big branches.

1. Blow

2. Remov

.

clust

3

string or wire.

. Push the bottom4

fruit from touching the bag.

5. Use a ladder to reach as much fruits as possible.

Secure the ladder firmly on the ground and for

bigger and higher fruits trees, secure or ti

Reminders

ell with melon, bitter gourd,

mango, guava, star fruit, and banana.

mango fruit 55-60 days from

en the fruits are about the size

ottom or cut afew small holes to allow moisture to dry up.

Moisture trapped in the plastic bags damage

growth that

erheats the

fruit.

o Bags made of dried plant leaves are good

alternatives to plastic.

planting

o Bagging works w

o Start bagging the

flower bloom or wh

of a chicken egg.

o When using plastic bags, open the b

and/or promotes fungal and bacterial

caused diseased-fruits. Plastic also ov

Remove the bags during harvest and disposed them

properly.

Companion

roCompanion planting is the g

wing of diverse groups of crops.

Advantages

1. Giving off scent or chemicals that repels insects

2. attracting beneficial insects that are predators toharmful insects

3. Attracting insects that are pollinators for otherplants

ful insects an4. Attracting harmdistracting the

d therefore

m from the main prize crop

the soil so they can be

soil as fertiliser, for

plants

5. Absorbing minerals fromploughed back into the

example, green manures

6. Fixing nitrogen in the soil to reduce the need fornitrogen fertiliser

7. Creating shade for lower-growing plants that donot thrive in full sun

8. Acting as a windbreak for more tender plants

9. Providing natural support for climbing

10. Acting as ground cover to prevent weeds



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mple list of companion cropsTable 1:An exa

Vegetable(main crop)

Companion cropsCabbage Aromatic herbs, Celery, Onion

Cas asava Cowpea, Canavalia, Crot laria, Peanut,

Car icrot Lettuce, Rosemary, Onion, Garlic, Sage, Tomato, Med

CornIrish Potato, Beans, Eng sh, Canavalia,lish Pea, Pumpkin, Cucumber, Squa

Desmodium, Milinis grass

Eggplant Beans, Marigold

Gar Basil, Beets, Cabbaglic e, Carrots, Lettuce, Marigold

Pep Beans, Carrot, Marigoper ld, Marjoram, Onion, Tansy

Onion Basil, Beets, Cabbag de, Carrots, Lettuce, Marigol

Potato Corn, Barley, Buckwheat, Lupine, Peas, Radish, Sunflower, Tansy

Squash Beans Corn

Tomato Onion, Nasturtium, Marigold, Asparagus, Carrot, Parsley, Cucumber

Composting

Composting is the biological decomposition (rotting and d caying) of plant residues, farm animal manures, ande

kitchen scraps under controlled conditions. Once these

called compost. Compost is a decayed organic matter th

materials are completely decayed, the end product is

at is earthy, dark, and crumbly.

Pile or Heap Composting

What to prepare

1. A semi-shaded 3 ft x 3 ft area (90 cm x 90 cm)

2. Composting materials

a) Green materials that are rich in nitrogen

(freshly cut grasses, twigs, branches and

barks that are cut into small pieces, k

rbon (

leaves, straws, cornstalks and other

plant residues, and cut old newspapersc) Garden soil

d) Water

. Garden fork or shovel

tep by step procedure

Spread a layer of several inches thick (about 6

inches; 15 cm) of the brown materials on the

surface soil. This is the first layer.

. Add for the next layer, the green materials, about

6 inches thick (15 cm).

. Top this with a thin layer of garden soil.

the layers moist

).

to heat it up. Use a

to turn the pile. To mix,

ls at the middle

e materials

n you can mix it

every 5-7 days, thereafter. If your compost has astrong odor, turn it more often as your is pile is

tightly packed and is poorly aerated.

7. Ensure that the pile is heating up. When you first

turned the pile, you may see steam rising from it.

This signals decomposition. You can cover the

pile to keep the heat in.

8. Add nothing to the pile once the composting

process has begun.

9. The compost is finished when the pile is no longer

heating up and the original materials turn earthy

and black.

itchen garden fork or shovelscraps, farm animal manures)

b) Brown materials that are rich in ca dried

dried

towards the outside and the outsid

towards the center of the pile. The

3

S

1.

2

3

4. Sprinkle enough water to make

but not wet or soggy.

5. Repeat the steps 1 - 4, until your pile reaches the

height of 3 feet (90 cm

6. Turn the pile after 2 weeks

move the decomposing materia



16/73


Pit Composting

hat to prepare

l

manures)

ch in carbon (drie

leaves, straws, cornstalks and other dried pla

wspapers

heelbarrow, wa

olo

ed and non-

logged area.

ut

not wet.

. The next layer wi

Twigs and branches ca

are chopped int

should also be 20-25

this with a mi

and ash. This layer sho

t the steps 1

height of 1 m. You m

e (than the side

pile. This makes turni

the stick/s verticall

circulate into th

7. Cover the pit with broad leaves plants like banana

ths.

W

1. Compost pit that is; 1-1.5 m length x 1-1.5 m

width x 1 m deep

leaves, taro leaves, etc.

8. Turn the pile every two weeks. The compost is

ready after 3-4 mon2. Composting material

a) Green materials that are rich in nitrogen(freshly cut grasses, twigs, barks and branches

cut into small pieces, kitchen scraps, farm anima

b) Brown materials that are ri d

nt

2. Place dry plant materials as the first layer. This

should be about 20-25 cm thick. Sprinkle enough

water to make the composting materials moist b

residues, and cut old ne

c) Garden soil

d) Wood ash

e) Water

3. Long, sharp, pointed stick/s

4. Farm implements such as w tering

can, hoe, machete/b

bStep y step procedure

1. Dig the compost pit in a semi-shad

water

3 ll be composed of green

n also be added unless

o sm layer

cm thick.

xture

uld

-3 u

ak

s) to

ng th

y

e var

materials, either fresh or wilted grasses or weeds.

they aller pieces. This

4. Top of animal manure, soil,

be 10-15 cm thick.

ntil the pile reaches a5. Repea

e the pile thicker in the

create a dome-shaped

e pile easier.

middl

6. Place

air to

into the pile to allow the

ious layers.

Tips for better composting

1. Keep the pile moist.

2. Keep the pile well-aerated.

als. Too much of one slows down

stes, cats

ful pathogens found innot be killed in the

3. Maintain a balance of the green and brown

materi

decomposition. The best ratio is 1 part green to 1

part brown material. Shredding and chopping

these materials into smaller pieces will help speed

the composting process and increase the pile's

surface area.

4. Do not add diseased plants, human wa

and dogs feces as the harmthese waste products may

process of decomposition.

5. Do not add matured weeds as their seeds may

not be killed in the process of decomposition and

may germinate once you use the compost in your

field.

Uses of Compost

1. An excellent source of organic matter that has

ganisms.

2. Adds soil nutrients necessary for plant growth.

3. Improves plant growth.

4. Controls plant disease pathogens.

ls soil borne pathogens.

eaks

helps sandy soil retains moisture, and

Photo source:Sustainable Agriculture

Extension Manual

plenty of beneficial or

5. Contro

6. Improves the soil condition and texture. It br

up clay soil,

relieves compaction.

7. Improves soil drainage.

8. Reduces soil erosion.

9. Helps rehabilitate infertile soils.

10. Makes the soil easy to cultivate.



17/73


Crop rotation

Crop rotation is one of the oldest and most effective cult

e same field. It also means t to a different family than

orer feeds mostly

od islbs,

o absence of food.

ural control strategies. It means the planned order of

hat the succeeding crop belongsspecific crops planted on th

the previous one. The planned rotation may vary from 2 or

Some insect pests and disease-causing organisms ar

3 year or longer period.

e hosts specific. For example, rice stem b

on rice. If you dont rotate rice with other crops belonalways available to the pest. However, if you plant l

ging to a different family, the problem continues as foegume as the next crop, then corn, then beans, then bu

the insect pest will likely die due t

Advantages of crop rotation

y

erosion

insect/mite pests.

s reliance on synthetic chemicals

build-up

8. Helps control weeds

p1. Prevents soil de

soil fertilit

letion

2. Maintains

3. Reduces soil

4. Controls

5. Reduce

6. Reduces the pests

7. Prevents diseases

Useful tips in planning croprotation

1. Know the family where your crops belong to make

sure that you plant on the next cropping a crop

crop is planted have no wide range of host crops;

attack only annual/biennial crops; and do not have the

ability to fly from one field to another.

that belongs to a different family than the previous

arkets demand of

t fruit vegetables,

gumes before grains or cereals

5. Always keep farm records

Crop rotation as a means to control to insect pests is

most effective when the pests are present before the

one.

2. Make a list of the crops you want to grow by also

taken into consideration the m

your produce. For example, plant leafy vegetable

on the first cropping season, nex

then root crops, then legumes, then small grains

3. Grow le

4. Practice green manuring

Table 2: An example list of crops that belong to the same family

Family Common names

Allium Chive, garlic, leek, onion, shallot

Cucurbitpumpkins, snake gourd, sq

Bitter gourd, bottle gourd, chayote, cucumber, ivy gourd, luffa gourd, melons,

uash, wax gourd,

CruciferBok choy (petchay), broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, Chinese cabbage,

cauliflower, collard, kale, kohlrabi, mustard, radish, turnip, watercress

Legume

Common beans, black bean

hyacinth bean, kidney bean, Li

pinto bean, runner bean, s

, broad bean (Fava), clover, cowpea, garbanzo,

ma bean, lintel, mungbean, peanut, pigeon pea,

nap pea, snow pea, soybean, string bean, white bean

Aster Lettuce, artichoke

Solanaceous

(Nightshade family)Potato, tomato, pepper, eggplant

Grains and cereals Corn, sorghum, rice, wheat, oat, barley, millet

Carrot family Carrot, celery, dill, parsnip, parsley

Root crops Cassava, sweet potato, taro, yam, water chestnut

Mallow family Cotton, okra



18/73



psFruit fly tra

Jar trap

1. Make a paper funnel.

paper funnel into a jar containing few

uit bait.jar trap wherever fruit flies are see

2. Place the

amounts of fr3. Place the

n.

Fruit fly plastic bottle trap

ng the heated iron rod.

gh for the string

ait inside the bottle.

ek. Fresh

Handpicking

n excellent method of controlling pests especially when only a few plants are infested. It is the

ore they have the

e to lay their eggs and by crashing the eggs before they hatch prevent the pests' build-up and the resulting

Materials needed

o 1-liter plastic bottle

6 mm iron rodo

o String

o Scissors

o Bait

ocPr edure

d.1. Heat the iron roles on the neck usi2. Make ho

3. Make a hole on the lid, big enou

or wire to pass through.

Insert a string or wire at the lid's hole.4.

5. Place the b

6. Hung the trap in a shady part of the tree just

above the lower leaves.

7. Replace the bait at least 2 times in a we

bait is often attractive to the flies.

Fruit fly baits

o Ripe banana peel cut into small pieces and mixed

with sugar, flour, and water

o Mixture of 1 tsp vanilla essence, 2 tbsp ammonia,

cup sugar, and 2 liters water

o Mixture of 1 cup vinegar, 2 cups water, and 1 tbsp

honey

o Mixture of sugar, soya sauce, and ammonia

andpicking is aH

easiest and direct way to kill the visible and slowly moving pests. By handpicking the adults bef

chanc

damage.

Methods

1. Use an old soft brush or a used soft cotton cloth

wetted with alcohol to remove aphids, scales, and

mealybugs.

2. Run the infested plant surfaces in between

oden/bamboo stick to pick

also use improvised tongs,

e the infested leaves tunneled by

ed leaves

ease transmission to

.

s and caterpillars and drown themJapanese beetles play dead when

e the plant onto an old newspaper

crawl out in the

r. You can also crush

m. For

your

10. Handpick cutworm at night. Use a lamp or

flashlight to find them.

11. Handpick, crush, and kill insect pests with your

bare hands.

fingers to kill aphids.

3. Rub or scrape scales and mealybugs from plants.

4. Use a pointed wo

caterpillars. You can

pinchers, or tweezers.

5. Remov

leafminers. Early removal of the diseas

is also helpful to prevent dis

the rests of the plants

6. Handpick beetlein soapy water.

disturbed. Shak

for the easy collection. Chicken also feast on

them.

7. To collect vine borers, make a lengthwise slit

along the vine and get the borers out.

8. Attract rice bugs with baits, like crab or snail meat

for easy collection.

9. To get snails and slugs, water the infested area in

the late afternoon to let them

evening. Use a lamp or flashlight to find them.

Handpick and put them in a sealed container tofeed on your chicken the following morning or

drown them in soapy wate

them to die in the area where you fine the

easy collection, place snail and slug baits.

Reminders

y or several times in a week

den and those that come out from the

ompletely get rid of the plant pests

educe their population.

Visit your plants dailo

to monitor the presence of pests. Careful

observation leads to successful handpicking of

the pests. Look out for the pests that fly or crawl

into your gar

soil.o Most of the insect pests blend nicely with the

leaves. Make a thorough inspection with very

observant eyes.

o Look also for the pests' possible hiding places,

like under the plant debris and on the soil.

o Always inspect the underside of leaves. Remove

the eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults that you come

across.

o Know the beneficial insects and be able to identify

them so that you will not kill them by mistake.

o You cannot c

but you can r


19/73



d to collect mot

6. Heliotis/Helicoverpa

7. Leafhoppers

Light trapLight trap is a device used at night in the fiel

hs and other flying insects such as:

1. Armyworm

2. Bugs

3. Cutworm4. Flies

5. Gnats

8. Planthoppers

. Stem borers9

How to make a light trap?

with water or jute sack

here

e

ing electric bulb,

make sure that the bulb and wiring are not in

contact with water to avoid electrocution.

4. Place the shallow basin with soapy water or the

jute sack underneath the light.

5. Put the light trap from early evening until early

morning.

6. Collect the trapped insects daily and disposethem properly.

material that is spread on the topsoil to

improve soil condition

r against pests

lashing

nts that cause

earthworms and natura

maintain a more even soil temperature

osion

a) Materials needed

1. Bamboo or wooden poles

2. String or rope

3. Nails

4. Oil/kerosene lamp or electric bulb

5. Shallow basin

b) Procedure

1. Install the light trap near or within the field w

you want to trap the flying insects.

2. Secure the poles firmly on the ground.

3. Mount the lamp or the bulb on the frame, fiv

meters from the ground. When us

MulchingMulch is a protective layer of either organic or inorganic

o

o act as barrie

o prevent rainfall and irrigation water from sp

soil borne pathogens onto the pla

plant diseases

o prevent weed growth

o provide home for l

enemies found in the soil

o retain soil moisture

o reduce soil compaction from the impact of heavy

rains

o

o prevent soil er

Types of mulch

1. Organic mulch

Organic mulch helps improve the soil condition. It

ter which helps keep the soi

down (decomposes). T

oot growth, increases the infiltration of

improves the soil water holdin

good source of plant nutrients and

e for earthworms and other

atural enemies found in the soil.

Organic mulch includes cut grasses, leaves, straws,

hays, bark chips, animal manures, seaweeds,corncobs, pieces of corn stalks, coffee berry pulps,

saw dusts, old newspapers

Amount to apply (thickness)

o 2-3 inches for cut grasses

o 2-4 inches for bark mulch and wood chips

3-4 inches for compost and mold leavesold newspapers for the

s and to prevent thrips from

h

he sun

e flying insects from coming

s ofon the sown seeds or

ato

confuses winged aphids

gs

he

d

prevents their return to the soil to pupate. However,

you must do your own study as the pests from

different regions react differently to various colors.

provides organic mat l

n

loose, as it slowly breaks his

g

and thrips. Black plastic mulch discourages sawbu

and other crawling pests that cannot withstand t

heat and keeps leafminers from emerging animproves the r

water, and also

capacity. It is also a

rovides a better placp

n

o

o inch for sheets of

control of weed

reaching the soil to pupate. Cover lightly wit

other mulch materials to prevent paper from

flying.

2. Inorganic mulch

Inorganic mulch is made of colored aluminized plastic

and aluminum foil. The reflection from t

confuses and repels th

onto the plants.

To make you own reflective mulch, place stripaluminum foil on both sides

ewly transplanted seedlings. Studies showed that red

repels root maggots and other flies, orange on pot

whiteflies, and blue reflection

Pest controlled

1. Aphids

2. Colorado potato beetle


20/73



worm

nd other crawling insects

Reminders

know the presence of

ulch attracts these

ght from reaching weed seeds and

ing seeds to settle in.

3. Leafminer

. Potato tuber4

5. Root maggots and other flies

6. Thrips

7. Whiteflies

8. Sawbugs a9. Soil borne pests that include insects/mites,

weeds, and diseases

o When mulching trees and other perennials, place

mulch 1-2 inches away from the trunks and or

main stems.

o Monitor plants regularly to

. Mslugs, snails, and micepests.

o When mulching to control weeds, apply mulch

immediately after soil cultivation/preparation to

prevent sunli

the migrat

Pheromone traps

How to make?

1. Make 10 to 12 holes into an old 1 liter plastic

allow moths to enter.

over to suspend the bai

ng into the lower p

the moths caught.

bottle or 3 holes on each side of 1 liter ice cream

container, to

2. Heat a small piece of metal to make the holes

easily.

Put a wire from the c3.

4. Secure the pheromone dispenser align with the

t.

entrance holes inside the trap.

5. Make a rectangular openi

the container for removing

art of

How to use?

1. Half-fill the trap with soapy water.

2. Put bait in the pheromone dispenser or suspendthe pheromone capsule from the lid using string or

tainer.

ooden stake or

different pests at least 3 meters

ts, 2-

Reminders while usingpheromone traps

1. Buy the pheromone that lures the pest you want

to control.

2. Always label the trap. The name of the speci

you are trapping, the date the bait was place

and the name of the bait if you are using sev

3. ing to manufacturer's

y

omone left near the traps will

adults during each

wire.

3. Close the con

4. Attach the trap to a bamboo or w

hang on branch of a tree.

5. Place traps for

apart. If traps are used for monitoring the pes

3 traps are enough for 1 ha field.

Pests controlled

1. Cabbage looper

2. Cotton bollworm

3. Cotton boll weevil

4. Corn earworm

5. Diamondback moth

6. Fruitfly

7. Hornworm

8. Leaffolders

es

d,

eral.

Change bait accord

recommendation.

4. Dispose properly the bait wrappers. The tin

amount of pher

compete with your bait.

5. Wash your hands between handling baits. Minute

traces of other chemicals can render the baits

completely ineffective.

6. Always remove all captured

visit. Discard them away from the field. Put live

ones into a bucket with soap solution to drown.


21/73


Pruning


lective removal of specific plant parts

roves the plant's appearance and health

d parts

ral enemies to find their preys easily

to become what you want

be

o repairs and renews the appearance of old plants

o allows a better access for pest control

Pruning is the se

like shoots and branches but the roots, flower buds,

fruits, and seed pods can also be pruned. Pruning

done in a regular basis as part of plant care achieves

the following:

o makes the plant less dense

o improves the air circulation and sunlight penetra-

tion that decrease the incidence of diseases and

the conditions that promote fungal growth

o imp

o gets rid of the pests infeste

allow the natuo

o controls the size of a plant

trains the young plantso

them to

o influences the plant's flowering and fruiting

(proper pruning of flower buds encourages early

vegetative growth)

Pruning for pest control

1. Prune diseased, damaged, and/or dead plant

parts. The prompt removal of these parts prevents

the spread of the disease and speeds the

formation of plant tissues that seal the wound.

2. Prune leaves with egg masses.

rs.

s.

3. Prune insect/mite pests' infested tender shoot tips

or any other parts where they are found in great

numbe

4. Prune webbed leave

5. Prune mined foliage.

6. Prune the crossing branches and those that are

rubbing or interfering with each other.

Reminders

o Pruning is done best during dry weather as it

shed water and absorb

Ask for assistance from your local agriculturist for

echniques on fruit trees.

Soil baits

minimizes the spread of the pathogens causing

diseases.

o Always use sharp pruning tools to have clean and

smooth cuts angled to

sunlight.

o Snap-off suckers with your hand while they aretender for least re-growth.

o Dip your pruning tools into container with 10%

bleach solution and wash your hands in between

pruning the diseased plants.

o After pruning, disinfect your pruning tools, rinse

them with water, and oil all the metal parts to

prevent from rusting.

o

the proper pruning t

Corn/wheat seed mixture bait

4 hours to facilitate

lastic, the soil cover, and the bait

k.

en or put them in a pail of

1. Soak mixture in water for 2

germination.

2. Make a hole of 12 cm wide by 30 cm deep.

3. Place 1/2 cup (of a 1:1 corn/wheat seed mixture)

in a hole.

4. Cover with soil.

5. Cover the topsoil with plastic to warm the surface

and to speed-up germination.

6. Cover the edges with soil to prevent wind from

blowing away the plastic.

7. Remove the p

after one wee

8. Destroy and kill the larvae trapped in the baits.

Feed larvae to chick

soapy water to drown.

Potatoes/ca rrots soil bait1. Cut potatoes or carrots into chunks.

Remove the potato 'eyes' to prevent from

growing.

. Make the pieces big enough and put in sticks.

. Bury "staked potatoes/carrots" at a depth of 3-6

cm in the ground. The stick serves as the handle

to easily pull the baits out.

. Bury randomly in the field.

. Leave baits in the soil for 2-3 days. Wireworm will

feed on the baits.

Dispose properly the baits and the wireworm.

2.

3

4

5

6

7.

P

ests controlled

. White grub1

Source: Marlin Rice

2. Wireworm


22/73



Soil traps

1. Deep ditch

low a deep ditch and keep it filled with water, if larvae

re found to be moving towards your field crops from

acent fields. This will prevent larvae from

ansferring. They will drown if they try. Anotherethod is to dig a deep ditch with vertical sides to tra

rvae and prevent them from crawling out. Holes wi h

diameter of a fence post should be dug every 10

P

a

p

t

adj

trm

la

a

meters apart in the ditch. Larvae will congregate in the

deeper holes where they maybe crushed (Scott,

2003).

2. Pitfall traps

ake pitfall traps. Pitfalls are the best means of

ollecting crawling insects.

M

c

3. Plastic

small piece of plastic, slit to the middle, wr

round the plant stem and overlapped, can be tape

r covered with soil. Another method uses 2 pieces

opposite sides and held down

A apped

a d

o

of plastic about 12 inches square, pulled together

around the plant from

with soil.

4. Protective collars

Protective collars made of plastic or paper cup, plastic

drink bottles with torn-out bottom, sturdy cardboard,

d milk cartons. Place the collar around the yoan ung

nt the cutworm

the stem.

plant and push into the soil to preve

from attacking

5. Sticky substances

Molasses, saw dusts, or crushed eggshells are p

ase of each plant. When cut

lace

worm

d, it will come in contact with the trap,

around the b

emerges to fee

get stuck, harden, and die.

6. TarpaperA square of tarpaper (or other heavy, flexible paper)

wide placed at the base of each

ent adult flies to lay eggs near the

ut from the edge to the center making a

measuring 9-12 cm

revtransplant will p

plant. Make a c

small hole (in the center).

will fit around the

Make sure that the paper

stem but will lie flat on the ground.

g, place the disc on the soil around

of the disc.

During transplantin

each plant so that the stem is in the middle

7. Yellow pan traps

ill half the yellow pan or basin with soapy water.

lace the pan close to the plant but expose enough

at moth can see it. Trapped moths sink and drownecause soap breaks the surface tension of the water.

Sticky board trap

ed to bright yellow, blue, and

ng of square pieces of

F

P

thb

Flying insects are attract

hite colors. Traps, consistiw

cardboard or hard plastic coated with sticky

substances placed throughout the growing area

among the plants, attract them. Strips of yellow or bluesticky plastic can also be used around or inside the

growing ranges. The procedure on how to prepare a

sticky card is from eHow. (Source: eHow. How to

your own yellow sticky traps. http://www.ehow.make

com/how_9839_make-own-ye

llow.html)

How to make?

ards, 3 inches

rms of

your board traps.

3. Paint boards with yellow or blue or white

depending on the pests you want to monitor and

1. Cut plywood or sturdy cardbo wide

x 5-7 inches long.

2. Make experimentations on the sizes and fo

trap


23/73


How to use?

1. Fasten boards to stakes with nails or staples or

clips or hang ire

d,

oil, or p

d. Leave a smal

ear th pre

m the plant e that will

to the b t not rect

4. Hang and position the traps at 50-75 cm zone

above the p

5. As a general rule, place 1 to 2 sticky cards per

100 square ing area. Replace traps at

least once a week. It is difficult to determine thepopulation ly trapped flies/moths on a

sticky card to those previously trapped ones.

papers them from w supports.

2. Spread used-motor oil, or


plant res tar

m jelly d

l space unco

in, or mus

or vegetable

boar

etroleu irectly on your

ated for easy

handling.

3. Place traps n e plants, ferably 25 cm

away fro

not stick

to ensur

oard, bu

the leaves

facing di

sunlight.

lants.

meter grow

of new

Pests monitored and co

ntrolled

rapsYellow sticky t

Bright yellow sti

nt g pests:

1. Aphids

2. Cabbage root

3. Carrot rust fly

y

a

7. Onion fly

8. Thrips

9. Whiteflies

Blue sticky tra

Bright blue trap g thrips.

r

Bright white trap g flea beetles and

tarnished plant bugs.

Tr a trap cro main cash crop from a certain pest or several pests. The

differ n that of the m s it is more attractive

s of planting the trap crops; perimeter trap cropping and row intercropping.

ter trap cropping i ting of trap crop completely surrounding revents a pest

attack that comes from all sides of the fi re found near the borderline of the farm.

ropping is the f the op.

cky traps are used for

rolling of the followinmonitoring/co

maggot

4. Cabbage w5. Cucumber

hite butterflbeetle

6. Fungus gn t

ps

s are for monitorin

White sticky t aps

s are for monitorin

Trap cropping

ap cropping is the planting of

be from the or

to the pest. There are two type

p to protect the

trap crop can same ent family group, tha ain crop, as long a

Perime s the plan the main cash crop. It p

eld. It works best on pests that a

trap crop in alternating rows withinRow interc planting o the main cr

Advantages of trapcropping

s the use of p

2. Lowers the pesticide cost

Preserves the indige l en

4. Improves th

5. Helps cons he soil and the environment1. Lessen esticide

3. nous natura emies

e crops quality

erve t


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ing practicesTable 3: Examples of trap cropp

Trap crop Main crop Method of planting Pest controlled

Alfalfa Cotton Strip intercrop Lygus bug

Basil and marigold Garlic Border crops Thrips

Castor plant Cotton Border crop Bollworm

Chinese cabbage,mustard, and radish

CabbagePlanted in every 1cabbage

bworm, flea hopper, and5 rows of Cabbage wemustard aphid

Beans and otherRow intercrop

Leafhopper, leaf beetles, stalk borer,and fall armywormlegumes

Corn

Chick pea CottonBlock trap crop at 20 plants/ sqm (Brown, 2002)

Bollworm

Collards Cabbage Border crop Diamondback moth

Corn Cotton Row intercrop, plaotton nted in everyor every 10-15 Bollworm20 rows of cm

Cowpea Cottonop in eRow intercr

cottonvery 5 rows of

Bollworm

Dill and lovage Tomato Row intercrop Tomato hornworm

Horse radish Potato Colorado potato beetleIntercrop

Hot cherry pepper Bell pep pper Border cro P pper maggote

Indian mustard Cabbagtrip intercrop in b

Cabbage head caterpillarecabbage plotsS etween

Medic, Medicagolitoralis Carrot tween carrot Carrot root flyStrip intercrop in beplots

Okra Cotton Flower cotton weevilBorder crop

Onion abarrier crops in

Carrot root flynd garlic CarrotBorder crops orbetween plots

Napier grass Corn Border crop Corn stem borer

Sesbania SoybeanRow intercrop at a distance of 15m apart

Stink bug

Sunflower CottonRow intercrop in ecotton

very 5 rows ofBollworm

Sudan grass Corn Border crop Corn stem borer

Tansy Potato Intercrop Colorado potato beetle

Tobacco CottonRow intercrop, pla20 rows of cotto

nted in everyBollworm

n

Tomato CabbageIntercrop (Tomaw

toeeks ahead)

is planted 2Diamondback moth

Soybean Corn Row intercrop Corn earworm

Sickle pod Soybean Strip intercropVelvet bean caterpillar, green stinkbug

Rye Soybean Row intercrop Corn seedling maggot

Green beans Soybean Row intercrop Mexican bean beetle


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Tips for successful trap cropping

Make a farm plan. This will guide you on

where the trap crops are to be sown or

planted.

Learn to know and identify the pests.

Select a trap crop that is more attractive to

the pest than the main crop.

Monitor your plants regularly.

Immediately control the pests that are found

p. Prune or remove the trap

once the pest population is high,

e ready to sacrifice your trap crop as an

stroy them once pest

infestation is high.

Always keep farm records.

in the trap cro

crops

otherwise they will serve as the breeding

ground and the pests will attack the rest of

your farm.

B

early crop and de

III. 2. Biological control

III. 2. 1. Beneficial insects

Braconid

Common Name

Scientific nameBracon spp.

Type

Eggs, larvae, p -

ae, and adult para-

sitoid

Hosts

Ants, aphids, army-

worms, beetle'slarvae, bollworms,

cabbageworms, ca-

terpillars, codling

moths, corn borers,

weekBracon

up

cutworms, imported t

ners, maggots, midg

hornworms, w

e species live and pupate within the

mature; others pupate in silken cocoons

larvae cement the dead aphids to the leaf surface

making aphids' shells black and mum bout a

later, the adult Bracon wasps c t round holes in

s and emerge. The empty mummies

ent caterpillars, leafhoppers,

es, plant bugs, scales,

eevils

leafmi

tomato

Description

Eggs and larvae of Bracons are found inside the hosts'

bodies.

The larvae are tiny, cream-colored grubs that feed in

or on other insects. Larvae molt five times and

undergo 5 instars.

Pupae of som

host until they

on the outside of the body of the host, while others

spin silken cocoons away from the host.

Adult wasps are tiny, about 2.5 mm in size, slender

black or brown with threadlike waists. Female wasps

lay eggs into the eggs of hosts' pests but prefer

caterpillars' bodies.

In cases where aphids are the host pests, aphids are

not killed instantly. Aphids continue to feed on plants

tissues until the Braconid larvae inside their bodies

completely consume them. The fully-grown Braconid

mified. A

u

the mummie

remain on the leaf. The presence of mummies in a

colony of aphids is a sign that Bracons are present.

Cotesia

Common Name Cotesia wasp, Cotesia

Scientific nameCotesia spp.

Type

Larvaparasitiods

Hosts

Armyworm, boll-

worm, cabbage

looper, cab-

bageworm, cele-

ry looper, corn

t larva or to plant leaves, and some in white

earworm, cut-

worm, diamondback moth, gypsy moth, hornworm,

stem borer, tobacco budworm, webworm

DescriptionEggs are ovate, clear, and shiny and increase in size

after they are laid. They hatch 2 days later.

The first instar parasitoid larvae begin feeding

internally after 3-4 days. The immature parasitoids

develop through three larval instars in the host body,

and then emerge from the host by chewing through

the skin. After emergence from the host, the last instar

larvae immediately spin cocoons and pupate.

Pupae vary according to species; some are either in

an irregular mass of yellow silken cocoons attached to

the hos

cocoon, about a size of rice grain. The cocoons areusually found inside host feeding tunnels in


26/73



e, the male

aving much shorter antennae than the females. A

en has a downward curve extensi

d the ovipositor- with which she lays her eggs.

d i

host while some lay a sin

single wasp can parasitize 300

caterpillars during its 10 to 14-day life. ycl

from egg to adult, is approximately 30 day

depending on the species and the temperature.

leguminous plants. Pupation takes 4-6 days after

which adults emerge.

Adults are small wasps, about 3-7mm in length. They

are dark-colored and look like flying ants or tiny flies.

They have two pairs of wings and chewing-lapping

mouthparts. They have curved antenna s

h

female abdom on,

n

calle

The adult female looks for hosts in leaves an

tunnels of crops. Some species lay about 15-65 eggs

in the body cavity of the gle

host

e,

s,

egg. A 200-

The life c

15-

Damsel bug

Common Name Nabids

Scientific nameNabis ferus, N. aternatumis

s, N.capsifor

Type

Generalist predator

Hosts

Aphids, armyworms, asparagus beetle, Colorado

potato beetle eggs and nymphs, corn earworm, corn

borer, imported cabbageworm, leafhoppers, mites,

moth eggs, sawfly larvae, and tarnished plant bug

nymphs. Although they can survive for about two

weeks without food, they will eat each other if no other

prey is available.

Description

Eggs are deposited in soft plant tissues where they

are so difficult to find. Nymphs resemble adults and

develop through 5 nymphal stages in about 50 days.

Adults are tiny, about 2-4 mm long, with slender

bodies and are yellowish or gray or reddish-brown in

color. They have piercing-sucking mouthparts, a 4-

segmented beak, elongated heads, and 4 long

segmented antennae. They are fast runners with long

slender back legs and enlarged forelegs for grasping

prey. They are commonly found in most agricultural

crops, especially legumes, throughout the year. Adults

begin laying eggs soon after emergence.

Damsel fly

Common Name Bog dancer, Damselfly, Damsel,

Narrow wingScientific nameAgriocnemis femina femina, A.

pygmaea

Type Generalist predator

Hosts

(Shepard;

lants, in floating vegeta-

on, or directly in the water. The hatched eggs do not

e larval and pupal stages.

ad (nymph of damselfly) lives in water, has an

leaf-like

hese appendages are

olts several times

before emerging. At this stage, naiads re very good

predators. They prey aquatic insects and other

arthropods within their reach. They grab eir prey withtheir modified lower jaw. At the last stage, a naiad

swims out of the water and clings to a ant to dry its

skin. After a few minutes of drying in the sun, its outer

skin splits open at the head and the a ult damselfly

strains to pull itself out of its old skin. s

harden to hold onto the plant. Its wings d

m its abdomen.

in body which is

ed, yellow, black, or brown and is often

ng

ing called a stigma. The

attern is unusual. The male

Leafhoppers,

moths and

butterflies, plant

hoppers

Barrion;

Litsinger, 1987:

p. 127)

Description

Eggs are laid in emerging p

ti

go through th

A nai

elongated body, long legs, and three

appendages or gills on its tail. T

used for oxygen transport. A naiad m

a

th

pl

d

The new leg

slowly expan

and are pumped open by fluid fro

ult damselfly has a long thAn ad

green, blue, r

brightly colored. It has an oblong head with bulgi

eyes and very short antennae. When resting, it holds

its four large membranous wings of nearly equal sizevertically rather than horizontally. It is a delicate and

weak-flying insect. Its wings are usually clear except

for a spot at the end of the w

male sex organ is located at the front part of the

abdomen. Damselflies commonly fly in pairs during

mating. Damselfly adults use their hind legs, which are

covered with hairs to capture prey as they fly. They

hold the prey in their legs and devour it by chewing.

Adults are usually found flying near plants, usually in

irrigated rice fields during the daytime throughout the

year.

The damselfly's mating pdeposits sperm by bending the abdomen forward and

then clasping the female behind the head with its


27/73



s have one generation

er year depending on the species, although they

ycle from 1-2 years.

claspers on the tip of his abdomen. The female then

loops her abdomen forward and picks up the sperm

from the male. The mating pairs are seen flying and

clinging in tandem. Most specie

p

complete their life c

Diadegma

Common Name Diadegma wasp, Diadegma

DiaScientific name degma se ausum, D.insulare,D. mollipla, D. fenestral

Type Larva

arasitioids

Hosts

Cabbage diamondback motabbage webworm

larva is then hatched.

st

can parasitize

ironment is pesticide-

free.

2. Release Diadegma wasps at their adult stageat a

ratio of 200 females to 100 males or an optimal

sex ratio of 2 females to 1 male. The presence oftoo many males disturbs the females, which in

turn affects their reproductive behavior.

r release is the recommended number to

re male

intervals for

for the insects to

e ough; about

should be

o to

Black

ns mean a parasitized DBM larva or Dia-

gma wasp is developing inside the cocoon

man Plant Protection Project,

6: pp. 1-17).

to

to a level below the eco-

old and to establish Diadegma as an

3. 300 pe

micl

p

h, potato tuber moth,c

Description

The egg is found inside the body of the host larva -

where the

It eats the contents of the host larva. After the ho

larva spins its cocoon, the Diadegma larva eventually

kills it and spins its own cocoon inside that of the host.The Diadegma kills its host only at the stage when the

host larva stops feeding and starts to pupate.

The pupa is the black colored developing wasp which

can be seen inside the cocoon, in place of the light

colored diamondback moth pupa.

The adult Diadegma wasps are very small about 6 mm

to 1 cm long. They are found in cruciferous crops and

herbaceous plants. Their population is dependent on

the population of their hosts. They are the most

important natural enemies of DBM and

up to 90% of their larvae. They can parasitize both

exposed and hidden larvae as some species haveshort ovipositors while others have long ones that can

reach hidden larvae. The total development period

f

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Endosulfan Field Guide