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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Endokrini sistem
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Strukture hormonov
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Nadzor izločanja hormonov s povratno zanko
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Nadzor izločanja hormonov
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Tiroide stimulirajoči hormon (TSH)
• TSH sproži izločanje ščitničnih hormonov
• Sproščanje TSH stimulira tirotropinasprostitveni hormon
• Adrenokortikotropni hormon (ACTH)
• Stimulira sproščanje glukokortikoidov v nadledvični žlezi
• Sproščanje ACTH stimulira kortikotropina sprostitveni hormon
Hormoni adenohipofize
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Folikel stimulirajoči hormon (FSH)
• Stimulira razvoj folikla in izločanje estrogenovpri ženskah ter vpliva tudi na produkcijo spermijev pri moških
• Luteinizirajoči hormon (LH)
• Povzroča ovulacijo, vpliva na nastanek progesterona pri ženskah in androgenov pri moških
Hormoni adenohipofize
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Prolaktin (PH)
• Stimulira razvoj mlečnih žlez in produkcijo mleka
• Rastni hormon (GH ali somatotropin)
• Stimulira celično rast in podvojevanje s tem, ko vpliva na sproščanje somatomedinov in IGF
• Melanocit- stimulirajoči hormon (MSH)
• Stimulira melanocite, da producirajo melanin
Hormoni adenohipofize
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Nadledvična žleza
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hormoni skorje nadledvične žleze
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hormoni vplivajo na prepisovanje genov
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Nadledvična žleza in stres
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23-3: The control pathway for cortisol
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• glukoneogeneza (vpliva na sintezo encimov)
• proteoliza ob razmerju kortizol : inzulin več kot 4
• Stimulira ubiquitin-proteosome sistem
Kortizol stimulira katabolizem
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Nadledvična žleza- sredica
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• sinteza adrenalina (~75 - 80%)
in noradrenalina(~25-30%)
Sredica nadledvične žleze
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fundamentals of
Anatomy & PhysiologySIXTH EDITION
Fred
eric H. M
artini
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by
Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii
Adrenaline
NH2
H
CH C OH
OHH
OH
Noradrenaline
NH
H
CH C OH
OHH
OH
CH3
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
ADRENERGIČNI RECEPTORJI
• Adrenalin in noradrenalin
(epinephrine/norepinephrine)
Imata 3 glavne tipe receptorjev - α1 α2 β
cAMP
PKA
encimenzim
P
cytosol
GDP
β αs
γ
β-adrenergični receptorji
Adenilil
ciklaza
β
γ GTP
αs
ATP
cAMP
Adrenalin
GDP
G αs
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
α1 adrenergični receptorji
βGDP
αq
γ
ADRENALIN
GTP
fosfolipaza C
(PLC)
β
γ PIP2
IP3 DAG
GTP
αq
PLC
Povezava z G αq
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Končni efekt:
cAMP
PKA neaktivna
β
γ GTP
αi
Adenilil
ciklaza inhibirana
ATP
cAMP
βGDP
αi
γ
ADRENALIN
GTP
α2 adrenergični receptorji
citosol
GDP
β αi
γ
G αi (inhibitorni)
Aktivacija α2 receptorjev na β-celicah
pankreasa inhibira sproščanje inzulina
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Stres in nadledvična žleza
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Sinteza tiroidnih hormonov:
DIT
DIT + DIT = THYROXINE (T4)3, 5, 3’, 5’-TETRAIODOTHYRONINE
MIT + DIT = TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T3)3, 5, 3’-TRIIODOTHYRONINE
3
5’
3’
5
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Tiroidni folikel
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Uravnavanje delovanja ščitnice
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
T3 in T4 imata receptorje v mitohondrijih in v jedru
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fiziološka vloga tiroidnih hormonov
• T3 in T4 imata identične učinke,le da je T3
mnogo učinkovitejši
• metabolični učinki:
- povečana razgradnja OH
-povečana razgradnja lipidov
- določanje hitrosti bazalnega
metabolizma rate
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Uravnavanje homeostaze kalcija
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Pankreas
Figure 18.18a, b
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18.19
Uravnavanje krvne glukoze
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Insulin synthesis and secretion - 2
computing
Presentation copyright © 2002 David A Bender and some images copyright © 2002 Taylor & Francis Ltd
Sinteza in izločanje inzulina
B c
hain
A c
hain
C peptide
sig
nal p
ep
tid
e
110 aminokislin
21 + 30 = 51AK
35 aminokislin
A c
hain
B c
hain
24 AK
endoplasmic reticulum Golgi
86 aminokislin
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsInsulin Signaling Pathways by C. Hooper http://www.abcam.com/index.html?pageconfig=resource&rid=10602&pid=7
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Glukagon se veže na GPCR
GPCP G-protein coupled receptor
PKA Protein kinase A
GPK Glycogen phosphorylase kinase
GP Glycogen phosphorylase
GS Glycogen synthase
IP Inhibitor of phosphatase
PP Protein phosphatase
PKA
GPCRAdeylyl
Cyclase
GPK
GP
Glukoza1-fosfat
cAMP
GS
IP
PP
Sinteza glikogena X
X
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Actions of insulin and glucagon
computing
Presentation copyright © 2002 David A Bender and some images copyright © 2002 Taylor & Francis Ltd
Delovanje inzulina in glukagona
Inzulin stimulira
• Jetra
• Sintezo MK
• Sintezo glikogena
• Sintezo proteinov
• Maščevje
• Transport glukoze
• Sintezo MK
mišica
• Transport glukoze
• Sintezo glikogena
• Sintezo proteinov
Inzulin zmanjša
Jetra
• ketogenezo
• glukoneogenezo
maščevje
• lipolizo
Glukagon stimulira
jetra
• ketogenezo
• glukoneogenezo
maščevje
• lipolizo
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Preprečuje proteinsko razgradnjo:
• Inhibira ubiquitin-proteasom, kalpain in kaspazni sistemza prot.razgradnjo
• Poveča privzem AK
• Stimulira proteinsko sintezo (na ravni transkripcije in na ravni translacije)
Inzulin stimulira sinteze