Endocrine System & Visual/Auditory SystemDescribe how the Endocrine System is linked to the nervous & describe

the visual and auditory sensory system

Pituitary GlandIs called the “master gland.” The anterior

pituitary lobe releases hormones that regulate other glands. The posterior lobe

regulates water and salt balance.

Pituitary GlandIs called the “master gland.”

anterior pituitary lobe

releases hormones that

regulate organs and other glands.

posterior lobe regulates water and salt balance.

Thyroid & Parathyroid Glands

Regulate metabolic and calcium rate.

Diet & Bone Health• Normal blood pH ~7.4

• required for effective transport of Oxygen

• Excessive protein and not enough fruits and veggies causes your blood to become acidic

• Soda causes your blood to become acidic

• Your body must restore normal pH

• Parathyroid hormone is released causing calcium to leach from your bones into blood.

• This restores pH

Adrenal GlandsAdrenal glands consist of the adrenal medulla and the cortex. The medulla secretes hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) during stressful and

emotional situations, while the adrenal cortex regulates salt and carbohydrate

metabolism.

Adrenal Glands

The medulla secretes hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) during stressful and emotional situations.

The adrenal cortex regulates salt and carbohydrate metabolism.

Gonads

Sex glands are located in different places in men and women. They regulate bodily

development and maintain reproductive organs in adults.

Visual Function

Visual Function

• Notice the visual cortex is located in the occipital lobe.

• The functional MRI scan shows the visual cortex is active as the subject looks at faces.

Courtesy of V

.P. Clark, K

. Keill, J. M

a. M

aisog, S. Courtney, L

.G.

Ungerleider, and J.V

. Haxby,

National Institute of M

ental Health

Auditory Function• The auditory cortex contains distinct

subregions that are important for decoding complex sound.

• Auditory cortex is in the temporal lobe.

2. information travels through the brainstem and midbrain to the auditory cortex.

3. information from the auditory cortex interacts with many other brain areas, especially the frontal lobe, for memory formation and interpretation.

4. The frontal lobe is involved in emotional evaluation.

5. The motor cortex is involved in sensory–motor feedback, in controlling movements needed to produce music using an instrument.

1. Sound waves enter ear, and are turned into neural impulses by the inner ear

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2

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5

Auditory Hallucinations

The functional MRI scan shows the auditory cortex is active in patients who hallucinate.

More intelligent animals have increased “uncommitted” or association areas of

the cortex.

Association Areas

LanguageAphasia is an impairment of language,

usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impaired speaking)

or to Wernicke’s area (impaired understanding).

Specialization & Integration

Brain activity when hearing, seeing, and speaking words

The brain is sculpted by our genes but also by our experiences.

Plasticity refers to the brain’s ability to modify itself after some types of injury or

illness.

The Brain’s Plasticity

Our Divided Brain

Our brain is divided into two hemispheres.

The left hemisphere processes reading, writing, speaking, mathematics, and

comprehension skills. In the 1960s, it was termed as the dominant brain.

Splitting the BrainA procedure in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers

(mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them.

Corpus Callosum

Ma

rtin M

. Ro

the

r

Courtesy of Terence W

illiams, U

niversity of Iowa

Split Brain Patients

With the corpus callosum severed, objects (apple) presented in the right visual field can be named. Objects (pencil) in the left

visual field cannot.

Try This!

Try drawing one shape with your left hand and one with your right hand,

simultaneously.

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