Maintains homeostasis through hormone regulation throughout the
body Comparable to the nervous system and the controls previously
learned Regulation chemical messages to the cells (glands or
neurons) Target cells and tissues receive hormones from various
glands throughout the body How are hormones taken to these target
cells?
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Effect the body slowly, but lasts long time Secreted by
ductless (endocrine)glands Exocrine glands excrete products into
ducts (oil, sweat, hydrochloric acid, etc) Some glands contain
neurosecretory tissue modified neurons that secrete chemicals into
the blood rather that across a synapse
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Tropic target other endocrine glands to stimulate growth and
secretion Sex reproductive tissues Anabolic stimulate anabolism
(cells making hormones from chemicals) OR Steroid Nonsteroid
Indications 1. Slow physiological development 2. Low
testosterone levels Pros 1. Muscle mass production at a rapid rate
2. Increased self-esteem Cons 1. Increased emotional response 2.
Increased cancers/growths 3. Increased heart/liver disease
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Made from cholesterol that can pass through plasma membranes to
target cells Examples: cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen,
progesterone, testosterone
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Lipid-soluble and found in target cell cytosol After diffusion
into target cell, it binds to receptor molecule to form hormone
receptor complex (hypothesis)Activates a gene in the nucleus to
transcribe mRNA to ribosomes and makes protein molecules that
produce the effect of the hormone The amount of steroid hormone
determines intensity of effect Slow process
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Made from amino acids (proteins and glycoproteins) Insulin,
parathyroid hormone, oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone, epinephrine,
nor- epinephrine
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Fixed membrane receptor hypothesis NS hormone is first
messenger and delivers chemical message to the target cells plasma
membrane Message passed by G proteins to second messenger triggers
and appropriate cellular changes occur
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Signal target cells receptors Various receptors produce
different regulatory functions/chemical reactions Hormone glands
produce more than is necessary and left-overs are excreted Combined
hormone actions allow for special function
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Synergism many working together on target cells for better
performance Permissiveness small amounts of one hormone allows for
another to have full effect on target cell Antagonism opposing
effects to fine tune activity of target cell
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Negative feedback loop (endocrine reflex) Physiological changes
Regulation by another gland Nervous system input
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Lipid molecules Tissue hormones Diffuses to neighboring cells
in the tissue Examples: 1. PGA intraarterial infusion creates
hypotension 2. PGE- vascular regulation (RBC, thrombocyte), GI
system (hydrochloric acid) 3. PGF uterine contractions, GI
motility
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in size, weight 0.5 g Ventral surface of the brain Stem
connects the pituitary to the hypothalmus Contains two glands 1.
Anterior adenohypophysis 2. Posterior - neurohypophysis
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Two parts pars anterior/pars intermedia Irregular clumps of
secretory cells supported by fibers and interweaved with great
vascularity Three types of cells 1. Chromophobes do not stain 2.
Acidophils stain with acids 3. Basophils basic stains
Also STH (sonatotropin) Promotes growth of: bone, muscle, other
proteins to cells Stimulates USE of lipids speeds up catabolism of
lipids Shifts cells from glucose catabolism and toward lipid
catabolism as an energy source THIS LEADS TO INCREASED BLOOD
GLUCOSE LEVELS
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Released during pregnancy, after birth, during disease
Stimulates milk production from the mammary gland
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Thyrotropin Growth and development of the thyroid Causes
secretion of thyroxin
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone Normal growth and development of
cortex of the adrenal gland and secrete adrenaline
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Graafian follicles to grow to maturity Estrogen secretion
female Spermatogenesis - male
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Female stimulates the corpus luteum which then secretes
progesterone /estrogen Also assists FSH for egg maturation Male
enables testes to develop and secrete testosterone
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Hypothalamus releases hormones into the blood which are then
carried to the hypophyseal portal system The hypothalamus adjusts
secretions of the adenohypophysis which then adjusts the secretions
of the target cells During stress, the hypothalamus translates
nerve impulses into hormone secretions by the endocrine glands
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Serves as storage and release site for ADH and oxytocin which
are made in the hypothalamus Release into the blood is stimulated
by nerve impulse ADH regulates fluid content in the blood by
regulation of filtration in the kidney Dehydration will trigger ADH
release OT lactation, uterine contraction for birth
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Part of the nervous and endocrine system Located in the brain
Looks like a pine cone Biological clock Secretion of melatonin
(happy hormone) puberty, responds to light (inhibits production)
can cause seasonal affective disorder (winter depression)
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Two large lobes 1 oz. Anterior/lateral surface of trachea below
larynx Thyroid hormone synthesized in follicles
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Although the thyroid gland releases the hormones which govern
growth and metabolism, the brain (the pituitary and the
hypothalamus) regulates the thyroid's activity.
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Stores hormones only endocrine gland that does this Regulates
metabolism, cell growth and tissue differentiation Three hormones
produced: T-3, T-4, calcitonin Calcitonin processing of Ca by
bones,blood T-3 three iodine atoms 1. More potent than T-4 2. The
main thyroid hormone T-4 four iodine atoms 1. 20 times more
released than T-3 2. When released to the target cells, it becomes
T- 3
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HYPERTHYROISDISMHYPOTHYROIDISM Graves disease Hashimotos
Disease Wt. loss Exopthalmos Nervousness Increased heart rate
Increased respiratory rate Increased metabolism Cretinism Slow
metabolism Retarded growth Retarded sexual development Occ. Mental
retardation Occ. Deformed dwarfism (unproportionate) Sluggish Loss
of hair Jaundice Myxedema
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Four embedded to the posterior lateral surface of the thyroids
PTH parathyroid hormone antagonist to calcitonin PTH acts on bone
and kidney cells to release Ca into the blood
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Above the kidney Outer adrenal cortex Inner adrenal
medulla
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Three layers each producing a specific hormone Outer
mineralocorticoids electrolytes Aldosterone regulates Na, K, and
blood pH and regulates BP (pg.507) Middle glucocorticoids reg. BP,
immune response Cortisol TMT of inflammation, regulates serum
glucose Inner glucocorticoids and gonadocorticoids releases sex
hormones from the adrenal cortex (androgen)
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Neurons secrete products into blood rather than through the
synapse Sympathetic nervous response as in fight/flight response
Two hormones secreted: epinephrine (fight or flight) and
nor-epinephrine (increases cardiac output)
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Pancreas 5-6 long pancreatic islets cells that produce various
hormones Alpha glucagon Beta insulin Delta somatostatin Polypeptide
cells polypeptide
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Glucagon increase serum glucose converts glycogen to glucose in
liver also changes lipids/amino acids into glucose Insulin
transports glucose from these sources from blood to cellular level
Somatostatin inhibits secretion of glucagon, insulin, polypeptides,
and growth hormone from the pituitary Polypeptide ??? digestion and
distribution of nutrients???
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Sex organs ovary/testes Ovaries Inside the pelvis Produces
estrogen Produces progesterone (pregnancy-promoting) maintains
placental lining during pregnancy Testes contained within the
scrotum Outside the pelvis Produces sperm Produces
testosterone
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Interface between mother and baby Produces BhCG referred to as
chorionic. ( Beta human chorionic gonadotropin) High during first
trimester then level lowers
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Located by the heart (mediastinum) Lg. until puberty then will
atrophy Primarily lymphatic tissue, it secretes
thymosin/thymopoietin Development of immune process (T-cells)
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Gastrin Secretin reduces stomach acid secretion and release an
alkaline solution also triggers pancreas to secrete digestive
enzymes and the liver to produce bile Ghrelin causes hypothalamus
to increase appetite, slow metabolism Cholecystokinin pancreozymin
CCK
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Atrial natriuretic hormone Produced in atrium and causes Na to
be excreted from the urine to reduce blood pressure