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Endocrine system. CO Mendivil. Feedback. Types of hormonal communication. Autocrine. Paracrine. Endocrine. Intracellular receptors. Signal transduction. Chemical signals. Amines. Adrenaline. Noradrenaline. 2nd messenger. Peptides, proteins. Insulin. GH. Intracellular - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Endocrinesystem
CO Mendivil
Feedback
Types of hormonal communication
Autocrine Paracrine
Endocrine
Intracellularreceptors
Chemical signalsAmines
Peptides, proteins
Lipids
Small molecules - ions
AdrenalineNoradrenaline
InsulinGHFSH
EicosanoidsSteroidsCannabinoids
Ca++
NOADP
Signal transduction
2nd messenger
Intracellularsignalling
Effector response
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE RECEPTORThe final effect depends on the RECEPTOR and the IC signal it raisesNot on the ligand
HO
HO
HC
H2C NH2
OH
Noradrenaline
a1 receptor
a2 receptor
b1 receptor
b2 receptor
b3 receptor
HRCont. strength
Lipólisis
Time matters
Circa dia: “Almost a day”Circadian: Repeated almost every 24 hrs
wikipedia.org
My head
A key locationPosterior pituitary
A key locationAnterior pituitary
TSH
ACTH
GH LHFSH
Prolactin Oxytocin
ADH(vasopressin)
Endocrine axes usually have 3 levels
1
2
3
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/
Good sleep favours good growth
GH
Tumors of the anterior pituitary are relatively frequent
GH producing adenomas are acause of acromegaly
Symptoms of acromegalymay vary widely
The thyroid gland
Physiological role of iodine
Liquid and electrolyte balance
Basal metabolic rate
Cell turnover
Protein synthesis
Nutrient oxidation
Tissue differentiation
T4T3D1,D2
Physiological role of iodine
I-XXX
Physiological role of iodine
Brain development
Fetal and early postnatal period
Iodine defficiency: 1st cause of mental retardation worldwide
Physiological role of iodine
Recommended dietary intake
0 - 12 months
1 - 6 years
7 - 10 years
Adolescence-adulthood
Pregnancy-lactation
Age group
50 mg/d
90 mg/d
120 mg/d
150 mg/d
200-300 mg/d
RDI
Trace elements in human nutrition and health. Geneva: WHO,1996: 49-71
Advantages of iodine supplementation - USI
Documented reduction in goiter prevalence: China, Iran,Poland, Cameroon, Perú.
Children at risk of mental impairment due to iodine defficiency (worldwide):
1990=40 million1997=28 million
Documented shift upwards in the IQ of school children
Documented increase in yield of production of domesticlivestock
Drug Safety 2000;22:89-95
STRUCTURE OF BONE
Vitamin D
Cholecalciferol
OH
Cholesterol
7-dehydrocholesterolOH
Acetyl-CoA
HMG-CoA
Squalene
Lanosterol
Cholecalciferol
OH
CH2
Vitamin D comes from cholesterol
UV light
Colecalciferol
OH
CH2
OH
CH2
OH
25 OH-Colecalciferol 1,25 diOH-Colecalciferol
OH
OH
CH2
OH
24,25 diOH-Colecalciferol
OH
CH2
OH
OH
25,26 diOH-Colecalciferol
OH
CH2
OH
OH
OH
Vitamin D
Increases calcium ABSORPTION at the gut and REABSORPTION at the kidney
Regulates blood phosphate (reduces absorption)
Stimulates bone deposition
Inhibits bone RESORPTION
OSTEOCLASTS RESORB BONE MINERAL AND PROTEIN
REGULATION OF CALCIUM LEVELS
REGULATION OF CALCIUM LEVELS
VITAMIN D
RicketsConsequence of vitamin D deficiency early in life
Normal spongy bone
Osteoporotic spongy bone
Osteoporosis
The adrenal glandand the stress response
Steroid hormonesare derived
from cholesterol
Circadian Rhythm in ACTH and Cortisol
6am 6pm 6am
ACTH(pg/mL)
Cortisol(mg/dL)
1
15
5
20
Effects of cortisol (and corticosteroid drugs)
1. Increased plasma glucose 2. Inhibits bone deposition, promotes resorption3. Dampens inflammatory and immune responses4. Inhibits collagen formation5. Increases gastric secretions6. Promotes fluid retention
Excess cortisol producesCushing’ s syndrome
NEJM, Jan 31, 2008