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Endocrine Disorders
GIGANTISM
• Hyperfunction of pituitary – too much growth
hormone
• In preadolescent – overgrowth of long bones
leads to excessive tallness
These are pictures of the man known as “The Alton Giant”, Robert Wadlow.
ACROMEGALY
• Hyperfunction of pituitary – too much growth
hormone in adulthood
• Overdevelopment of bones in face, hands and
feet
• Attacks cartilage – so the chin protrudes, lips
nose and extremities enlarge
• Rx – drugs to inhibit growth hormone,
radiation
Richard Kiel
DWARFISM
• Hypofunction of pituitary in childhood
• Small size, but body proportions and intellect
are normal
• Sexual immaturity
• Rx – early diagnosis, injection of growth
hormone
Problems with the pituitary gland can result in Dwarfism
HYPERTHYROIDISM• Overactive thyroid gland• Too much thyroxine secreted leading to enlargement of gland• People with this disease consume largequantities of food but lose body fat and weight• Most pronounced symptoms are enlargementof gland (GOITER) and bulging of eyeballs(EXOPHTHALMOS)• Rx – total or partial removal of thyroid gland, drugs to reduce thyroxine, radiation
Goiter
Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s Disease)
HYPOTHYROIDISM
• Not enough thyroxine secreted
• May be due to lack of iodine (simple goiter)
• Major cause of other types is inflammation of
thyroid which destroys the ability of the gland
to make thyroxine
• Symps – dry and itchy skin, dry and brittle
hair, constipation, muscle cramps at night
HypothyroidismBefore and After Treatment
Cretinism (hypothyroidism in infants)
TETANY
• In hypoparathyroidism, decreased calcium
levels affect function of nerves
• Convulsive twitching develops, person dies of
spasms in the respiratory muscles
• Rx – Vitamin D, calcium and parathormone
CUSHING’S SYNDROME
• Hypersecretion of adrenal cortex
• May be caused by adrenal cortical tumor or
prolonged use of prednisone
• Symps – high blood pressure, muscle
weakness, obesity, poor healing, tendency to
bruise, hirsutism (excessive hair growth),
menstrual disorders
• Rounded moon face and buffalo hump
• Rx – surgical removal of tumor
Adrenal Gland Disorders
• Cushing’s syndromeo hypersecretion of cortisol o Round “moon” face and “buffalo
hump”
ADDISON’S DISEASE
• Hypofunction of
adrenal cortex
• Symps – bronzing of skin, hypoglycemia,
hypotension, etc.
• Rx – replace deficient hormones
• Addison’s diseaseo Hyposecretion of cortisolo Low blood pressure resultso Increased pigmentation
Steroid Abuse in Sports
• Anabolic steroids (androgens) can help build
bigger, stronger muscles
• Risks far outweigh temporary improvements –
males have liver changes, atrophy of testicles,
breast enlargement, and cardiovascular
disease
• Female risks include amenorrhea, abnormal
placement of body hair, baldness, voice
changes
Diabetes Mellitus
Pancreas• The pancreas is a large gland behind your
stomach that helps the body to maintain healthy blood sugar (glucose) levels.Contains islands of cells called the Islets of Langerhans which secrete glucagon and insulin
• Glucagon – stimulates the liver to break down glycogen, raises blood sugar concentration
• Insulin – decreases blood sugar concentrations, affects the uptake of glucose by cells
*Both hormones work together to maintain a balance in the blood sugar
Diabetes
• Diabetes Mellitus – results from an insulin deficiency, blood sugar rises (hypoglycemia) and excess is excreted in the urine.
• Type I - insulin dependent diabetes mellitus or juvenile onset diabetes, often caused by inherited immune disorder that destroys pancreatic cells
• Type II – mature onset diabetes (usually after the age of 40), often individuals are overweight, can be controlled with diet and exercise
Blood sugar test, device pricks the finger and measures the amount of sugar in the blood
Injection of insulin will lower the blood sugar levels
Hypoglycemia can occur if levels become too low, can be cured with direct injection of glucose or with eating something high in sugar. This is why diabetics often have candy.