Endocannabinoids, cannabinoids and · PDF fileand cannabis Celia Morgan . University of Exeter . 2 . ... Afghani - BC bud – big bud – bomb – Blue velvet – ... John Powell

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Endocannabinoids, cannabinoids and cannabis
Celia Morgan
University of Exeter

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Cannabis

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Cannabis

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Cannabis

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Cannabis
Trichomes on cannabis
plant Evolved to protect the
plant Contain chemicals:
cannabinoids

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Cannabinoids > 80 different cannabinoids 9-tetrahydrocannabinol
(THC) induces anxiety, memory impairment, stoned and schizophrenia-like effects (DSouza et al, 2004; 2008).
Cannabidiol (CBD) anxiolytic, reduces paranoia, neuroprotective (Zuardi et al. 2006; Hermann et al. 2007; Leweke et al, 2007).

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Different types of cannabis vary in levels of cannabinoids
Afghani - BC bud big bud bomb Blue velvet boo-yah bubble bud buddha burger Charis chiba chino choke cigga-weed cigweed combustible herbage crippy dank - dirt weed ditch weed doja doob dope drat draw dro dub dube Dutchie endo erve gange ganja giggle stick gonj grass green green bud hash - heim herb herbal refreshment Hollands Hope hog leg hooter hydro indica indo jib keef kief Kush Mary Jane Mexican dirt weed MJ Mr. J Nepalese - Northern Lights paca lolo Purple Haze pot purp Lebanese red - reggie schwag silver weed skunk smoke soapbar tea Thai stick treats tweed wacky baccy vortex - weed White Widow - woolies zombie
http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://a.abcnews.com/images/Health/apg_marijuana_070727_ms.jpg&imgrefurl=http://abcnews.go.com/Health/CancerPreventionAndTreatment/wireStory?id=4207595&h=310&w=413&sz=18&hl=en&start=45&tbnid=1jTDEG1rK3BSLM:&tbnh=94&tbnw=125&prev=/images?q=cannabis&start=36&gbv=2&ndsp=18&hl=en&sa=N

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Levels of THC and CBD in 3000 cannabis seizures UK
King and Hardwick, 2008

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Increasing THC potency in UK cannabis seizures
12.13
2011

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Cannabis samples collected, n=422
Chart2
70
10
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Sheet1
skunkherbalresin / hashish
Recreational users4137
Daily users2976
Group * skunk herbal hash Crosstabulation
skunk herbal hashTotal
skunkherbalresin / hashish
Grouprecreational userCount413751skunkherbalresin / hashish
% within Group80.39215686275.882352941213.7254901961100701013
% within skunk herbal hash58.57142857143053.846153846254.8387096774
% of Total44.08602150543.22580645167.526881720454.8387096774
daily userCount297642
% within Group69.047619047616.666666666714.2857142857100
% within skunk herbal hash41.42857142867046.153846153845.1612903226
% of Total31.18279569897.52688172046.451612903245.1612903226
TotalCount70101393
% within Group75.268817204310.75268817213.9784946237100
% within skunk herbal hash100100100100
% of Total75.268817204310.75268817213.9784946237100
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3

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n = 371
CBD and THC levels

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n = 371 CBD levels
are declining: why?
CBD and THC levels

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Preferences for types of cannabis in 16-23 year olds
Chart1
28
21
26
39
Sheet1
Do you have a preference for a type of cannabis
Frequency
Validno preference28
Resin/ hash21
Low potency herbal26
Skunk39
Sheet1
Sheet2
Sheet3

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Where has the CBD gone?
Potter (2010) Majority of UK consumed
cannabis now grown intensively in illegal farms
Intensive heating decreases levels of CBD in trichomes
Hashish combines a variety of cannabis plants Most cannabis seeds in UK
now are a variety with no CBD

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Skunk and cannabis use disorder Cannabis second only to heroin as reason for presentation at drug services
across EU 25% cases (EMCDDA, 2014)

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Skunk use linked to psychosis
Di Forti et al., 2015, Lancet Psychiatry

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Research question Given that levels of cannabinoids vary in different cannabis
preparations THC and CBD have opposing effects in the laboratory Skunk use is more prevalent in psychosis and cannabis use
disorder

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Research question Given that levels of cannabinoids vary in different cannabis
preparations THC and CBD have opposing effects in the laboratory Skunk use is more prevalent in psychosis and cannabis use
disorder Does CBD protect against the harmful effects of THC in cannabis users?

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Study 1: Cannabinoids in hair Study 2: Naturally occurring cannabinoids in
hair and cannabis

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Looking at cannabinoids in the hair

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Looking at cannabinoids in the hair
~ 3 years

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Study 1: THC/CBD in hair
Hair analysis 3cm hair samples ~ 3 months 132 people, mean age 27 years

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Psychotic-like experiences: O-LIFE Unusual Experiences ~ Paranoia, Illusions & Delusions
When you look in the mirror does your face sometimes seem quite different from usual?
Do think you could learn to read others minds if you wanted to? Do you sometimes think people are laughing about you behind your
back?
THC only n=20
CBD and THC n=26
Neither n=86

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**
THC/CBD in hair
Morgan & Curran, 2008 British Journal of Psychiatry
Chart1
3.56.84.05
No Cannabis
THC only
THC + CBD
OLIFE Score
Sheet1
Unusual ExperiencesCognitive DisorganisationIntrovertive AnhedoniaImpulsive Non-conformity0.50.30.20.2
No Cannabis3.54.95.55.20.750.40.40.4
THC only6.85.35.35.350.50.50.30.3
THC + CBD4.055.14.35.3
Sheet1
0.50.750.5
0.30.40.5
0.20.40.3
0.20.40.3
No Cannabis
THC only
THC + CBD
Sheet2
Sheet3

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THC / CBD
Cannabis users with THC only in hair experience higher levels of unusual experiences than THC+CBD
Interpretations:
- Pre-existing group differences? - Is CBD protective against psychotic-like effects of THC?

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Study 2: Naturalistic study of the effects of cannabinoids
n=626 individuals; 16-23 year olds Tested in own home, smoking own supply of cannabis Tested cannabis smoked for CBD and THC Looked at hair for chronic use
Sober
Stoned
Stoned
Sober Day 0
Day 7

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*
Same amount of THC; differed in CBD
Acute effects: memory
Morgan et al. (2010) British Journal of Psychiatry
Study 2: Naturalistic study of cannabinoids
Chart1
4.78136.8103
6.256.569
Low CBD:THC
High CBD:THC
Delayed prose recall
Verbal fluency
IntoxicatedNot intoxicated
Low CBD:THC16.062513.8125
High CBD:THC16.103416.6207
Standard Error for intoxicatedStandard error for Non intoxicated verbal fluency
Low CBD:THC1.00996768660.9195870656
High CBD:THC0.83540061650.8226097992
Verbal fluency
1.00996768660.8354006165
0.91958706560.8226097992
Low CBD:THC
High CBD:THC
Verbal fluency
Category fluency
Low CBD:THC16.718816.75
High CBD:THC19.620718.4138
Low CBD:THC0.65259238390.8364189338
High CBD:THC0.92103773560.8545978006
Category fluency
0.65259238390.9210377356
0.83641893380.8545978006
Low CBD:THC
High CBD:THC
Category fluency
Prose delayed
Low CBD:THC4.78136.25
High CBD:THC6.81036.569
Low CBD:THC0.50097631560.7010221273
High CBD:THC0.72491374730.5849737404
Prose delayed
0.50097631560.7249137473
0.70102212730.5849737404
Low CBD:THC
High CBD:THC
Prose delayed
PSI
Low CBD:THC26.387116.4194
High CBD:THC29.545518.7727
Low CBD:THC2.7861703531.5792837891
High CBD:THC3.7107115643.5547253919
PSI
2.7861703533.710711564
1.57928378913.5547253919
Low CBD:THC
High CBD:THC
PSI
Stoned rating
IntoxicatedNot Intoxicated
Low CBD:THC6.6251.3438
High CBD:THC6.44831.3448
Low CBD:THC0.24842075440.3528392127
High CBD:THC0.20022042750.359892421
Stoned rating
0.24842075440.2002204275
0.35283921270.359892421
Low CBD:THC
High CBD:THC
Stoned data (cm)
line graph
FoodNeutralDrug
Low CBD:THC0.95410.14030.9081
High CBD:THC0.6950.03080.265
SE-FoodSE- NeutralSE -Drug
Low CBD:THC0.09256857270.12773349470.0939605138
High CBD:THC0.12986136690.10211009070.1498495888
line graph
0.09256857270.09256857270.12986136690.1298613669
0.12773349470.12773349470.10211009070.1021100907
0.09396051380.09396051380.14984958880.1498495888
Low CBD:THC
High CBD:THC
Pleasantness Rating

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*
Same amount of THC; differed in CBD
Acute effects

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Endocannabinoids, cannabinoids and · PDF fileand cannabis Celia Morgan . University of Exeter . 2 . ... Afghani - BC bud – big bud – bomb – Blue velvet – ... John Powell