endnotes

© 2009 by PhiliP K. howard

Life Without LaWyers endnotes e.1

endnotes

. introduction

11. “SometimesIwonderhowitcametothis”:InterviewwithDebWhite,2005.

11. Americanstiptoethroughlaw:Seegenerally,PhilipHoward,Collapse of the Common Good (New York: Ballantine, 2001), pp.3-70.Forpollson fearof litigation, see“AmericansDoNotTrustthe Legal System,” Harris Interactive, commissioned by CommonGood, June 27, 2005 and “Fear of Litigation: The Impact onMedicine,”HarrisInteractive,April11,2002.Bothareavailableathttp://commongood.org/society-reading-cgpubs-polls.html.

11. “I don’t deal with patients the same way anymore”:InterviewwithapediatricianinNorthCarolina,2005.

12. Proportion of lawyers in the workforce: Robert Putnam,Bowling Alone: America’s Declining Social Capital(NewYork:Simon&Schuster,1995),146.

12. MotherTheresa’shomelessshelter:SeePhilipK.Howard,The Death of Common Sense(NewYork:RandomHouse,1995),pp.1-2;SamRoberts,“FightCityHall?Nope,NotEvenMotherTeresa,”New York Times,September17,1990.

12. The double slide in Oologah: See Philip K. Howard, The

Collapse of the Common Good, pp. 1-3; John M. Wylie II, “SlideMovestoNewRuralHome,”Oologah Lake (OK) Leader, February2,1996.

12. Political leaders’ endorsement of The Death of Common Sense:See“TheBirthofCommonSense:BillClintonOutflankstheRepublicansonRegulatoryReform,”Newsweek,May27,1995;AlGore, Common Sense Government, with introduction by Philip K.Howard(NewYork:RandomHouse,1995);ZellMiller,“IsFairnessinPublicSchoolsUnfair?”AEI-BrookingsJointCenterevent tran-script, May 11, 2004, http://www.reg-markets.org/publications/abstract.php?pid=771.

14. “a single, unique, independent… whole thing”: ChesterBarnard,The Functions of the Executive (Cambridge,MA:HarvardUP,1966),p.12.

chapter 1 : the Boundaries of LaW

15. TheTomlinsonswimmingcase:Hereandbelow,informa-tionandquotesrelatedtotheTomlinsoncasecomefromTomlinson v. Congleton Borough Council,UKHL47(2003).

16. Lawsuits“oftenhavetheirgreatesteffect”:DerekBok,Law and Its Discontents: A Critical Look at Our Legal System, 37thAnnualBenjaminN.CardozoLecture,November9,1982,reprintedinThe Record,January/February,1983,p.21.SeealsoPageKeetonandWilliamLloydProsser,The Law of Torts,5thed.,(Eagan,MN:West,1984):“[T]hetwentiethcenturyhasbroughtanincreasingrealiza-tionof the fact that the interestsof society ingeneralmaybe in-volvedindisputesinwhichthepartiesareprivatelitigants.”

16. Greenwichsleddingcase:PatrickHealy,“Town’sDownhillPastimeMayFaceanUphillFight,”New York Times,April26,2004.For other sledding bans, see Karen Sloan, “Lawsuit Fears CloseTwoOmahaSledSlopes,”Omaha World-Herald, January3,2007,http://archives.starbulletin.com/2006/07/26/news/story03.html;CarolStark, “FunMayBeNexton theBannedList,”Joplin Globe(MO),December7,2007;and,inahappyreversal,EdwardSieger

Life Without LaWyers endnotes e.2

“Update:Easton,PAOverturnsSleddingBan,”Pennsylvania Express-Times,December13,2007.In2006,theAmericanBarAssociationdeclinedtosponsorasurfingevent,forfearthatoneofitsmembersmightgethurtandsue.SeeStewartYerton,“Liabilitiesscarelaw-yers’groupawayfromsurfmeet,”Honolulu Star Bulletin, July26,2006,http://starbulletin.com/2006/07/26/news/story03.html

17. “The only freedom that deserves the name”: John StuartMill,On Liberty (NewYork:Penguin,1982),p.72.

17. “Insistonyourself”:RalphWaldoEmerson,“Self-Reliance,”Essays and Lectures (NewYork:LibraryofAmerica,1983),pp.278-79.

17. “Trustyourself”:Ibid.,p.260..18. Handcuffed5-yearold:Seethevideoembeddedwiththe

article, “Handcuffed 5-Year Old Sparks Suit,” CBS/AP, April 25,2005, http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/04/25/earlyshow/main690601.shtml?source=search_story

19. Swimming teacher must ask for consent: Interview withoneoftheauthor’sdaughter’sroommates,2005.

20. Suit over touching a seventh grader’s back: JoshuaKaplowitz,“HowIJoinedTeachforAmerica—andGotSuedfor$20Million,”City Journal,Winter,2003.

20. Teachers’ careers ruined by allegations: Howard, The Collapse of the Common Good, seenotetopage11,pp.9-10.SeealsoJuneKronholz,“CarySchoolsTellTeacher,‘Don’tTouch,Don’tHug,’”Wall Street Journal, May28,1998;andGeraldGrant, “Children’sRightsandAdultConfusion,”The Public Interest, Fall,1982,pp.92-95.

21. MariyaFatima:CarrieMelago,“HowQueensschoolfailedMariya Fatima after stroke,”New York Daily News, September10,2007;ErinEinhornandCarrieMelago,“Queenshighschoolstafftoldtoforget911inemergency,”New York Daily News, October15,2007.

22. Rules don’t make decisions: See Joseph Raz, Practical Reason and Norms (Oxford:OxfordUP,1999),p.115.Theinability

ofrulestodictatesensibleactionisknownas“ruleindeterminacy.”SeegenerallyH.L.A.Hart,The Concept of Law(Oxford:Clarendon,1994),pp.123-28.SeealsoCassR.Sunstein,Legal Reasoning and Political Conflict (NewYork:OxfordUP,1996),pp.91-93.Forare-lateddiscussion,seeStanleyFish,“DennisMartinezandtheUsesofTheory,”96Yale Law Journal1773(July,1987).

23. Expansionoflawbooks:AllenWeinstein,“AMilestoneforDemocracy’sDailyGazette,”http://www.archives.gov/federal-reg-ister/the-federal-register/archivist-article.pdf

24. Employee manuals: These prohibited questions are con-tained in theHumanResourcesmanualofacompanytheauthorworkswith.

24. Legalobstaclestosuspendingastudent:See“OverRuled:TheBurdenofLawonAmerica’sPublicSchools,”CommonGood,November29,2004,http://commongood.org/burden-of-law.html.

24. First-grade sexual harassment case: Adam Nossiter,“6-Year-Old’sSexCrime:InnocentPeckonCheek,”New York Times,September27,1996.

24. Consumer Warnings: Wacky Warnings website, http://www.wackywarnings.com/

25. Unnecessary healthcare spending: See Daniel P. KesslerandMarkB.McClellan,“DoDoctorsPracticeDefensiveMedicine?”,Quarterly Journal of Economics111,no.2(1996),whichestimatesthat5to9%oftotalhealthcarecostscanbeattributedtodefensivemedicine.Applied to theUnitedStates’ totalhealthcarespendingin2007, thatrangewouldbe115to207billiondollars,orabout$2,500to$4,500foreachuninsuredperson.Defensivemedicineisdifficulttomeasurebecauseofdoctors’mixedmotives,amongotherthings.Healthcareprovidersalsomakemoneybyorderingteststhatarenotmedicallyindicated.Defensivenesshasbecomesoingrainedinthehealthcareculturethatsomeprovidershavecometobelievethattestsareessentialwhentheyarenot.AtaCommonGoodfo-rum,oneSwedishdoctorsaidthatAmericahadexporteddefensive-nesstoSwedenthroughdoctorstrainedhere.See“Administrative

Life Without LaWyers endnotes e.3

Approaches to Compensating for Medical Injury: National andInternational Perspectives,” Event Transcript 16, 22, PublicForumheldbyCommonGood-HarvardSchoolofPublicHealthatCarnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, D.C.,October31,2005.SeealsoDavidM.Studdert,MichelleM.Mello,William M. Sage, Catherine M. DesRoches, Jordon Peugh, KingaZapert, & Troyen A. Brennan, “Defensive Medicine Among High-Risk Specialist Physicians in a Volatile Malpractice Environment,”Journal of the American Medical Association 293 (2005); AlanSagerandDeborahSocolar,“HealthCostsAbsorbOneQuarterofEconomicGrowth,2000-2005,”BostonUniversitySchoolofPublicHealth,HealthReformProgramDataBrief,No.8,February9,2005,pp. 11-14, http://dcc2.bumc.bu.edu/hs/Health%20Costs%20Absorb%20One-Quarter%20of%20Economic%20Growth%20%202000-05%20%20Sager-Socolar%207%20February%202005.pdf

25. Survey of teachers threatened with lawsuits: “TeachingInterrupted:DoDisciplinePoliciesinToday’sPublicSchoolsFostertheCommonGood?”,PublicAgenda,May,2004,http://common-good.org/assets/attachments/22.pdf

25. Schools banning tag: “Massachusetts elementary schoolbansplayingtagatrecessoverfearsofinjuries,lawsuits,”AssociatedPress,October18,2006.Underpublicpressure,thetownrescindedthe order, but the problem persists in schools across the country.See “Primary School Bans Cartwheels, Handstands,” ABC News,August26,2008;ChrisKahn,“Inthepursuitofsafety,teeter-tottersandswingsaredisappearingfromplaygrounds,”South Florida Sun-Sentinel,July18,2005;AlisonLeighCowan,“SchoolRecessGetsGentler,andtheAdultsAreDismayed,”New York Times,December14,2007,aboutschoolsinConnecticut,Wyoming,andNewJerseywhichhaverestrictedrecess.

26. “Thatpractical,inventiveturnofmind”:FrederickJacksonTurner, The Frontier in American History (Charleston, SC: BiblioBazaar,2008),p.38.

27. The Wright brothers: Harold Evans, Gail Buckland, and

David Lefer, They Made America: From the Steam Engine to the Search Engine: Two Centuries of Innovators(NewYork:LittleBrown,2004),p.180-212.

27. “Nothingthat’sanygoodworksbyitself”:Ibid.,p.169.27. “At18,hebecameatelegrapher”:HughAaron,“Manager’s

journal: The obsolescent specialist,” Wall Street Journal (Easternedition),May16,1994.

28. “Hereamancangoasfar”:EdwardBok,The Americanization of Edward Bok: The Autobiography of a Dutch Boy Fifty Years After(NewYork:CosimoClassics,2005),p.448-49.

28. “AtfirstIwasgrumpy”:MarilynWhirry,interviewbyJimLehrer,News Hour with Jim Lehrer,PBS,May12,2000,http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/education/jan-june00/whirry.html

29. “There’snocorrelationwithwhat’sbestforkids”:InterviewwithPhilAnzalone,2006.

29. Americans“havebecomeconsumers”:KetteringFoundation,“Democracy’sChallenge:ReclaimingthePublic’sRole;AnAnalysisofResultsfromthe2005-2006NationalIssuesForums,”aKetteringFoundationReport,November,2006,p.1.

30. “tenant,withoutfeelingofownership”:AlexisdeTocqueville,Democracy in America, George Lawrence, trans., J.P. Mayer, ed.(NewYork:HarperCollins,2000),p.93.

30. “belongtoapowerfulstranger”:Ibid.30. Dickens’s travelogue: Charles Dickens, American Notes

(NewYork:ModernLibrary,1996).30. “makesthemomentgreat”:Emerson,“Experience,”Essays

and Lectures,seenotetopage17,p.483.31. “I shouldbe incline to think freedom is lessnecessary in

greatthings”:AlexisdeTocqueville,Democracy in America,vol.2,HenryReeveandFrancisBowen,trans.,PhillipsBradley,ed.(NewYork:Vintage,1990),p.320.

31. “total justice”:LawrenceM.Friedman,Total Justice(NewYork:RussellSage,1994).

31. “We all declare for liberty”: Abraham Lincoln, “April 18,

Life Without LaWyers endnotes e.4

1864—Address at Sanitary Fair in Baltimore,” Abraham Lincoln: Complete Works, John George Nicolay and John Hay, eds. (NewYork:CenturyCo.,1905),p.513.Thisbookisoutofprint,butafulltextcopyisavailableathttp://books.google.com/books?id=oQjA_Ib0M8IC.SeealsoEricFoner,The Story of American Freedom(NewYork:Norton,1998),p.97.

32. “unobstructedaction”:ThomasJeffersontoIsaacH.Tiffany,Political Writings,JoyceApplebyandTerenceBall,eds.(Cambridge,UK:CambridgeUP,1999),p.224.

32. “frontiers, not artificially drawn”: Isaiah Berlin, “TwoConceptsofLiberty,”The Proper Study of Mankind: An Anthology of Essays,HenryHardyandRogerHausheer,eds.(NewYork:Farrar,StraussandGiroux,2000),p.236.

32. “theboundariesoftheprotecteddomain”:FriedrichAugustHayek,Law, Legislation and Liberty(Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,1981),p.100.

33. “Theendoflaw”:JohnLocke,Two Treatises of Government(Montana:Kessinger,2004),p.20.

chapter 2: the freedom to take risks

34. Milford hickory trees: All information on this case, hereandbelowcomesfromthefollowingsources:AlisonLeighCowan,

“BoywithanAllergyWinsinBattleoverCityTrees,”New York Times,July18,2006.Interviewsin2006withUnaGlennon,MayorJamesRichetelli,andMaryLudwig,thepresidentofMilfordTrees,Inc.,alocalnot-for-profitcivicgroup.SeealsoPhilipK.Howard,“ATreeFallsinConnecticut,”New York Times,July30,2006.

35. “veilof ignorance”:Fora fulldiscussionof this idea, seeJohnRawls,A Theory of Justice(Oxford:OxfordUP,1999).

35. Number of Americans allergic to nuts: S.H. Sicherer, A.Muñoz-Furlong,A.W.Burks,H.A.Sampson,“PrevalenceofpeanutandtreenutallergyintheUSdeterminedbyarandomdigitdialtelephonesurvey,”Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology103,no.4(April,1999).

36. Flame-retardant pajamas vs. smoke alarms: See StephenBreyer,Breaking the Vicious Circle: Towards Effective Risk Regulation(Cambridge,MA:HarvardUP,1993),p.25,foratableofthecostperlifesavedoftheseandothergovernmentalsafetyregulations.

36. Flame-retardant proves carcinogenic: W. Kip Viscusi,“Consumer Behavior and the Safety Effects of Product SafetyRegulation,”28Journal of Law and Economics3(October,1985),p.536.

36. Pesticide tradeoffs: Breyer, Breaking the Vicious Circle, p.23. Recently, the World Health Organization recommended thatDDT,outlawedaftertheexposéinRachelCarson’sSilent Spring,beusedtocombatmalariaandsetoutguidelinesthatensuretheenvi-ronmentisprotected.ForadiscussionofDDTandmalariarisk,seeJohnTierney,“FatefulVoiceofaGenerationStillDrownsOutRealScience,” New York Times, June 5, 2007; Tina Rosenberg, “WhattheWorldNeedsNowIsDDT,”New York Times,April11,2004;andJoanne Silberner, “WHO Backs Use of DDT against Malaria,” All Things Considered,NationalPublicRadio,September15,2006.

36. “overweighting of low probabilities”: Daniel KahnemanandAmosTversky,“ProspectTheory:AnAnalysisofDecisionunderRisk,”Econometrica47,No.2(March,1979).

37. Superfund vs. meningitis vaccine: Breyer, Breaking the Vicious Circle, see note to page 36, p. 19. See also Robert W.Hahn,ed.,Risks, Costs, and Lives Saved: Getting Better Results from Regulation(Oxford:OxfordUP,1996).

37. “Peopleseemtothinkthatproductsandactivitiesareeither‘safe’or‘unsafe’”:CassSunstein,Risk and Reason: Safety, Law, and the Environment(Cambridge,UK:CambridgeUP,2002),p.289.

37. Children’s health vs. extreme care for the terminally ill:Ibid.,p.31.

38. The cost of obesity: Secretary Thompson hosted a week-endretreatin2002inwhichtheauthorparticipated.ForfactsonobesityseeLynnC.Swann,“CombatingtheEpidemicofChildhoodObesity,” testimony, the Committee on Health, Education, Labor

Life Without LaWyers endnotes e.5

&Pensions,U.S.Senate,October5,2004.Seealsothediscussion,“ObesityPart1:What’sneededtoencourageaCultureofFitness?”onNewTalk.org,July29,2008,http://newtalk.org/2008/07/obe-sity-part-1-whats-needed-to.php

39. JohnF.Kennedy’sCouncilonYouthFitness:InterviewwithLauriMacmillanJohnson,Professor intheSchoolofArchitectureandLandscapeArchitectureattheUniversityofArizona,2000.Formore,seeC.W.Hackensmith,History of Physical Fitness Education(NewYork:Harper&Row,1966),pp.498-502.

39. Playground equipment ripped out: See Mathew Paust,“Gloucester schools ban monkey bars after injuries: Officials areconcernedbyanincreaseinplaygroundaccidentsthatresultedinbrokenbones,”Newport, VA Daily Press,November15,2006;LynneVanDine,“Safety:PlaygroundsCouldHarborHiddenHazards,”The Detroit News,August14,1996.SeealsothediscussioninPhilipK.Howard,The Collapse of the Common Good,seenotetopage11,pp.63-67.

39. Recess Games Banned: Judith Kieff, “The Silencing ofRecessBells,”Childhood Education77,2001.

39. Children’s exploration: Richard Louv, Last Child in the Woods(ChapelHill,NC:AlgonquinBooks,2005),p.123.

39. Numberofchildrenwhowalkorbiketoschool:“NationwidePersonalTransportationSurvey,”U.S.DepartmentofTransportation,1995. See also L. J. Williamson, “Let kids outdoors,” L.A. Times,March29,2007;andLouv,Last Child in the Woods,pp.123-24.

39. Equating the outdoors with danger: J.H. Price and S.M.Desmond, “The missing children issue. A preliminary examina-tionoffifth-gradestudents’perceptions,”Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine,AmericanMedicalAssociation,1987.

39. “Countlesscommunities”:Louv,Last Child in the Woods,p.28.39. Television time: James C. Hersey and Amy Jordan,

“Reducing Children’s TV Time to Reduce the Risk of ChildhoodOverweight: The Children’s Media Use Study,” Highlights ReportpreparedforCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,Research

TriangleInstitute,March,2007.39. Ralph Nader and the safety movement: Following the

publicationofRalphNader’sUnsafe at Any Speed: The Designed-in Dangers of the American Automobile(NewYork:Grossman,1965),activistgroupsconcernedwithconsumerandsafetyissuesbroughtaboutthecreationofOSHA,theEPA,theCPSC,andeightmajorlawsaimedatprotectingconsumers.SeeDavidBollier,Citizen Action and Other Big Ideas: A History of Ralph Nader and the Modern Consumer Movement (Washington,DC:Center forStudyofResponsiveLaw,1989).

40. CPSC’slistofplaygroundhazards:CPSC,“PublicPlaygroundSafetyChecklist,”http://www.cpsc.gov/CPSCPUB/PUBS/327.html

40. “ChildrenShouldAlwaysBeSupervised”:NationalProgramfor Playground Safety, http://www.playgroundsafety.org/child-care/tips.htm

40. P.E.HallofShame:NeilF.Williams,“ThePhysicalEducationHallofShame,”Journal of Physical Education65,no.2(February,1994), http://www.auburn.edu/%7Ebrocksj/4360hastietext/hal-lofshame1994.pdf

40. “unlessdesignedforyouragegroup”:ChrisKahn,“InthePursuit of Safety, Teeter-Totters and Swings Are Disappearing,”South Florida Sun-Sentinel,July18,2005.

41. Safetyandrisktrade-offs:SeeAaronWildavsky,Searching For Safety (London:TransactionBooks,1988),whichargues thatdynamictrialanderror—andtheacceptanceofrisk—isthebestwaytocalibrateresourceallocation.SeealsoTimGill,No Fear: Growing up in a Risk Averse Society(London:Calouste,Gulbenkian,2007).

41. “Theviewthatchildren…mustbesheltered”:JoeL.Frost,“Thedissolutionofchildren’soutdoorplay:causesandconsequenc-es,”CommonGood,2006,p.8,http://commongood.org/assets/at-tachments/Frost_-_Common_Good_-_FINAL.pdf

41. “Opportunities for spontaneous play”: William H. Dietz,“Theobesityepidemicinyoungchildren:reducetelevisionviewingandpromoteplaying,”British Medical Journal,February10,2001.

Life Without LaWyers endnotes e.6

42. “merry-go-rounds”:AlfredHolden,“ThePlaygroundWar,”Taddle Creek, Summer, 2002, http://www.taddlecreekmag.com/the_playground_war.SeealsothewebsiteoftheInstituteofChildStudies,http://www.oise.utoronto.ca/ICS/index.html.

42. “Thewayyoungpeoplelearn”:PattyMattern,“Recess:notjustfunandgames,”M.,Winter,2006.

42. “Life is not always fair”: Sandy Louey, “Recess GetsRegulated: Worried about Safety, Schools Restrict TraditionalGames,”Sacramento Bee,August22,2004.

42. Violence and play deprivation: “Play Deprived Life—DevastatingResult,”National Institute for Play,http://www.nifplay.org/whitman.html.AftertheinvestigationofWhitman,astudyofother murderers and drunk drivers found that the vast majorityof them had not played normally as children. See Joe Frost andP.Jacobs,“PlayDeprivationandJuvenileViolence,”Dimensions 23,no.3(Spring,1995).

42. National Institute for Play: The website for the NationalInstituteforPlayishttp://nifplay.org/about_us.html

43. “If children need help”: “Strangers and DangerousSituations,”NationalCrimePreventionCouncil,http://www.ncpc.org/topics/by-audience/parents/strangers.

43. Play“develop[s]theirimagination”:KennethR.Ginsburg,et al., “The Importance of Play in Promoting Healthy ChildDevelopment and Maintaining Strong Parent-Child Bonds,”AmericanAcademyofPediatrics,October9,2006,http://www.aap.org/pressroom/playFINAL.pdf

43. “childrenwhodon’tplaymuch”:J.M.Nash,“FertileMinds,”Time: Special Report, February 3, 1997, pp. 49-56. See also theBaylorstudyitself:GailLindsey,“BrainResearchandImplicationsforEarlyChildhoodEducation,”Childhood Education75,1998.

43. “Early experiences determine which neurons are to beused”:Frost,“TheDissolutionofChildren’sOutdoorPlay,”seenotetopage41,p.7.

43. Theimportanceofplay:Formoreonthetopic,seeRobert

Brooks and Sam Goldstein, Raising Resilient Children: Fostering Strength, Hope and Optimism in Your Child(NewYork:McGrawHillProfessional,2001),whicharguesthatmanymodernchildrenlackthe“capacitytocopeandfeelcompetent,”becausesocietydoesn’tallow them to experience and learn from mistakes. See also JoeL.Frost,“Neuroscience,Play,andChildDevelopment,”paperpre-sented at the IPA/USA Triennial National Conference, Longmont,CO,June18-21,1998;andHaraEstroffMarano,A Nation of Wimps: The High Cost of Invasive Parenting (NewYork:Broadway,2008).

44. “Asphalt and concrete are unacceptable”: Sharon Mays,“TipsforPublicPlaygroundSafety,”NationalNetworkforChildCare,1995,http://www.nncc.org/Health/tippubplaygrnd.html.In2008,the rubber matting itself came under fire from the safety police.Safety advocates demanded that canopies be put over New YorkCity’splaygroundsbecausetheubiquitousrubbersafetymattingbe-cametoohotandscaldedbarefootchildren.“Itisunconscionablethatthecitycontinuestoinstallproductsinplaygroundsthathurtthemostvulnerableparkusers—smallchildren,”GeoffreyCroft,amemberofNYCParkAdvocates,saidinaninterviewwiththeDaily News.“Howmanymorehavetogethurtuntilsomeoneisheldac-countable?” (Jeff Wilkens, Elizabeth Hays, and Rachel Monahan,

“Angryparents removedangerouslyoverheatedplaygroundmats,”New York Daily News,July20,2008).TheCity’sParksCommissionersuggested that they wear shoes (Sewell Chan, “Are PlaygroundSafetyMatsTooHottoHandle?”New York Times,July21,2008).Seealso,PhilipK.Howard,“WhySafeKidsAreBecomingFatKids,”Wall Street Journal,August13,2008.

44. Playgroundinjurystatistics:D.TinsworthandJ.McDonald,“Special Study: Injuries and Deaths Associated with Children’sPlaygroundEquipment,”(Washington,D.C.:U.S.ConsumerProductSafetyCommission),April,2001.

44. Playgroundvs.householdinjurystatistics:2005CPSCsta-tistics,http://www.cpsc.gov.

45. “A nation of wimps”: Hara Estroff Marano, “A nation of

Life Without LaWyers endnotes e.7

wimps.”Psychology Today,November/December,2004,http://psy-chologytoday.com/articles/pto-20041112-000010.html ; Estroff, A Nation of Wimps,seenotetopage43.

46. “did not provide proper supervision”: Bob Kasarda,“Playground Safety Left up to Schools,” Munster (IN) Times,September 24, 2004. See also Don Kindon, Too Much of a Good Thing: Raising Children of Character in an Indulgent Age(NewYork:Hyperion, 2001), which cautions against the “luxury fever” and

“lowfrustrationtolerance”builtintomanycontemporarychildren.46. “To say ‘no running’”:RobinBartleman,BrowardCounty,

FL,SchoolBoardmember,“SelectedQuotesandExcerpts—OntheNeedforPlay,”http://www.commongood.org/assets/attachments/VoP_--_Selected_Quotes_and_Excerpts.pdf . Bartleman was com-mentingonthedistrict’sdecisiontopost“‘RulesofthePlayground’”(including“‘norunning’”)atall137Browardelementaryschools.

46. ParentalProtectiveness:SeeJohanHuizinga,Homo Ludens(Boston: Beacon Press, 1955), in which the author describes thepowerfulsocialforceofplay—deemingacapacityforunobstructedandfunbehavioroneofthe“basesofcivilization.”

47. “Somethingisseriouslyawry”:TonyBlair,“CompensationCulture,”commencementspeech,UniversityCollegeLondon,May26,2005,http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page7562.asp.

47. PlayinIndia:MeeraOke,ArchnaKhattar,PrarthanaPant,andT.S.Saraswathi,“AProfileofChildren’sPlay inUrbanIndia,”Childhood6,No.2(1999).

47. “adventure playgrounds”: “Adventure Playgrounds: AChildren’sWorldintheCity,”http://adventureplaygrounds.hamp-shire.edu/history.html

47. “Theagecriesout”:JacquesBarzun,A Stroll with William James(Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,1983),p.166.

chapter 3: the authority to Be fair

49. ViolenceinaHartfordclassroom:RobertA.Frahm,“Whenorderandspecialneedsclash,”Hartford Courant,June27,2004.

50. “speciallydesigned instruction”: “Specialeducation,”U.S.Code20§1401,29(2008).

50. Federal fundingof special education: “SummaryofFinalIDEAReauthorizationBill,”NationalEducationAssociation,http://www.nea.org/specialed/ideareauthsummary05.html

50. Acornucopiaofrights:SeeHoward,The Death of Common Sense, note to page 12, pp. 123-25; Philip K. Howard, “Historyof American Law: Since 1968,” in Kermit L. Hall, David S. Clark,JamesW.Ely,JoelB.Grossman,andN.E.H.Hull,eds.The Oxford Companion to American Law(NewYork:OxfordUP,2002),pp.392-96.

52. Disorder in a Houston classroom: Interviews with ChrisBorrecca and Janet Horton, education lawyers at Bracewell &Guiliani,LLC,inHouston.

52. Regulations regarding suspending a special educationstudent: “Disciplining Special Education Students,” WashingtonEducation Association (2000), http://www.washingtonea.org/index.php?view=article&catid=140&id=477&option=com_content&Itemid=43

52. “It would be unconscionable”: Frahm, “When order andspecialneedsclash,”seenotetopage49.

52. EvacuationdrillsinHouston:InterviewswithChrisBorreccaandJanetHorton,2008.

53. “Ihadtwelvestudents”: InterviewwithDebWhite,2005.Studieshavealsoshownthattheextrapaperworkandlonghoursaredrivingmanyspecialedteacherstounhappinessandevenretire-ment.FormoreseeRayHagar,“JobConditionsCreateShortages,SpecialEdTeachersSay,”Reno Gazette-Journal,August28,2005.SeealsoPatrickWolf,Sisyphean Tasks,Education Next,Winter,2003,http://www.hoover.org/publications/ednext/3354796.html.

53“Nonovelty”:Tocqueville,Democracy in America,seenotetopage30,p.9.

53. “HarrisonBergeron”:KurtVonnegut,“HarrisonBergeron,”Welcome to the Monkey House(NewYork:Dial,1998).

Life Without LaWyers endnotes e.8

53. “The new rhetoric of rights”: Mary Ann Glendon, Rights Talk: The Impoverishment of Political Discourse (New York: FreePress,1991),p.171.

54. “It’sunfortunate”:Frahm,“Whenorderandspecialneedsclash,”seenotetopage49.

54. “[T]heonlypurpose”:Mill,On Liberty,seenotetopage17,p.28.

54. “protectingtheright”:JosephRaz,“RightsandIndividualWell-Being,”Ethics in the Public Domain: Essays in the Morality of Law and Politics(Oxford:ClarendonPress,1995),p.53.

54. “American liberals are great”: Romain Gary, quoted inBarzun,A Stroll with William James,seenotetopage47,p.167.

54. “Experienceshouldteachus”:JusticeBrandeis,dissenting, Olmstead v. United States,277U.S.438(1928).

55. “Excellence, then, is a state concerned with choice”:Aristotle, “The Nicomachean Ethics”, in The Complete Works of Aristotle, J.Barnes,ed.(Princeton,NJ:PrincetonUP,1984).

56. Constantbalancingisrequired:SeeBerlin,“TwoConceptsof Liberty,” see note to page 32. In this essay, Berlin discussesthe idea that we must always make choices between “competinggoods”.

56. “The more societies become complex”: Emile Durkheim,Moral Education, Everett K. Wilson and Herman Schnurer, trans.(Mineola,NY:CourierDoverPublications,2002),p.52.

56. Special education in Denmark: Interview and corre-spondence with Finn Christensen, Head of Division, Ministry ofEducation,Denmark,2008.

58. One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest: Ken Kesey (New York:Penguin,2002).

59. “No man is a warmer advocate”: George Washington toBushrodWashington,November10,1787,inThe Quotable George Washington, Stephen E. Lucas, ed. (Lanham, MD: Rowman andLittlefield,1999),p.15.

60. “’Balanced’isacodefor‘denied’”:RonaldDworkin,“Forked

Tongues,FakedDoctrines,”Index on Censorship,March,1997.Prof.Dworkinmadethisstatementinthecontextofadiscussionontherighttofreespeech,butthepresumptionagainstbalancingdiffer-entinterestsisinherentinanysubstantivelegalright.

60. “weknowfromexperience”:RonaldReagan,Remarks toStateandLocalRepublicanOfficialsonFederalismandAidtotheNicaraguanDemocraticResistance,March22,1988,http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1988/032288d.htm.

60. “to act in such a manner”: Justice Field, dissenting, Munn v. Illinois,94U.S.113(1876).JusticeField’sphilosophybecamethemajorityviewinsubsequentdecisions.SeeReagan v. Farmers’ Loan and Trust Co.,154U.S.420(1894)andSmyth v. Ames,171U.S.361(1898).

62. Conflictoverlatepaper’sgrade:InterviewwithDebWhite,2005.

62. Grading based on classroom deportment: Interview withProfessorRichardArum,2007.

65. “Thepowerofself-interest”:ReinholdNiebuhr,Moral Man and Immoral Society(Louisville,KY:JohnKnoxPress,2002),p.xxx.

65. “Reasonisalways”:Ibid.,xxvii.66. “since man was an unchangeable creature”: Richard

Hofstadter,The American Political Tradition and the Men who Made It (NewYork:Vintage,1955),p.7.SeegenerallythediscussioninJacobNeedleman,The American Soul: Rediscovering the Wisdom of the Founders(NewYork:Tarcher/Putnam,2003),pp.124-29.

66. “Libertyforthewolves”:Berlin,“ThePursuitoftheIdeal,”seenotetopage32,p.10.

66. Communitarian movement: See the website of theCommunitarian Network at http://www.gwu.edu/~ccps/. For amoredetaileddiscussionofthisidea,seeAmitaiEtzioni,The New Golden Rule(NewYork:BasicBooks,1996);AmitaiEtzioni,Rights and the Common Good(NewYork:St.Martin’s,1995);BenjaminR.Barber,Jihad Versus McWorld (NewYork:TimesBooks,1995).

66. InterdependenceDay:SeethewebsiteforInterdependenceDayathttp://www.civworld.org/day.htm

Life Without LaWyers endnotes e.9

chapter 4: the Boundaries of LaWsuits

68. Milwaukeetrafficaccident:SeeDerrickNunnally,“ChurchToldtopay$17million,”Milwaukee Journal Sentinel,February19,2005,http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=303090

70. “[T]here’snotmuchworsethanquadriplegia”:Citationtocome.

71. “The people who sit on juries”: John Edwards, “Juries:‘DemocracyinAction,’”Newsweek,December15,2003.

71. “Thereisanimportantquestionoffreedom”:Tomlinson v. Congleton Borough Council,seenotetopage15.

71. “essentialelementof theconceptof justice”:H.L.A.Hart,“PositivismandtheSeparationofLawandMorals,”71Harvard Law Review(1958).

72. “An act is illegal”: Donald J. Black, “The Mobilization ofLaw,”2 Journal of Legal Studies1(January,1973),p.131.

72. “Thereisnocase”:MarcFisher,“WearingDowntheJudicialSystemwithaPairofPants,”Washington Post,June13,2007.

72. Breakdown of the monetary claim in the lost-pants suit:The plaintiff’s original claim was for $67 million. See Ellyn Pak,

“TakingittotheCleaners:TheStoryofa$67millionpairofpants,”Korean Journal,June,2007.

73. “significant concerns”: Marc Fisher, “Lawyer’s Price forMissingPants:$65Million,”Washington Post,April26,2007.

73. Affects on the defendants in the lost-pants suit: MarcFisher, “Dry Cleaners’ Victory in Pants Lawsuit Still Comes Witha Loss,” Washington Post, Thursday, September 20, 2007, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2007/09/19/ST2007091902225.html; Fisher, “Pants Verdict: Judge Stuffs ThePantsMan,”Washington Postblog,June25,2007,http://blog.wash-ingtonpost.com/rawfisher/2007/06/pants_verdict_judge_stuffs_the.html;JimAvilaandChrisFancescani,“TearfulTestimonyin$54MillionPantsLawsuit,”ABC News,June13,2007,http://abcnews.go.com/TheLaw/story?id=3269485;“PantsTakeup$lacks,”

New York Post, July 25, 2007, http://www.nypost.com/

seven/07252007/news/nationalnews/pants_take_up_lacks_na-tionalnews_.htm.SeealsoPhilipK.Howard,“JudgesShouldTakeBackTheirAuthority,”The Huffington Post,June14,2007.

73. Outcomeofthelost-pantssuit:Thecasewasre-openedayearlater,whenapanelofthreeappellatejudgesagreedtoheartheplaintiff’sappeal.See“$54Million‘Pants’LawsuitHeadedBacktoCourt,”ABC News,September10,2008.

73. Judges generally agree with juries: Thomas Munsterman,“HowJudgesViewCivilJuries,”48DePaul Law Review247(1998).

73. Harvard study on judicial accuracy: David M. Studdert,Michelle M. Mello, Atul A. Gawande, et. al. “Claims, Errors, andCompensation Payments in Medical Malpractice Litigation,” The New England Journal of Medicine 354,no.19,May11,2006.SeealsoMichelleMelloandTroyenA.Brennan,“DeterrenceofMedicalErrors: Theory and Evidence for Malpractice Reform,” 80 Texas Law Review1595(June,2002);TroyenA.Brennan,ColinM.Sox,andHelenR.Burstin,“RelationbetweenNegligentAdverseEventsandtheOutcomesofMedicalMalpracticeLitigation,”New England Journal of Medicine335,no.26(December26,1996).

73. Obstetricians’liabilityproblems:Intheir2006“SurveyonProfessionalLiability,” theAmericanCollegeofObstetriciansandGynecologists found that an average of three claims are broughtagainst each ob-gyn during the course of her career. The major-ityoftheselawsuitsarebroughtbytheparentsofinfantswithce-rebral palsy, which is caused by negligence less than 10% of thetime (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists andAmerican Academy of Pediatrics, “Encephalopathy and CerebralPalsy, Defining the Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology,” January,2003).

74. Costofmalpracticesettlements:Studdert,et.al.,“Claims,Errors, and Compensation Payments in Medical MalpracticeLitigation,”seenotetopage73.

74. “Itwouldbehardtodesign”:InterviewwithMichelleMello,2008.

Life Without LaWyers endnotes e.10

74. Cancerpatientsuesdermatologist:AtulGawande,Better: A Surgeon’s Notes on Performance(NewYork:HenryHolt,2007),pp.84-87.

75. 2005pollon trustof justice:LouisHarrisandAssociates,“Public Attitudes toward the Civil Justice System” (New York:CommonGood,2005),availablethroughhttp://commongood.org/society-events-63.html

75. Defensive medicine practiced by Pennsylvania doctors:Studdert, Mello, Sage, et. al., “Defensive Medicine Among High-Risk Specialist Physicians in a Volatile Malpractice Environment,”seenotetopage25.

75. 2007 poll on trust of justice: “Nationwide Poll ofVoters,”Conducted forCommonGood,September5-11,2007byCommunicationsCenterInc.,p.9.

75. “morecreativeways to informthepublic”: “AnOverviewoftheCivilJusticeSystem,”awhitepaperfortheAmericanCivilTrialBarRoundtable,September8,2000,availableatthewebsiteof the American Board of Trial Advocates, http://66.180.119.2/NetCommunity/Document.Doc?id=14

75. “GettheCashYouDeserve”:NewYorkCityYellow Pages.76. ConeyIslandbeachday:ConversationwithFranklinStone,

whose child attended beach day, 2006. See also, Martha Irvine,“SafetyAlwaysanIssueonSchoolTrips,”AssociatedPress,June11,2005.

76. LongBeachriptidewarnings:BrianPrince,“Warning:RipTideAlertsNotIslandwide,”Asbury Park (NJ) Press,June15,2005.

77. LongBeachriptideawarenesscampaign:SeetheTownship’swebsiteathttp://www.lbtbp.com/safety/

77. Legalfearcauseserrorsinhospitals:LindaT.Kohn,JanetCorrigan,etal.,eds.,To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System(Washington,D.C.:NationalAcademyPress,2000)p.43,http://www.nap.edu/books/0309068371/html.

77. “keep us from doing things”: Comment at a roundtablemeeting, reported in “Health Care at the Crossroads: Strategies

forImprovingtheMedicalLiabilitySystemandPreventingPatientInjury,”awhitepaperbytheJointCommissiononAccreditationofHealthcareOrganizations,2005.

77. U.S.vs.Europeanhealthcarecosts:“HealthCareCosts:APrimer;KeyInformationonHealthCareCostsandTheir Impact,”TheKaiserFamilyFoundation,http://www.kaiserfamilyfoundation.org/insurance/upload/7670.pdf.SeealsoAlanSagerandDeborahSocolar, “Health Costs Absorb One-Quarter of Economic Growth,2000 - 2005: Recent Federal Report Unintentionally ObscuresMassiveRise;Physicians’DecisionsKeytoControllingCost,”DataBriefNo.8,HealthReformProgram,BostonUniversitySchoolofPublic Health, February 9, 2005, http://www.healthreformpro-gram.org

77. Unnecessarycaremakesup30%oftotalhealthcarecosts:Shannon Brownlee, Overtreated (New York: Bloomsbury USA,2007),p.37.SeealsoJohnE.Wennberg,ElliotFisher,andJonathanSkinner,“GeographyandtheDebateoverMedicareReform,”Health Affairs, February, 2002, http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/re-print/hlthaff.w2.96v1?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=Geography+Medicare+Reform&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT ;andMidwestBusinessGroupHealth,“ReducingtheCostsofPoor-Quality Health Care through Responsible Purchasing Leadership”(Chicago:MBGH,2002).SeealsoJamesWarren,“Highcostofun-necessarytreatment,”Chicago Tribune,June16,2008.

77. Defensivemedicineunderminespatientcare:Formoredis-cussion,seeKatherineHobson,“DoctorsVanishFromView:Harriedbythebureaucracyofmedicine,physiciansarepullingbackfrompatientcare,”U.S. News & World Report,January31,2005;RobertKolker,“Heartless:Tomanipulatetheircrucialpersonal-fatalityrat-ings, New York heart surgeons are turning away needy patients,”New York Times,October26,2005.

77. Defensive medicine in nursing homes: M. Bottrell,“Transferring dying nursing home residents to the hospital: DON

Life Without LaWyers endnotes e.11

perspectives on the nurse’s role in transfer decisions,” Geriatric Nursing22,no.6.

78. “I used to see a healthy child”: Interview with a NorthCarolinapediatrician,2005.

78. “DoIhavetosue”:Phoneconversationbetweenamotherandtheauthor.

79. “WhoamItojudge?”:ThisexchangebetweentheauthorandtheJudgeRobertScottoccurredin1995,aftertheyappearedtogetherontheOprah Winfrey Show.

80. “I trust the jury system”: Scruggs/Baroody Debate, Wall Street Week with Fortune,PBS,January28,2005,http://www.pbs.org/wsw/tvprogram/20050128.html.

80. “Insuitsatcommonlaw”:“TheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates,”SeventhAmendment,http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/constitution/amendments.html

81. “What is the object of a jury trial?”: Bernard Bailyn, ed.,The Debate on the Constitution: Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches,Articles and Letters During the Struggle over Ratification, Part Two: January to August 1788 (NewYork:LibraryofAmerica,1993),p.736.

81. “a strong tendency,” “reduces judicial effort”: William W.Schwarzer, Alan Hirsch, and David J. Barrans, The Analysis and Decision of Summary Judgment Motions: A Monograph on Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure(FederalJudicialCenter,1991).

81. The Neutral Process Movement: See the discussion inHoward,The Collapse of the Common Good,seenotetopage11,pp.37-38and69-70.Theneutralprocessmovement,alsoknownasthe

“legalprocessmovement,”wasspawnedbyHenryHartandAlbertSacks.Seetheirtextbook,HenryM.Hart,Jr.andAlbertM.Sacks,The Legal Process: Basic Problems in the Making and Application of Law(Eagan,MN:West,2001).

81. “it appearsbeyonddoubt”:Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41(1957).ThislanguagewasfinallydisavowedbytheSupremeCourtinBell Atlantic Corp. et al. v. Twombly et al.,548U.S.903(2007).

For a discussion of that reversal, see Philip K. Howard, “ConleyR.I.P.”,New York Sun,June4,2007.

81. Size of jury verdicts: Jury Verdict Research, “MedicalMalpractice Study: Yearly Analyses Show an Upward Trend inMedianAwardsforPersonalInjuryCases,”PressRelease,June22,2005, http://www.juryverdictresearch.com/Press_Room/Press_re-leases/Verdict_study/verdict_study10.html

82. “Congress shall make no law”: “The Constitution of theUnited States of America,” First, Fourth and Fifth Amendments,http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/constitution/amendments.html

83. Judge Jack’s opinion on silicosis litigation: In re SilicaProductsLiabilityLitigation,398F.Supp.2d563(S.D.Tex.,2005).

83. The “Hawk’s Nest incident”: Ibid., p. 9. For a detaileddiscussionof thedisaster, seeMartinCherniack,The Hawk’s Nest Incident: America’s Worst Industrial Disaster (NewHaven,CT:YaleUP),1989.

83. Silicosisbackgroundand frequency: In reSilicaProductsLiability, pp. 7-10. See also “Silicosis Fact Sheet,” World HealthOrganization (May, 2000), http://www.who.int, and the CentersforDiseaseControlwebsite,http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/.

84. Dual occurrence of silicosis and asbestosis: In re SilicaProductsLiabilityLitigation,seenotetopage83,pp.61-63.

84. TheDaubertdecisionon“junkscience”:Daubert v. Merrell Dow Parmaceuticals,509U.S.579(1993).ThecritiqueofdubiousexpertswasledbyPeterHuber,whosebook,Galileo’s Revenge: Junk Science in the Courtroom (NewYork:BasicBooks,1993),madethecase that letting juries sort through expert advice has led to dra-matic miscarriages of justice. See also Walter Olson, The Rule of Lawyers (NewYork:St.Martin’s,2003), for thestoryofhowonelawyer,JohnJ.O’Quinn,bankruptedseveralcompaniesonclaimsrelatedtosiliconebreastimplants,whentherewasnorespectablescientificbasisfortheclaims.

85. “result-oriented,” “Judges are human”: Arthur R. Miller,

Life Without LaWyers endnotes e.12

“The Pretrial Rush to Judgment: Are the ‘Litigation Explosion,’‘Liability Crisis,’ and Efficiency Clichés Eroding Our Day in CourtandJuryTrialCommitments?,”78New York University Law Review982(2003),p.1071.

85. “The first requirement”: Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., The Common Law(Clark,N.J.:TheLawbookExchange,2005),p.41.

86. “eliminatealtogether,”“youmaysay”:BenjaminN.Cardozo,The Nature of the Judicial Process(Buffalo,NY:Hein,1997),p.136.

86. “notwhatIbelieve”:Ibid.,p.89.86. “creat[ing] law within the framework of the law”: Aharon

Barak,Judicial Discretion(NewHaven,CT:YaleUP,1989),p.217.LikeBenjaminCardozoandotherphilosopherswhohaveaddressedruleindeterminacy,JusticeBarakarguesthatjudgesmustdrawontheirvaluesinordertohonorthecoreprinciplesandgoalsofthelaw.

88. Blockpartycase:Buono v. Scalia,179N.J.131(SupremeCourtofNewJersey,2004),availableathttp://commongood.org/assets/attachments/121.pdf

89. “discourage…adesirableactivity”:U.K.CompensationAct2006,http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2006/ukpga_20060029_en_1

90. German court system: James R. Maxeiner, “GuidingLitigation:ApplyingLawtoFactsinGermany,”paperpresentedatTheBoundariesofLitigation:AForumAddressing theAlignmentofCivilJusticewithSocialGoals,CommonGood,attheBrookingsInstitution,WashingtonD.C.,April15,2008.

90. A long tradition of special courts: See Philip K. Howard,“JurylessHealthCourtsCouldStabilize‘Crisis,’”Wall Street Journal,February28,2006;TroyenA.BrennanandPhilipK.Howard,“HealtheLaw,ThenHealthCare,”Washington Post,January25,2004.

90. Worker’s compensation: Paul J. Barringer, David M.Studdert,AllenB.Kachalia,andMichelleM.Mello,“AdministrativeCompensation of Medical Injuries: A Hardy Perennial BloomsAgain,”33Journal of Health Politics, Policy, and Law4(2008).

90. Health Courts: Michelle M. Mello, David M. Studdert,Allen B. Kachalia, and Troyen A. Brennan, “’Health Courts’ and

Accountability for Patient Safety,” Millbank Quarterly, September15, 2006; Nancy Udell and David B. Kendall, “Health Courts:Fair and Reliable Justice for Injured Patients,” Progressive PolicyInstitute,February,2005;DonElliott,SanjayNarayan,andMoneenNasmith,“Administrative‘HealthCourts’forMedicalInjuryClaims:FederalConstitutionalIssues,”Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, August 1, 2008. All of these papers are available at http://commongood.org/healthcare-reading-other-reports.html

90. SupportforHealthCourts:Theprospectofspecialhealthcourtshasbeenendorsedbyawiderangeofeditorialboardsandpolitical leaders fromthe rightand the left.See “Scalpel,Scissor,Lawyer,”Economist,December14,2005;“Don’tBlameVictimsforProblems with Malpractice,” editorial, Newsday, July 24, 2007;

“Health Courts Offer Cure,” Editorial, USA Today, July 4, 2005;“Malpractice Mythology,” Editorial, New York Times, January 9,2005;“BillBradleyEndorsesHealthCourts,”New AmericanStory,March,2007;SteveForbes,“JunkingJudicialMalpractice,”Forbes Magazine,September29,2005;“SenateMajorityLeaderBillFristCalls for theCreationofaSpecialHealthCourt,”CommonGood,July 19, 2004, http://commongood.org/healthcare-newscommen-tary-inthenews-140.html ; Mead Gruver, “Enzi Propose MedicalCourts, Insurance Pools,” Jackson Hole Star-Tribune, September16,2007;JoanneKenen,“DaschleonHealthCareandtheGlobalEconomy,”TheNewAmericanFoundation,

July 31, 2008, http://www.newamerica.net/blog/new-health-dialogue/2008/voices-reform-daschle-health-care-and-global-economy-5531.

90. Governmental Interest in Health Courts: In 2006,Congress held hearings on health courts. The transcripts areavailable at website of the U.S. Senate Committee on Health,Education, Labor, and Pensions, http://help.senate.gov/Hearings/2006_06_22/2006_06_22.html.

92. “ourlegalsystem”:Bok,Law and Its Discontents,seenotetopage16,p.23.

Life Without LaWyers endnotes e.13

chapter 5: Bureaucracy can’t teach

93. SuccessofTEAMAcademy:Thisdiscussionisbasedonvis-itstotheschoolandinterviewswithRyanHill,HeidiMoore,andothersattheschoolin2006and2007.See“TeamSchools:FiveYearReview,”2007,p.9,http://www.teamschools.org/about/2007%20TEAM%20Schools%20Annual%20Report.pdf/view?searchterm=TEAM+Schools+Annual+Rep

95. “Wehavesomewonderful,nicekids”:InterviewwithHeidiMoore,2007.

96. “wherechildrenlearn”:RichardArum,Judging School Disci-pline: The Crisis of Moral Authority (Cambridge,MA:HarvardUP,2005),p.170.SeealsoDurkheim,Moral Education,seenotetopage56.

96. “Allthroughlife”:WilliamDamon,quotedinJodiWilgoren,“School Days are Rule Days,” New York Times, October 30, 2000.See generally, William Damon, The Path to Purpose: Helping Our Children Find Their Calling in Life(NewYork:FreePress,2008).

96. Sara Lightfoot’s schools study: Sara Lawrence Lightfoot,The Good High School: Portraits of Character and Culture(NewYork:BasicBooks,1983).

97. “Most people in the real world”: Interview with AlisonKliegman,2007.

97. Aninstructiveexampleofschoolbureaucracy:InDecember2004,amajorityofstaffin95Queensschoolsvotedtocensuretheirsuperintendentformicromanagementthatborderedonabuse.Thecensure described an “atmosphere that stifles their professionaljudgment and impedes their ability toprovide the safest environ-mentandthebestpossibleeducationfortheirstudents.”“Oneofthesuperintendents’principalshadgivenoutstopwatchestoensurethatmini-lessonswereexactly tenminutes long.Another teacherhad written all of the Spanish text in her classroom in blue andalltheEnglishtextinred;shewasorderedtoreversethecolorstomeetprotocol.Itwasamountainofstricture—andtheoppositeofculture.”SeeDeidreMcFayden,“EducatorsinRegion4:Don’tstopus from teaching our kids,” New York Teacher, January 18, 2005,

http://www.uft.org/news/teacher/teaching_kids/98. NoChildLeftBehind:TheNoChildLeftBehindAct(Public

Law 107-110), http://www.ed.gov/nclb/landing.jhtml. For indepthdiscussionsofNCLB,see“DoweneedabasicrewriteofNoChild Left Behind?”, an on-line discussion which took place onAugust 5-7, 2008, http://newtalk.org/2008/08/do-we-need-a-ba-sic-rewrite-of.php;“TheProficiencyIllusion,”ThomasB.FordhamInstitute,October,2007;KevinCarey,“HotAir:HowStatesInflateTheir Educational Progress Under NCLB,” Education Sector, May,2006;“FromtheCapitaltotheClassroom:YearFouroftheNoChildLeftBehindAct,”CenteronEducationPolicy,March1,2006;“TaskForceonNoChildLeftBehind:FinalReport,”NationalConferenceof State Legislatures, February, 2005. All are available at http://commongood.org/schools-reading-other-reports.html.

98. Reading scores: Jaekyung Lee, “Tracking AchievementGapsandAssessingtheimpactofNCLBontheGaps:AnIn-depthLookintoNationalandStateReadingandMathOutcomeTrends,”theCivilRightsProject,June,2006,http://www.civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/research/esea/esea_gen.php.

98. Ranking of American students relative to those in oth-er countries: “Focus on… Ranking Math and Science StudentsInternationally,” Ed Policy Update 3, no. 12 (December, 2004/January,2005).

98. Teachers’diaries:“AllinaDay’sWork:What’sStandingintheWayofTeacherEffectiveness?,”CommonGood,October,2006,http://commongood.org/schools-reading-other-reports-116.html.SeealsoRandiWeingarten,“WhatMattersMost,”New York Times,September15,2006.

99. Abundance of rules in schools: “Over Ruled,” CommonGood,seenotetopage24.

99. “Thereisnorhymeorreason”:KenFuternick,“APossibleDream: Retaining California Teachers So All Students Learn”(Sacramento,CA:CaliforniaStateUniversity,2007),p.17,http://www.calstate.edu/teacherquality/retention/

Life Without LaWyers endnotes e.14

100. “Thepaperworkoverloadisoutofcontrol”:Ibid,p.38.100. “Teachers will spend six hours a day in the classroom”:

“AlabamaEducationAssociationExecutiveSecretaryPaulHubbertgetsresultsforthe95,000membersherepresents,”interviewwithPaul Hubbert, Central Alabama Business Journal, at http://www.myaea.org/PressHubbertCAB.html

100. Theburdenonteachers:Theobstaclesthatkeepteachersfrom meeting their expectations grow constantly. Donald Graves,a leadingoralhistorianofburnout, says “As I’ve traveledaroundthe county the last five years, I’ve noticed increased tension andfatigueinourprofession.Teacherjudgmentiscontinuallybypassedbylegislatures,statedepartmentsofeducation,andlocaladminis-trationswhotrytomicromanagethetransactionsbetweenteachersand children…Tests are emphasized as ends in themselves ratherthan as indicators school systems nee to consider for new direc-tions…Senselessworkinthemidstofhighpressureisaprescriptionforsignificantenergyloss,chronicabsenteeism,andadiscouragedprofession.”DonaldGraves,The Energy to Teach(Portsmouth,NH:Heinemann,2001),p.3.Forfurtherdiscussiononteacherburn-out,seeRobertKarasekandToresTheorell,Healthy Work (NewYork:BasicBooks,1990).

100. “I have kids”: Futernick, “A Possible Dream,” see note topage99,pp.21.

100. “Your hands are tied”: Interview with Debbie Sherlock,2006.

100. Interruptionstoclass:“AllinaDay’sWork,”CommonGood,seenotetopage98,p.16.

101. “IfeelasifIteachbetweentheinterruptions”:Futernick,“APossibleDream,”seenotetopage99,p.19.

101. “Ican’tevengoback”:InterviewwithRyanHill,2006.101. NCLBbureaucracy:InthewordsoftheNationalEducation

Association, NCLB “presents real obstacles to helping studentsand strengthening public schools” because of a focus on “punish-mentsratherthanassistance;rigid,unfundedmandatesratherthan

supportforprovenpractices;bureaucracyandstandardizedtestingratherthanteacher-led,classroomfocusedsolutions,”http://www.mstanea.org/teaching_learning/nclb/index.php.

101. “The teacher then came into a meeting”: Interview withClairePulignano,2006.

102. a “pervasive atmosphere”: Interview with Nick Bagley,2006.

102. “little or no learning”: Ellen Green-Ceisler, Report onPhiladelphia School District’s student disciplinary system, March,2007,p.32.

102. 2001 Public Agenda survey: Jean Johnson, Ann Duffett,Tony Foleno, Patrick Foley, and Steve Farkas, “Reality Check2001,” Public Agenda, http://publicagenda.org/reports/reality-check-2001. In 2006, this question was asked again, this time ofstudents.Resultswereverysimilar,with45%ofstudentsreportingthat “Teachers spendmore time trying tokeeporder in theclass-roomthanteachingstudents.”

102. Assaultofteacherbystudents:“IndicatorsofSchoolCrimeand Safety, 2007: Teachers Threatened with Injury or PhysicallyAttacked by Students,” available at the website for the NationalCenter for Education Statistics, http://nces.ed.gov/programs/crimeindicators/crimeindicators2007/ind_05.asp.

102. Teacher’s neck broken: Lesli A. Maxwell, “PhiladelphiaCracks Down on Assaults by Students: Violent Incidents againstTeachersPromptNewPolicies,”Education Week,March20,2007.

102. “I could have died”: Martha Woodall, “Student admitsattacking teacher,” Philadelphia Inquirer, April 6, 2007. For moreon discipline problems in Philadelphia, see the website for thePhiladelphia Inquirer,http://www.philly.com/inquirer/hot_topics/Philadelphia_School_Violence.html

103. Fighting students fill out a form: Interview with AlisonKliegman,2007.

103. “There was a teacher here”: Interview with Ryan Hill,2006.

Life Without LaWyers endnotes e.15

103. Adisciplineprobleminthesuburbs:InterviewwithClairePulignano,2006.

103. 1956 study on student discipline: Arum, Judging School Discipline,seenotetopage96,p.190.

104. Legal steps required to suspend a student in NYC: “OverRuled,”CommonGood,seenotetopage24.

104. Legal obstacles in Denver schools: See “Bound by Law,”Common Good Colorado, http://commongood.org/colorado-sus-pension.html

104. 210-page book: Representing Students in Disciplinary Proceedings, TheLegalSupportUnitofLegalServicesforNewYorkCity,November,2004.Seegenerally,Howard,The Collapse of the Common Good,seenotetopage11,p.104.

104. “language that tends tobelittle”:Chancellor’sRegulation,Number A-420, “Pupil Behavior and Discipline—CorporalPunishment,”http://www.local372.com/chancellor.htm

104. “It’sdifficulttodoyourjob”:InterviewwithEricGoldstein,2006.

104. “Icarefullydocumented”:InterviewwithAlisonKliegman,2007.

105. “fatuglyasshole,” “hehadaplastic cup”: “All inaDay’sWork,”CommonGood,seenotetopage98,pp.6-7.

105. “brokenwindows”:ThistheorywasfirstsetoutinJamesQ.WilsonandGeorgeKelling,“BrokenWindows,”Atlantic Monthly,March,1982.Foranevenmoredetaileddiscussion,seeGeorgeL.KellingandCatherineM.Coles,Fixing Broken Windows: Restoring Order and Reducing Crime in Our Communities (New York: FreePress,1998).

105. StudyofaNewYorkhighschool:GeraldGrant,The World We Created at Hamilton High(Cambridge,MA:HarvardUP,1988).

105. “shedtheirconstitutionalrights”:JusticeAbeFortas,opin-ion, Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District,393U.S.503(1969).

106. Teachersfeelthatrulesdisciplinethem,notstudents:Grant,

The World We Created at Hamilton High,seenotetopage105,pp.162-65and225-26.

106. “matters related to grading”: Arum, Judging School Discipline, seenotetopage96,p.27.ArumisreferringtoRobertPressmanandSusanWeinstein,“ProceduralDueProcessRightsinStudentDiscipline:AnUpdateandRevisionoftheProceduralDueProcess Section of School Discipline and Student Rights by PaulWeckstein”(Cambridge,MA:CenterforLawandEducation).SeealsoPamWrightandPeteWright,From Emotions to Advocacy: The Special Education Survival Guide, Second Edition (Hartfield, VA:HarborHouseLawPress,2006).TheWrightsadviselitigiousnessandfear:“Iftheschoolisunwillingtoresolveproblems,…[y]oumayhavetoengage in litigation,”p.48;“If theschoolsays, ‘Thelawsayswecannotdowhatyouaskustodo,’youneedtoresearchtheissueindependently...Donotrelyonlegaladviceproducedbyschoolpersonnelorarticleswrittenbyothers,”p.131;“Ultimately,yoursuccessinahearingwilldependonthelawandfacts,thepre-parednessoftheattorneys,andthelifeexperiencesofthehearingofficer, Administrative Law Judge, or other decision-maker. Thepre-existing beliefs and opinions of the decision-maker are morecontrollingofoutcomethanthefactsandthelaw,”p.190.

106. National Merit Scholar suspended over kitchen knife:“FortMyersHonorStudentArrestedUnderZero-TolerancePolicy,”AssociatedPress,May23,2001.

106. FirstGradersuspendedoverpenknife:PublicAgenda,“I’mCallingMyLawyer:PilotStudyonHowLitigation,DueProcessandOther Regulatory Requirements Are Affecting Public Education,”forCommonGood,November,2003,p.12(Tab7of“TheEffectsofLawonPublicSchools,”compiledfora forumentitled“IsLawUndermining Public Education,” co-sponsored by Common GoodandAEI-BrookingsJointCenterforRegulatoryStudies,November5,2003,http://commongood.org/schools-events-5.html).

106. APA report on zero-tolerance: Russell Skiba, Cecil R.Reynolds,SandraGraham,PeterSheras,JaneCloseConoley,and

Life Without LaWyers endnotes e.16

EnedinaGarcia-Vazquez,“AreZeroTolerancePoliciesEffective inthe Schools? An Evidentiary Review and Recommendations,” AReportbytheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationZeroToleranceTaskForce,February1,2006.Anoutlineisavailableathttp://www.apa.org/releases/ZTTFReportBODRevisions5-15.pdf.

107. “The‘one-size-fits-all’approach”:MarilynElias,“Atschools,zerotolerancefor‘zerotolerance,’”USA Today,August9,2006.

107. Thepitfallsofschoolhierarchyandbureaucracy:SeeRichardIngersoll,Who Controls Teachers’ Work? Power and Accountability in America’s Schools(Cambridge,MA:HarvardUP,2003).

107. NewYorkCityTeachers’Contracts:Contractsareavailableat thewebsiteof theUnitedFederationofTeachers,http://www.uft.org/member/contracts/

108. “dance of the lemons”: Beth Shuster, “Ex-teacher makestheatricallemonadefrom‘Lemons’:KarenKayWoodsturnsherten-ureasanL.A.unifiedmusicteacherintothesoloshow‘DanceoftheLemons,’”Los Angeles Times,August7,2007.

108. “rubberrooms”:SamuelG.Freedman,“WhereTeachersSit,AwaitingTheirFates,”New York Times,October10,2007.

108. Custodial contract: For some details on custodial con-tracts,seeStevenLeeMyers“GiulianiUnveilsNewContractwithCustodiansofCitySchools,”New York Times,October15,1994.

108. Crumbling paint: Eva Moscowitz, “Breakdown: The Ten-foot Rule and Other Fine Points of Collective Bargaining in NewYorkCity,”Education Next6,no.3(Summer,2006).

108. “everyminuteoftheday”:DavidM.Herszenhorn,“Teachersmay give ground on grievances,” New York Times, November 14,2003.

109. The efficacy of organizational systems: See generally,KennethR.Hammond,Human Judgment and Social Policy (Oxford:OxfordUP,1996).

110. Wemust“get to theheartofreality”:VàclavHavel,“TheEndoftheModernEra,”New York Times,March1,1992.

110. Teacherretentionandtheachievementgap:StevenRivkin,

Eric A. Hanushek, and John F. Kain, “Teachers, schools, and aca-demicachievement,”WorkingPaperNo.6691,NationalBureauofEconomicResearch,2001.

110. Studyontheeffectsofgoodteaching:WilliamL.SandersandJuneC.Rivers,“CumulativeandResidualEffectsofTeacheronFuture Student Academic Achievement,” University of TennesseeValue-AddedResearchandAssessmentCenter,November,1996.

110. “Of all the factors we study”: David Hill, “He’s got yournumber,”Teacher Magazine,May,2005.

110. “toensureallteachers”:“‘NoChildLeftBehind’EmphasizesResults, Expands Options for Children with Special Needs,” Factsheet,HouseEducationandtheWorkforceCommittee,October10,2002.

110. Teacher effectiveness: Thomas J. Kane, Jonah E. Rockoff,andDouglasO.Staiger,“IdentifyingeffectiveteachersinNewYorkCity,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No.W12155,March,2006,http://www.nber.org/papers/w12155.

111. Los Angeles study: Robert Gordon, Thomas J. Kane,and Douglas O. Staiger, “Identifying Effective Teachers UsingPerformanceontheJob,”DiscussionPaper2006-01,TheHamiltonProject,BrookingsInstitution,April,2006,p.7,http://www.brook-ings.edu/views/papers/200604hamilton_1_pb.pdf

111. “in teaching, we rely on the ‘naturals’”: Peter F. Drucker,The Age of Discontinuity(NewBrunswick,NJ:Transaction,1992),p.338.

111. “Anyonewhohassetfootinaclassroom”:ElizabethHolmes,“Aheadofthegame,”Teachers Magazine,Issue36,January,2005.

111. “Teachingistheonlymajoroccupation”:Drucker,The Age of Discontinuity,p.338.

111. “stately, well-dressed,” “high priestess of ninth-gradeEnglish”: Philip W. Jackson, Robert E. Boostrom, and David T.Hansen, The Moral Life of Schools (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass,1993),p.114.

111. Mr.TurnerandMobyDick:Ibid.,p.198.

Life Without LaWyers endnotes e.17

111. “spendalotoftimelookingattheteacher,”“thelookonateacher’sface”:Ibid.,pp.29-30.

112. “Thewayateacherenterstheroom”:Ibid.,p.120.112. Mrs.Walshandtheloudspeaker:Ibid.,p.104.112. “How can you convince kids”: Kay S. Hymowitz, “Who

KilledSchoolDiscipline?”City Journal10,no.2(Spring,2000).113. “All that [due process] required”: Board of Curators of

University of Missouri v. Horowitz,435U.S.78(1978).114. “Fewrulingswouldinterferemore”:Goss v. Lopez,419U.S.

565(1974).115. Deerlake’s Blue Ribbon Award: Deena Reppen, “Lt.

GovernorToniJenningsCongratulatesDeerlakeMiddleSchoolasa2005BlueRibbonSchool:DeerlakeMiddleSchoolisOneof13Florida Schools to Receive National Recognition,” Press Release,FloridaDepartmentofEducation,October11,2005,http://www.flboe.org/news/2005/2005_10_11-2.asp

115. “We’vegottogetawayfromforcingteacherstoconform”:InterviewwithJackiePons,2005.

116. “principleofmanagement”:PeterF.Drucker,The Essential Drucker: The Best of Sixty Years of Peter Drucker’s Essential Writings on Management(NewYork:HarperCollins,2003),p.125.

116. BobMastruzzi:Lightfoot,The Good High School, seenotetopage96,p.68.

116. “beingabletopacemypresentation”:Futernick,“APossibleDream,”seenotetopage99,p.29.

116. “We have one boy who will laugh”: Interview with RyanHill,2007.

116. “Wechangeeverythingallthetime”:InterviewwithHeidiMoore,2007.

117. “Igetthingsfromthedistrict”:InterviewwithJackiePons,2005.

117. “Wehaveagreatdealoffreedom”:Futernick,“APossibleDream,”seenotetopage99,p.29.

117. “Trust is a big part of any vision”: Graves, The Energy to

Teach,seenotetopage100,p.157.117. “I’msureit’strue”:InterviewwithRyanHill,2006.118. “Five percent of the kids”: Abigail Thernstrom, interview,

Frontline, PBS,http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/sats/interviews/thernstrom.html

118. “InalltheschoolsIvisited”:Lightfoot,The Good High School, seenotetopage96,p.345.

118. “It is not punishment that gives discipline its authority”:Durkheim,Moral Education,seenotetopage56,p.167.Seegener-allythediscussioninArum,Judging School Discipline,seenotetopage96,pp.159-188.

118. “Disciplineandauthority”:Lightfoot,The Good High School, seenotetopage96,p.35.

119. “Beneaththisadmirablerhetoric”:OnoraO’Neill,A Question of Trust: The BBC Reith Lectures 2002 (Cambridge,UK:CambridgeUP,2002),p.54.

119. Subjectiveandobjectiveevaluationsofschools:Educatorsgenerallybelievethattheylacktheauthoritytodoanythingoutsideofnormalprotocol.JoeBrown,theprincipalatLouiseA.Spencerelementary school in Newark, NJ, is generally regarded to havebroughtdisciplineandrespect toaschool inatroubledneighbor-hood. Brown notes “a really important lesson I’ve learned: Kidswant you to tell them what to do!...they’re adolescents and theydon’tknowhowtobehave.”

120.“Themostimportantthing[she]communicate[s]”:Jackson,The Moral Life of Schools,seenotetopage111,p.115.

120.“Toomanyplaceslooktopackagedprograms”:Graves,The Energy to Teach,seenotetopage100,p.157.

120.“Theveryprocessofaskingteachersabouttheirschools”:Futernick,“APossibleDream,”seenotetopage99,p.54.

120.“on the totally erroneous assumption”: Drucker, The Essential Drucker,seenotetopage116,p.221.

121. Culture“maybeprogressiveforacertainlengthoftime”:Mill,On Liberty,seenotetopage17,p.136.

Life Without LaWyers endnotes e.18

chapter 6: the freedom to Judge others

122.“Wehadateacherhere”:InterviewwithRyanHill,2008.123.“Menareneithergoodnorbad”:Barnard,The Functions of

the Executive,seenotetopage14,p.218.123.Teacherscanbe“kindorcruel”:Jackson,The Moral Life of

Schools,seenotetopage111,p.173.123.Workplacesuccessaquestionoffit:Drucker,The Essential

Drucker,seenotetopage116,p.222.123.“The question of personal compatibility”: Barnard, The

Functions of the Executive,p.146.123.“A social organism of any sort”: William James, Writings,

1878-1899, Gerald E. Myers, ed. (New York: Library of America,1992),p.473.

123.“decision-makingauthority”:Futernick,“APossibleDream,”seenotetopage99,p.19.

124.“Whenpeopleidentifywiththegroup”:R.M.KramerandL.Goldman,“HelpingtheGrouporHelpingYourself?SocialMotivesandGroupIdentityinResourceDilemmas,”inD.A.Schroeder,ed.,Social Dilemmas (NewYork:Praeger,1995).

124.“precipitous decline in teammate contributions”: WillFelps,TerrenceR.Mitchell,andElizaByington,“How,When,andWhy Bad Apples Spoil the Barrel: Negative Group Members andDysfunctionalGroups,” Research in Organizational Behavior, Volume 27: An Annual Series of Analytical Essays and Critical Reviews,BarryStaw,ed.(Oxford:Elsevier,2006),p.194.Thisstudywasinitiallyspurredbythenegativeworkplaceexperiencesoftheleadresearch-er’swife.

124.“Onebadapple”:Ibid.,p.190.124.“Basicallywhetheryouperformwelloryourperformpoor-

ly,youweretreatedthesame”:JoelKlein, interviewbyHendrickSmith, Making Schools Work, PBS, http://www.pbs.org/making-schoolswork/dwr/ny/klein.html

124.“On a daily basis, I see teachers who start classes late”:BetsyRogers,“MiddleSchoolExperts:HelpUsSave122Students,”

personal blog, May 9, 2006, http://tln.typepad.com/tln_betsy-rogers/2006/05/middle_school_e.html . See also Rafe Esquith,

“UnsungHeroes,”Washington Post,June26,2005.125.“’teacher-proof’ curriculum”: Richard M. Ingersoll, Who

Controls Teachers’ Work?, seenotetopage107,p.157.125.“I would prefer not to”: Herman Melville, “Bartleby the

Scrivener,”Billy Bud and Other Stories(NewYork:Penguin,1986),p.13.

126.“a system open to cronyism and subjectivity”: “Kelley:NTEUWillContinueVocalOppositionToAdministrationProposaltoRemakeCivilService,”PressReleasefromtheNationalTreasuryEmployeesUnion,February28,2006,http://www.cbpunion.org/PressRelease/PressRelease.aspx?ID=827

126.“Publicpolicyisnotbestunderstood”:MichaelLipsky,Street Level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services(NewYork:RussellSageFoundation,1980),p.xii.

126.Mostdecisionsaremadebypeopleontheground:Barnard,The Functions of the Executive,seenotetopage14,p.232.

127. “We need due process”: Quoted in Howard, Collapse of the Common Good,seenotetopage11,p.155.OriginallyinAmitaSharma, “Tenure: A Two-edged Sword for 80 Years” The Press Enterprise,April7,1999.

127. “Tenure simply requires due process”: Randi Weingarten,lettertotheeditorof theNew York Observer,November20,2007.Ms.WeingartenisPresidentoftheUnitedFederationofTeachers.

127. “It is not burdensome to give reasons”: Justice Marshall,dissenting,Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth,408U.S.564(1972).

127. DismissingateacherinNewYork:“OverRuled,”CommonGood,seenotetopage24.Thisandotherchartsareavailableathttp://commongood.org/burden-of-law.html

127. Terminating a teacher in Denver: “Undue Process: TheBurden of Law in Colorado’s Public Schools,” Common GoodColorado,http://commongood.org/colorado-dismissal.html

Life Without LaWyers endnotes e.19

128.Fairness in educational employment situations: OneQueensteacherdescribedaunionrepwhowas“theschool’sleastcaringeducator”:“They’vebeenannoyingmealldaylong,”she’dcarptoteachersaboutherstudents—rightinfrontofherclass.Shescoldedany teacherswhowent theextramile, arguing that theymadethoseotherteacherswhodidthebareminimum“lookbad.”

128.Principal impregnates a student: “Protecting mediocreteachers,”Chicago Tribune,December9,2005.

128.“your typical nigger”: Maya Kremen, “Tenure helps goodteachers and shelters the bad ones,” Bergen County (NJ) Record,July19,2006.

128.Problemswithterminatingobviouslynegligentemployees:Robert Anglen and Dan Horn, “A question of justice,” Cincinnati Enquirer,October21,2001;RobertAnglen,“Citylostallcasestakentoarbitration,”Cincinnati Enquirer,January18,2001;TerryKinney,

“Citysaysit’shandcuffedinsomeattemptstofirepolice,”AssociatedPress,February20,2004.

129.“Mediocrity is not a sin”: Interview with Jerry Wartgow,2006.

129.“Noonewantsteacherswhoarenotpullingtheirweight”:RandiWeingarten,“Theteachers’vigil,”New York Sun,November26,2007,http://www.nysun.com/article/66959?page_no=3

131. “Ifthefrontdooriswellguarded”:GeorgeWilliamCurtis,quoted in Proceedings at the Annual Meeting of the National Civil Service (New York: William S. Gottsberger for the National Civil-Service Reform League, 1895), p. 28. See generally, Paul P. VanRiper,History of the United States Civil Service(Evanston,IL:Row,Peterson,andCompany,1958),p.102.

131. “Itisbettertotaketheriskofoccasionalinjustice”:GeorgeWilliam Curtis, Proceedings at the Annual Meeting of the National Civil-Service Reform League(NewYork:WilliamS.GottsbergerfortheNationalCivil-ServiceReformLeague,1882),p.25.

131. TheodoreRooseveltandthecivilservice:MichaelNelson,“AShort,IronicHistoryofAmericanNationalBureaucracy,”Journal

of Politics44,No.3(August,1982),p.766.131. “Tooofteningovernment”:ZellMiller,Listen to This Voice

(Georgia:MercerUP,1998),p.215.132.Workplace hazards before the labor movement: John

Fabian Witt, The Accidental Republic: Amputee Workingmen, Destitute Widows, and the Remaking of American Law(Cambridge,MA:HarvardUP,2004).

132.Firemenondiesel locomotives:MorrisA.Horowitz, “TheDiesel Firemen Issue on the Railroads,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review13,No.4(July,1960).

132.Accountabilitynotgenerallyaprobleminunionizedindus-tries:InterviewwithBruceSimon,2008.

132.CivilRightsActnotmeanttogiveaffirmativerights:HubertHumphreywrote,“If[anyone]canfindinTitleVII…anylanguagewhichprovide[s]thatanemployerwillhavetohireonthebasisofpercentageorquotarelatedtocolor,race,religion,ornationalori-gin,Iwillstarteatingthepagesoneafteranother,becauseitisnotthere,”CongressionalRecord110,no.7420(1964).

133. “encourage citizens to act as private attorneys general”:CivilRightsActof1991,HouseofRepresentativesReportNo.40(I),102ndCongress,1stSession(1991),p.64.SeealsoStuartTaylor,Jr.,“The1991CivilRightsActHasHurtItsIntendedBeneficiaries,”Atlantic Monthly,September9,2003,http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/nj/taylor2003-09-09.htm.

133. “manna from heaven”: Robert J. Grossman, “Law in theSlowLane,”HR Magazine,July,2000.

133.Discrimination claims increase: Roger Clegg, “A BriefLegislative History of the Civil Rights Act of 1991,” introductionto “The Civil Rights Act of 1991: A Symposium,” 54 Louisiana Law Review 1459 (July, 1994); see also Evan J. Spelfogel, “LegalandPracticalImplicationsofADRandArbitrationinEmploymentDisputes,”11Hofstra Labor Law Journal247(1993).Foranover-view of discrimination cases in the Federal Courts, see Kevin M.ClermontandStewartJ.Schwab,“HowEmploymentDiscrimination

Life Without LaWyers endnotes e.20

PlaintiffsFareinFederalCourt,”1Journal of Empirical Legal Studies2(July,2004).

133.Protectedcategories:Federallawprotectspeoplefrombe-ingfiredorpenalizedbasedonrace,color,religion,sex,ornationalorigin(TitleVII,CivilRightsActof1964);age(AgeDiscriminationinEmploymentActof1967);ordisabilities(TitleIandTitleVofAmericanswithDisabilitiesActof1990).Thewordingoftheselawsdoesnotcoveronlyminoritiesorgroupstraditionallydiscriminatedagainstbutcouldalsobeused,forinstance,onbehalfofamanfiredbyafirmmadeupentirelyofwomen.Mostdiscriminationcases,however, are brought by women, minorities, older, and disabledpersons,whichtogethermakeupapproximately75%ofthepopu-lation(estimationbasedonnumbersfromtheU.S.censusbureauathttp://censtats.census.gov/.

133.Pennsylvaniadiscriminationsuit:MichaelKinsman,“CareerPros:WhenEmployersMisfire,”Job Journal,March26,2006.

133. “jobassignmentpracticeswerereprehensible”:HerbertHill,“Lichtenstein’sFictions:Meany,Reutherandthe1964CivilRightsAct,” New Politics 7, no. 1 (new series), whole no. 25 (Summer,1998),http://www.wpunj.edu/newpol/issue25/hill25.htm.

133.Supermarket discrimination case: For a summary of thecase,seeAllenR.Myerson,“SupermarketChainToPay$81MillionToSettleaBiasSuit,”New York Times,January25,1997.

134. “Aremarkablywiderangeofqualities”:WalterOlson,The Excuse Factory(NewYork:FreePress,1997),p.56.

135. “When avoiding offense becomes our primary concern”:MarkA.Notturno,“TheOpenSocietyandItsEnemies:Authority,Community, and Bureaucracy,” in Ian Charles Jarvie and SandraPralong, eds., Popper’s Open Society after Fifty Years (London:Routledge,1999),p.46.

135. “Dailylifeinadenseanddiversesociety”:JonathanRauch,“LawandDisorder:Whytoomuchdueprocessisadangerousthing,”New Republic,April30,2001.

135. “enforcedproximity”:VàclavHavel, speechaccepting the

IndiraGandhiPrize,DewDelhi,February8,1994,inThe Art of the Impossible(NewYork:Knopf,1997),p.157.

135.Maxine Waters on discrimination claims: Exchange be-tweenMaxineWatersandtheauthor,HouseJudiciaryCommitteeHearing,June22,2004.

135.Numberofemploymentclaimsandprobabilityofsuccess:Michael Selmi, “Why are Employment Discrimination Cases SoHardtoWin?,”61Louisiana Law Review555(Spring,2001).

136.ZellMillerandCivilServiceReform:KenFoskett,“EndofMeritSystemForecast,”Atlanta Constitution,February22,1996.

136. “Itwaslikesomebodyturnedonthelights”:InterviewwithPaulBurkhalter,2006.

136. “Onsnowydays”:InterviewwithJoeTanner,2006.137. “Responsibility does not always bring joy in its wake”:

MarkBovens,Quest for Responsibility: Accountability and Citizenship in Complex Organisations(Cambridge,UK:CambridgeUP,1998),p.132.

137. Strivingforutopia:Thepursuitofperfectioncanbecoun-ter-productive.SeeFrankAnechiaricoandJamesJacobs,The Pursuit of Absolute Integrity: How Corruption Control Makes Government Ineffective (Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,1996), foradis-cussionofhowrulestoreducecorruptioncaneliminatethetrans-parencyneededtocatchcorruption.

137. “It’sveryfrustratingtohighperformersnottobeheldac-countable”:InterviewwithSusanSchaeffler,2007.

137. “ahumanbeingwasanatomofself-interest”:Hofstadter,The American Political Tradition and the Men who Made It, seenotetopage66,p.3.

137. “Themoreamanindulges”:FreidrichAugustHayek,The Constitution of Liberty(Chicago:UniversityChicagoPress,1978),p.83.

138.Aplaintiffweeps:Discussionwitharetiredfederaljudge.138. “Welearnwisdomfromfailure”:SamuelSmiles, Self Help:

With Illustrations of Conduct and Perseverance (NewYork:CosimoClassics,2005),p.339.

Life Without LaWyers endnotes e.21

138.Failureisthenorm:Barnard,The Functions of the Executive,seenotetopage14,p.5.

138. “movingfromfailuretofailurewithoutlossofenthusiasm”:StevenF.Hayward,Churchill on Leadership: Executive Success in the Face of Adversity(NewYork:Gramercy,2004),p.29.

139.How often Americans change jobs: Remarks by U.S.SecretaryofLaborElaineL.Chao,NationalSummitonRetirementSavings, Washington, D.C., Wednesday, March 1, 2006, http://www.dol.gov/_sec/media/speeches/20060301_saver.htm

139. “In democracies men are never stationary”: Tocqueville,Democracy in America,vol.2,seenotetopage31,p.223.

140. Neutral values: Mark C. Murphy, ed., Alasdair MacIntyre(Cambridge,UK:CambridgeUP,2003).

140. “What are you going to do… shun them?”: Panel discus-sionwithProfessorArthurMiller,amongothers,atTheLandmarkAuditorium, Richmond, VA, 1995. See Anthony Kronman, The Lost Lawyer: Failing Ideas of the Legal Profession (Cambridge,MA:HarvardUP,1993)foradiscussionofthedeclineoftheideathatlawyersarestatesmenandscholars.

141. JobsecurityinEurope:ThomasSowellwritesthat“Jobse-curitylawsdonotsecurejobs.Theirneteffectistoredistributetheinsecurity,”andarguesthatthisiswhyjobcreationhasbeencon-sistentlyhigherintheUnitedStatesthaninEurope,in“BedroomEconomicsinGermany,”Capitalism,February7,2005.

142. “Fromchildhoodonward”:Bovens,Quest for Responsibility,seenotetopage137,p.45.

142. “Legally, we can’t speak”: Paul D. Snitzer and Lisa W. Clark,“‘Speaknoevil’isariskypolicy,”Modern Healthcare,December5,2005.

143. “What I’m coming to understand”: Richard Perez-Pena,“HospitalsDon’tShareRecordsofaNurseAccusedinKillings,”New York Times,December17,2003.Seealso,RandyDotinga,“WouldYou Hire This Man?” Christian Science Monitor, March 1, 2004;PhilipK.Howard,“Whenfearisdeadly,”New York Sun,March16,2006.

143. “intelligence shines through the eyes”: Recounted inKennethR.Hammond,Human Judgment and Social Policy(Oxford:OxfordUP,1996),p.85.

144. “Layingasideallexceptionstotherule”:Jackson,The Moral Life of Schools,seenotetopage111,p.34.SeealsoTerryAtkinsonandGuyClaxton,The Intuitive Practitioner: On the Value of Not Always Knowing What One Is Doing(Buckingham,UK:OpenUP,2000).

144. “imagine they communicate their virtue”: Emerson, “SelfReliance,”seenotetopage17,p.266.

144. Leaders as good judges of character: Eliot A. Cohen, Booknotes: On American Character, Brian Lamb, ed., (PublicAffairs, 2005); Sydney George Fisher, The Struggle for American Independence(Philadelphia:J.B.LippincottCompany,1908).

144. “accordingtowhatothersthink”:Hayek,The Constitution of Liberty,seenotetopage137,p.122.

147. “Even a dog… distinguishes”: Holmes, The Common Law,seenotetopage85,p.3.

148. Peopleare “astonishinglyunlikeeachother”:Tocqueville,Democracy in America,vol.2,seenotetopage31,p.228.

148. “boundless variety of human nature”: Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty,seenotetopage137,p.86.

chapter 7: responsiBiLity in Washington

150. “I mean, this is where the people are who run the show,right?”:ReportedintheLos Angeles Times,reprintedas“HeForcesBureaucratstoHewtotheLine,”New York Post,July29,1975,p.62,inRalphP.Hummel,The Bureaucratic Experience: A Critique of Life in the Modern Organization,FourthEd.(NewYork:St.Martin’s,1994),p.156.

151. DespairoverthebulkofregulationinD.C.:Foracasestudyoninertia,seeRichardBlock,“ReformingLaborLaw,”USA Today,March1,1999,ahistoryoftheNationalLaborRelationsBoardanditsinsufficiencies.SeealsoCharlesPeters, How Washington Really Works(NewYork:BasicBooks,1993).

Life Without LaWyers endnotes e.22

152.FEMA trailer debacle: Susan Roesgen, “Katrina mobilehomes immobile in Arkansas,” CNN.com, February 13, 2006,http://www.cnn.com/CNN/Programs/anderson.cooper.360/blog/2006/02/katrina-mobile-homes-immobile-in.html.

152.TrailerskeptoutofArkansas:SpencerS.Hsu,“FEMAtak-inghitonsaleofsurplustrailers,”Washington Post,March8,2007.

152.NoChildLeftBehind:TheNoChildLeftBehindAct, seenotetopage98.

153. “ThroughtheeyesofthepeopleinWashington,”“Everythingis test, test, test”:AlainJehlen,ed. “RatingNCLB:NEAmemberssayit’shurtingmorethanhelping,”NEA Today,April,2006,http://www.nea.org/neatoday/0604/coverstory.html.

153.Cost of HIPAA bureaucracy: “Standards for privacy of in-dividuallyidentifiablehealthinformation,”Federal Register65,no.250 (December 28, 2000), p. 82761, http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/part7.txt

153. “talktoandaboutpatients”:VirginiaA.SmithandDawnFallik, “Doctors, patients grapple with specifics of privacy rule,”Philadelphia Inquirer,March8,2005.

153. “nolongerdiscusstreatmentsamongthemselves”:JudithTintinalli, chairman of emergency medicine at the University ofNorthCarolina-ChapelHill,paraphrasedinLauraParker,“Medical-PrivacyLaw(HIPAA)CreatesWideConfusion,”USA Today,October20,2003.

153.HIPAAimpedescardiologyresearch:D.Armstrong,E.Kline-Rogers,S.Jani,E.Goldman,J.Fang,D.Mukherjee,B.Nallamothu,andK.Eagle,“PotentialimpactoftheHIPAAprivacyruleondatacollectioninaregistryofpatientswithacutecoronarysyndrome,”Archives of Internal Medicine165,no.10(2005).

153.Virginia Tech massacre: The Review Panel Report, theVirginiaTechreviewpaneldelivereditsreporttoGovernorTimothyM.Kaine,August30,2007.

154. “By now it likely has a shopping list scrawled on it”:LaurieTarkan,“Sorry,thatinformationisofflimits:aprivacylaw’s

unintendedresults,”New York Times,June3,2003.154. “Itusedtotakeafewmonths”:InterviewwithPeterLehner,

2008.155. “one directional words”: Hummel, The Bureaucratic

Experience,seenotetopage150,p.163.155. “I’m an air-breathing animal”: John Rollwagen, head of

CrayResearch,quotedinHoward,The Death of Common Sense,seenote topage12,p.69.Originallyquoted inRussellMitchellandDouglas Harbrecht, “An ‘Air-Breathing Animal’ Climbs out of theFishBowl,”Businessweek,June7,1993.

155. “He told me proudly”: See Steven Kelman, Procurement and Public Management: The Fear of Discretion and the Quality of Government Performance(Washington,D.C.:TheAEIPress,1990),p.43.

155. “mightily addicted to rules”: David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature,L.A.Selby-BiggeandP.H.Nidditch,eds.(Oxford:OxfordUP,1978),p.551.

155.Layers of bureaucracy: Paul Charles Light, Thickening Government: Federal Hierarchy and the Diffusion of Accountability(NewYork:BrookingsInstitutionPress,1995),p.8.Forafulldiscus-sion,seethefirstchapter,“HowThickisGovernment?,”pp.1-32.

156. “the very complexities and time consumption factors”:WilliamMichaelReisman,Folded Lies: Bribery Crusades and Reforms(NewYork:FreePress,1979),p.100.

156. “Eachfreshlaw…afreshmiscalculation”:PeterAlekseevichKropotkin,Anarchism: A Collection of Revolutionary Writings,RogerN.Baldwin,ed.(Mineola,NY:Dover,2002),p.196.

156.Each person “is only a small cog”: Max Weber, Economy and Society,GuentherRothandClausWittich,eds.(Berkeley,CA:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1978),p.988.

156. “Bureaucracydevelopsthemoreperfectly”:Ibid.,p.975.156. “almost lawless passion for lawmaking”: Henry Steele

Commager,The American Mind(NewHaven,CT:YaleUP,1959),p.363.

Life Without LaWyers endnotes e.23

157. “Howtodothetriallawyersfeelaboutit?”:Interviewwithacongressman,whomtheauthorprefersnottoidentify.

157. MeetingattheWhiteHouse:InterviewwithaseniorWhiteHouseofficial,whomtheauthorprefersnottoidentify.

158.EPAhasnotbecomeacabinet: InterviewwithE.DonaldElliott,2007.ForanexaminationofthereasonsandproposalsforelevatingtheEPA’sstatus,seeRobertW.HahnandRandallLutter,

“Elevating EPA to Cabinet Status,” Testimony before the HouseCommittee on Government Reform’s Subcommittee on EnergyPolicy, Natural Resources, and Regulatory Affairs, September,2001,fromtheAEI-BrookingsJointCenterforRegulatoryStudies,http://www.aei-brookings.org/admin/authorpdfs/redirect-safely.php?fname=../pdffiles/testimony_01_04.pdf.

159. “[W]e have gradually developed governmental institu-tions”:MiltonFriedman,“WhyGovernmentIstheProblem,”WristonLecture,ManhattanInstituteforPolicyResearch,1991,http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/wl1991.htm

159.Managing ulterior motives: Jonathan Rauch, discussionwiththeauthor,2007.SeegenerallyJonathanRauch,Government’s End: Why Washington Stopped Working (NewYork:PublicAffairs,1999).

159. “Weusedtofighthardinthecampaigns”:DiscussionwithHowardBaker,2003.

160. Specialinterests:SeparatediscussionswithRonFaucheuxandRodDeArment,2007.SeeThedaSkocpol,The Missing Middle(New York: The Century Foundation, 2000) for perspective onskewedpoliticalandelectoralincentives.Skocpolobservesthatac-tualpolicyinitiativesarenotonpoliticians’radars.

160. Trial lawyers’ contributions to political campaigns: “TheAssociation of Trial Lawyers of America… routinely ranks amongthetopfivePACsinfederalcampaigndonations,leaningstronglyto Democrats. In 2002, ATLA was the third most generous PAC,contributing$2.8million;89%ofthatmoneywenttoDemocrats,makingATLAthelargestPACcontributortotheDemocraticparty…

Through individualandsoftmoneycontributions,aswellasPACdonations,thelawsuitindustryhassurpassedallothersinpoliticalgivingineveryelectoralcyclesince1990…All told,the litigationindustryhascontributedastaggering$470milliontofederalcam-paignssince1990,”from“TheBestFriendsMoneyCanBuy:TrialLawyers,Inc.floodsthepoliticalprocesswithcash,”Trial Lawyers, Inc.: A Report on the Lawsuit Industry in America,2003,http://www.triallawyersinc.com/html/part10.html.ThisdatacomesfromtheCenter for Responsive Politics, Top PACs for 2001-2002, http://www.opensecrets.org/pacs/index.asp and “Lawyers/Law Firms:Long-Term Contribution Trends,” http://www.opensecrets.org/in-dustries/indus.asp.

161. “Many interest groups would rather push their point ofviewandlose”:DiscussionwithRodDeArment,2007.

161. Madison’s idea of faction neutralization: James Madison,“The Same Subject Continued: The Union as a Safeguard againstDomestic Faction and Insurrection,” Federalist Paper Number 10,November22,1787,http://federalistpapers.com/federalist10.html

162. TeachercertificationunderNCLB:SeeDavidBerliner,“TheNearImpossibilityofTeacherTesting,”Journal of Teacher Education,May/June,2005.

162. “I received 128 letters from members of Congress”:InterviewwithJoeDear,2007.

163. Farmsubsidies:RobertJ.Samuelson,“Abumpercropofin-ertia,”Washington Post,September12,2007.Foradiscussionoftheproblemswiththe“FarmBill”andpossiblesolutions,seeMichaelPollan, “Farmer in Chief,” New York Times Magazine, October 9,2008.

163. “If government waste were an art form”: Robert J.Samuelson,“Harvestingvotes,”Washington Post,May8,2002.

164. “Washington… seems incapable of action”: Jimmy Carter,“Crisis of Confidence Speech,” delivered on television on July 15,1979, available through the PBS website, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/carter/filmmore/ps_crisis.html

Life Without LaWyers endnotes e.24

164. “Ourconcernmustbeforaspecialinterestgroupthathasbeentoolongneglected”:RonaldReagan,FirstInauguralSpeech,de-liveredJanuary20,1981inWashington,quotedinPeterSchweizerandWyntonC.Hall,Landmark Speeches of the American Conservative Movement(CollegeStation,TX:TexasA&MUP,2007),p.75.

164. “The time has come to put the national interest ahead”:GeorgeH.W.Bush,StateoftheUnionAddress,deliveredJanuary29, 1991, in State of the Union Addresses (Montana: KessingerPublishing,2004),p.18.

164. “I know that facing up to these interests will requirecourage”: William J. Clinton, State of the Union Address, deliv-eredJanuary25,1994, inState of the Union Addresses(Montana:Kessinger,2004),p.11.

164. “Elected officials have become so entrenched”: NewtGingrich, Richard K. Armey, Ed Gillespie, and Bob Schellhas,Contract with America: The Bold Plan (New York: Times Books,1995),p.14.

164. “Thefederalbudgethastoomanyspecialinterestprojects”:GeorgeW.Bush,StateoftheUnionAddress,deliveredJanuary31,2006, available at the website for the White House, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/01/20060131-10.html.

165. “Alittlerebellionnowandthenisagoodthing”:JeffersontoIsaacH.Tiffany,seenotetopage32,p.108.

165. Civilian Conservation Corps: Fred E. Leake and RayS. Carter, Roosevelt’s Tree Army: A Brief History of the Civilian Conservation Corps(Arlington,VA:NationalAssociationofCivilianConservation Corps Alumni, 1983), http://www.geocities.com/ccchistory/treearmy.html;JohnC.Paige,The Civilian Conservation Corps and the National Park Service, 1933-1942: An Administrative History(NationalParkService,DepartmentoftheInterior,1985),http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/ccc/ccc1a.htm;LaryM.Dilsaver,ed.,America’s National Park System: The Critical Documents, (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1994), http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/anps/anps_3a.htm.

165. “Wehadnorules”:InterviewwithCharlesPeters,2008.165. Minimizingofficialdiscretion:SeeDanielPatrickMoynihan,

Maximum Feasible Misunderstanding(NewYork:FreePress,1969);AaronWildavskyandJeffreyPressman,Implementation: How Great Expectations in Washington Are Dashed in Oakland (Berkeley,CA:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1984).

165. Mere“directions,”“theimmeasurablemultitudeofparticularfacts”:Hayek,Law, Legislation and Liberty,seenotetopage32,p.130.

166. “Our system for managing”: Kelman, Procurement and Public Management, seenotetopage155,p.52.

167. “commercial reasonableness”:UniformCommercialCode,Article 2: “Sales,” § 2-311, “Options and Cooperation RespectingPerformance,”http://www.law.cornell.edu/ucc/2/article2.htm

167. Principlesvs.Rules:SeeJohnBradfordBraithwaite,“RulesandPrinciples:ATheoryofLegalCertainty,”27Australian Journal of Legal Philosophy (2002); Hugh Collins, Regulating Contracts(Oxford:OxfordUP,1999);RobertKagan,Adversarial Legalism: The American Way of Law(Cambridge,MA:HarvardUP,2001).

168. “Itisoneofthemostprominentfeaturesoftheconstitution”:Leonard Dupee White, The Federalists: A Study in Administrative History(NewYork:Macmillan,1948),p.23.

168. “apoweroftoomuchdelicacy”:Ibid.,p.456.168. “Ateverystageofthegovernmentalhierarchy”:Hayek,The

Constitution of Liberty,seenotetopage137,p.213.169. OSHA:Howard,The Death of Common Sense, seenote to

page12,p.12-13.169. OSHAreform:AlGore,Common Sense Government: Works

Better & Costs Less (Darby,PA:Diane,1998),p.25-47;DanWise,“AnOSHAyoucould love:an innovativeapproachtosafety intheworkplaceisputtingemployersinthedriver’sseat.ItevenhasthemsayingnicethingsaboutOSHA,”Business & Health,February,1996.

169. Antitrustlaw:U.S.Code,Title15,§1-2.169. OSHAandthehomebuildersassociation: Interviewwith

JoeDear,2008.

Life Without LaWyers endnotes e.25

170. You“canindictahamsandwich”:SolWachtler,quotedinMarciaKramerandFrankLombardi,“Newtopstatejudge:Abolishgrandjuries&letusdecide,”New York Daily News,January31,1985,p.3.

170. Duke lacrosse scandal: The definitive story of this sagawas told inStuartTaylorandKCJohnson,Until Proven Innocent: Political Correctness and the Shameful Injustices of the Duke Lacrosse Rape Case(NewYork:ThomasDunneBooks,2007).

170. “Bydeclaringwaronelitism”:FareedZakaria,The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad(NewYork:W.W.Norton,2003),p.198.

170. “banalityofevil”:HannahArendt,Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil(NewYork:Penguin,1992).

171. Thejudge“isnotaknight-errant”:Cardozo,The Nature of the Judicial Process,seenotetopage86,p.141.

171. Problems with NCLB: See “Do we need a basic rewriteofNCLB?,”on-linediscussiononAugust7,2008,http://newtalk.org/2008/08/do-we-need-a-basic-rewrite-of.php.

171. Reducingbureaucracy inWashington:SeeRichardFosterandSarahKaplan,Creative Destruction(NewYork:Currency,2001),whichmakesaneloquentcasefordestroyingthesystem.FosterandKaplan discuss the “cultural lock-in” and argue that we can onlypreventdeclineifweinnovateconstantlyandsearchforweakness-esinourstrengths.

173. “Congress will never be able to bring all these pieces to-gether”:Interviewwithahealthcareindustryexecutivewhoaskednottobenamed.

173. Base closing commissions: Gwen Ifill, “Public Debate onBaseClosingsDisorientsCapital’sPowerBrokers,”New York Times,June 23, 1991; “Keeping Politics Out of Base Closings,” editorial,New York Times,May24,1994.

173. “The favor of the sovereign may confer power”: EdwardGibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 1, HughTrevor-Roper,ed.(NewYork:Everyman’sLibrary,1993),p.276.

174. “Thereisanamazingstrength”:Tocqueville,Democracy in America,vol.1,seenotetopage31,p.247.

174. “the force of public opinion cannot be resisted”: ThomasJefferson toMarquisdeLafayette,Monticello,November4,1823,seenotetopage32,p.458.

174. RebellionagainstCeausescu:Seetwowebsitesonthehis-tory of Romania under Ceausescu’s rule, http://www.ceausescu.org/ceausescu_media/ultima-audio.htmlandhttp://www.moreor-less.au.com/killers/ceausescu.html.

175. CivicCommitteeofChicago:InterviewswithEdenMartinand James Crown, 2006 and 2007. See the committee’s website:http://www.civiccommittee.org/

175. RestoringNewYork’sCentralPark:Twoleadersinstrumen-tal in rebuilding Central Park were Betsy Barlow Rogers and thephilanthropistRichardGilder.SeethewebsitefortheCentralParkConservancy, http://www.centralparknyc.org/site/PageNavigator/aboutcon_cpc.

175. Preserving Grand Central: “Celebrities Ride the Rails toSaveGrandCentral,”New York Times,April17,1978.

175. ZoningTimesSquare:NickRavo,“CrusaderforNewYorkCityLandmarksMovesOn,”New York Times,July16,1995.

175. Common Good: See the Common Good website, http://www.commongood.org. For commentary on the influence of theCommonGood,seeStuartTaylor,Jr.,andEvanThomas,“LawsuitHell: How Fear of Litigation Is Paralyzing Our Professions,”Newsweek,December8,2003;JaneBrody,“AClassroomofMonkeyBarsandSlides,”New York Times,April3,2007;EdwardAchorn,

“WhenChildrenAreOutoftheGame,”Providence Journal,October24, 2006; Timothy Harper, “A Culture of Lawsuits: And WhatCommonGoodWantstoDoAboutIt,”Sky,September1,2004;andPaul Greenberg, “The Enemy R Us,” Arkansas Democrat-Gazette,August18,2004.Allareavailableathttp://commongood.org/soci-ety-newscommentary-inthenews.html.

176. “the vast mass of juristic writings,” “mania for juristic

Life Without LaWyers endnotes e.26

writing”: Justinian, Justinian’s Institutes, Peter Birks and GrantMcLeod,trans.,PaulKrueger,ed.(Ithaca,NY:CornellUP,1987),p.11.

176. “TheRevolutionhadturnedtheFrenchintosomanygrainsofsand”:FrankMcLynn,Napoleon: A Biography(NewYork:Arcade,2002),p.255.

176. ALI’s Restatements of the Law: See the American LawInstitutewebsite,http://www.ali.org/

chapter 8: the freedom to make a difference

178. “Who would guarantee that these judges weren’t in thedoctors’pockets”:Author’sdiscussionwithjournalistfriendinLosAngeles,2002.

180. Therighttobeleftalone:RobertBellah,RichardMadsen,WilliamM.Sullivan,AnnSwidler,andStevenM.Tipton,Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life (NewYork:HarperandRow,1985),p.23.

180. Lossof“socialcapital”:Putnam,Bowling Alone,seenotetopage12,p.18.

180. “Eachindividualfeelshelplesstoaffectanything”:WarrenG. Bennis, Why Leaders Can’t Lead: The Unconscious Conspiracy Continues(SanFrancisco:Jossey-Bass,1989),p.xiii.

182. “theworld…isawhollyknowablesystem”:VàclavHavel,“TheEndoftheModernEra,”New York Times,March1,1992.

183. “Amazingly few people”: Drucker, The Essential Drucker,seenotetopage116,p.220.

183. “theusualprocessofunconscioustrialanderror”:MichaelPolanyi, Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy(Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,1958),p.62.

183. Fireman’s subconscious perceptions: Malcolm Gladwell,Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking (New York: Little,Brown,2005),p.122.

184. “disappear into the task”: Mike Rose, The Mind at Work: Valuing the Intelligence of the American Worker(NewYork:Viking,

2004),p.112.SeealsoBarbaraGarson,All the Livelong Day: The Meaning and Demeaning of Routine Work (New York: Doubleday,1972),forfurtherdiscussionofhowemployeesunconsciouslyfightfordiscretion.

184. “our knowing is in our action”: Donald A. Shon, The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action(NewYork:BasicBooks,1983),p.49.

184. “What you find when you get in close”: Atul Gawande,Complications: A Surgeon’s Notes on an Imperfect Science(NewYork:Macmillan,2002),p.4.SeealsoGaryKlein,Intuition at Work(NewYork:Doubleday,2003)formoreonhowintuitionisadirectout-growthofexperience,notashort-cut.

184. Self-consciousnessinhibitsperformance:Polanyi,Personal Knowledge,seenotetopage183,pp.55-57.

184. “itisthishesitation,doubt,andweakeningofconviction”:Arum,Judging School Discipline,seenotetopage96,p.169.

185. “withaplausiblecause”:RichardE.NisbettandTimothyDeCampWilson,“TellingMorethanWeCanKnow:VerbalReportsonMentalProcesses,” Psychological Review84,No.3(May,1977),p.233.

185. “anytrueintrospection”:Ibid.,p.231.185. “testi-lying”:SeeAlanDershowitz,“AccomplicestoPerjury,”

New York Times,May2,1994.185. Human variability: See Hubert and Stuart Dreyfus, Mind

Over Machine(NewYork:TheFreePress,1986),fortheargumentthatknowledgecannotbeengineered.Theauthorsbelievethatde-cisionsaremadeduringthemomentswhenthereexist“aclusterofpotentialactions,[and]aspaceofandforevolvingevents,”p.105.Thesearemomentswhenintuitionisneeded.

185. “It is a profoundly erroneous truism”: Alfred NorthWhitehead,An Introduction to Mathematics(NewYork:HenryHolt,1911),p.61.

185. “Ifmanwereforcedtodemonstrate”:Tocqueville,Democracy in America,vol.2,seenotetopage31,p.8.

Life Without LaWyers endnotes e.27

186. “Goodandbadarebutnames”:Emerson,“SelfReliance,”seenotetopage17,p.262.SeeAntonioDamasio,Descartes’Error(NewYork;AvonBooks,1994) foraargument thathumanswholackemotionalandsocialinputcan’tmakegooddecisions.

186. “When I was growing up”: Interview with Joe Tanner,2006.

186. Lawyersasaristocrats:Zakaria,Future of Freedom,seenotetopage170,p.222.

187. HenryThomasBuckle/Truthliesattheedges:CharlesA.and Mary R. Beard, The Rise of American Civilization (New York:TheMacMillianCompany,1930),p.vii.

188. “Whereverandwheneveroneperson is foundadequate”:GeorgeWashington,The Quotable George Washington,seenotetopage59,p.16.

188. “Thereisnodangerinpower”:WoodrowWilson,“TheStudyofAdministration,”inRonaldJ.Pestritto,ed.,Woodrow Wilson: The Essential Political Writings(Lanham,MD:LexingtonBooks,2005),p.242.

189. “We may also say of Lincoln”: Needleman, The American Soul,seenotetopage66,p.18.

189. “Effective leadership”: Barnard, The Functions of the Executive,seenotetopage14,p.xxxi.

189. “The only definition of a leader”: Drucker, The Essential Drucker,seenotetopage116,p.271.

189. “The force of character is cumulative”: Emerson, “Self-Reliance,”seenotetopage17,p.266.

189. “speak[s] from his character”: Emerson, “The Over-Soul,”seenotetopage17,p.386.

189. “Theheavy,leadeneyesturnonyou”:RalphWaldoEmerson,“July6,”The Journals of Ralph Waldo Emerson(NewYork:HoughtonMifflin,1912),p.300.

190. “fear of freedom”: Erich Fromm, The Fear of Freedom(London:KeganPaul,1942).

190. “expect from the state ever more solutions”: Leszek

Kolakowski, Modernity on Endless Trial (Chicago: University ofChicagoPress,1990),p.173.

190. Americansunhappywiththelitigiousculture:TwothirdsofAmericansbelieveweneedfundamentalchangesinourciviljusticesystem(“PublicAttitudestowardtheCivilJusticeSystem,”seenotetopage75).93%of thosepolled ina2001surveysaid that theythinkpeoplearetooquicktosue.Thatsamepollfoundthatnearly9of10peoplebelievetherearetoomanyfrivolous lawsuits,and7of10believethatthelargenumberofsuitsisevidencethatoursociety isbreakingdown.SeeStephenS.MeinholdandDavidW.Neubauer,“ExploringAttitudesAbouttheLitigationExplosion,”22Justice System Journal105,108(2001).

190. “Themodernmind”:MichaelPolanyi,Personal Knowledge,seenotetopage183,p.228.

192. “lookingtoonlytwosourcesofsolutions”:InterviewwithBill Bradley, 2007. See Bill Bradley, The Journey from Here (NewYork:Artisan,2000),pp.65-83.

192. “centralized administration is fit only to enervate”:Tocqueville,Democracy in America, vol.1, seenote topage31,p.87.

192. “Municipal institutions constitute the strength of free na-tions”:Tocqueville,Democracy in America, vol.1,p.61.

192. “The centralization, the immobility”: Hugh Trevor-Roper,introductiontoDecline and Fall of the Roman Empire, seenote topage173,p.xci.

193. “Amoderndemocraticstatecannotconsistmerelyofcivilservice”:VàclavHavel, “NewYear’sAddress to theNation,”deliv-ered in Prague, January 1, 1994, available at http://old.hrad.cz/president/Havel/speeches/1994/0101_uk.html.ThistranslationinJohnW.Sutherlin,The Greening of Central Europe (Lanham,MD:UniversityPressofAmerica,1999).

193. Subsidiarity:Foranoverviewontheconceptofsubsidiarity,seeAndreasFøllesdal,“Subsidiarity,”Journal of Political Philosophy6, no 2 (December 16, 2002); Theodor Schilling, “Subsidiarity

Life Without LaWyers endnotes e.28

asaRuleandaPrinciple,orTakingSubsidiaritySeriously,”JeanMonnetChairWorkingPaper10,HarvardUniversity(1995);KenEndo,“ThePrincipleofSubsidiarity:FromJohannesAlthusius toJacquesDelors,”44Hokkaido Law Review6(1994).

193. “Control what you must”: Richard Foster and SarahKaplan,Creative Destruction: Why Companies That Are Built to Last Underperform the Market—And How to Successfully Transform Them(NewYork:DoubledayBusiness,2001),p.23.

193. “self-interest,rightlyunderstood”:Tocqueville, Democracy in America,vol.2,seenotetopage31,p.123.

194. “Lifeis…non-standard”:VàclavHavel,“NewYear’sAddresstotheNation,”seenotetopage135.

194. Shared social values: See Alan Wolfe, One Nation, after All (New York: Penguin, 1999); Alan Wolfe, Return to Greatness(Princeton,NJ;PrincetonUP,2005);andAmitaiEtzioni,The New Golden Rule(NewYork:BasicBooks,1996).

195. “thereislessreasontoguideandtocheckimpulse”:Niebuhr,Moral Man and Immoral Society,seenotetopage65,p.xxv.

195. “Once‘activevirtue’islost”:Trevor-Roper,introductiontoDecline and Fall of the Roman Empire,seenotetopage173,p.xciv.

196. “actorsonamostconspicuoustheatre”:MatthewSpaldingandPatrickGarrity,A Sacred Union of Citizens: George Washington’s Farewell Address and the American Character(Lanham,MD:RowmanandLittlefield,1996),p.21.

196. Badhabitscandestroyaculture:JaredDiamond,Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed(NewYork:Penguin,2005).

197. “Thepursuitofevermoreperfectaccountability”:O’Neill,A Question of Trust,seenotetopage119,p.57.

197. “Plantsdon’tflourish”:Ibid.,p.19.197. “hating,likeapoisonousmineral”:WilliamHazlitt,“Onthe

PleasureofHating,”inDuncanWu,ed.,The Plain Speaker: The Key Essays(Boston:Blackwell,1998),p.105.

197. “Liberals are evil”: Polipundit blog post, July 23, 2003,availableathttp://www.polipundit.com/index.php?p=1140.

197. “TheRepublicanpartyisacriminalconspiracy”:Fromthewebsite,“EvilGOPBastards,”athttp://www.evilgopbastards.com.

197. “Theinabilityofvillagerstoacttogether”:EdwardBanfield,Moral Basis of a Backward Society(NewYork:FreePress,1958),p.10.

198. “thegreatestsuspicion”:Ibid.,p.126.198. Citizenswould“soonask…howmuchIhadkept”:Ibid.,p.

92.198. “noleadersandnofollowers”:Ibid.,p.97.198. Distrustful societies: For more discussion, see Robert

Putnam, Making Democracy Work (Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP,1993).Theauthor studies20administrativedistricts in Italy thatvary in their social dynamics and dissects the reasons for thosedifferences.

198. Trust is essential to freedom: K.J. Arrow, “Gifts andExchanges,”Philosophy and Public Affairs,Summer,1972.

199. “The more miserable a man is, the more he dreads”:Kropotkin,Anarchism,seenotetopage156,p.104.

199. Machiavellionreform:“Thereisnothingmoredifficulttocarry out, nor more doubtful of success, nor more dangerous tohandle,thantoinitiateaneworderofthings.Forthereformerhasenemiesinallthosewhoprofitbytheoldorder,andonlylukewarmdefendersinallthosewhowouldprofitbytheneworder,thisluke-warmnessarising…partlyfromtheincredulityofmankind,whodonottrulybelieveinanythingnewuntiltheyhaveactualexperienceofit,”NiccoloMachiavelli,The Prince,LuigiRicci,trans.(NewYork:SignetClassic,1999),pp.49-50.