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36–1 The Skeletal System
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36–1 The Skeletal System
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The Skeleton
All organisms need structural support.
Unicellular organisms have a cytoskeleton.
Multicellular animals have either an exoskeleton (arthropods) or an endoskeleton (vertebrates).
The human skeleton is composed of bone.
Bones and other connective tissues, such as cartilage and ligaments, form the skeletal system.
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36–1 The Skeletal System
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The Skeleton
The skeleton:
• supports the body.
• protects internal organs.
• provides for movement.
• stores mineral reserves.
• provides a site for blood cell formation.
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36–1 The Skeletal System
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Structure of Bones
Bones are a solid network of living cells and protein fibers that are surrounded by deposits of calcium salts.
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Structure of Bones
Bone marrow
Periosteum
Spongy bone
Compact bone
Haversian canalCompact bone
Spongy bone
Periosteum
Osteocyte
Artery
Vein
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Structure of Bones
Periosteum - tough outer layer of connective tissue
Carry blood vessels & nerves to bone.
Compact bone - thick layer of bone
Haversian canals – holes that contain blood vessels and nerves.
Spongy bone - has many spaces, but is still strong.
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36–1 The Skeletal System
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Structure of Bones
Osteocytes are mature bone cells embedded in the bone matrix.
Two Types:
• Osteoclasts break down bone.
• Osteoblasts produce bone.
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36–1 The Skeletal System
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Structure of Bones
Bone marrow is a soft tissue inside the spongy bone
There are two types:
• Yellow marrow is made up of fat cells.
• Red marrow produces all blood cells.
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Development of Bones
Development of Bones
The skeleton of an embryo is composed of cartilage.
Cartilage is a strong connective tissue that supports the body and is softer than bone.
Ossification – process of bone formation by adding minerals around bone cells.
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36–1 The Skeletal System
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Types of Joints
Types of Joints
A place where one bone attaches to another bone is called a joint.
Types:
- immovable
- slightly movable
- freely movable
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Types of Joints
Immovable Joints
Immovable joints, or fixed joints, allow no movement.
The bones in the skull meet are examples of immovable joints.
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Types of Joints
Slightly Movable Joints
These joints permit a small amount of restricted movement.
Vertebrae
Wrists & ankles
Ribs
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Types of Joints
Freely Movable Joints
These joints permit movement in one or more directions.
Four common freely movable joints are:
• ball-and-socket joints
• hinge joints
• pivot joints
• saddle joints
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Types of Joints
Ball-and-socket joints permit movement in many directions.
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Types of Joints
Hinge joints permit back-and-forth motion.
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Types of Joints
Pivot joints allow one bone to rotate around another.
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36–1 The Skeletal System
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Types of Joints
Saddle joints permit one bone to slide in two directions.
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Structure of Joints
Structure of Joints
In freely movable joints, cartilage covers the surfaces where two bones come together.
Joints are also surrounded by a fibrous capsule that holds the bones together while still allowing them to move.
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36–1 The Skeletal System
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Structure of Joints
Knee Joint
Muscle
Tendon
Femur
Patella Bursa Ligament Synovial fluidCartilage
Fat
Fibula
Tibia
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Structure of Joints
Ligaments hold bones together in joints and are attached to the periosteum.
Synovial fluid forms a thin lubricating film over the surface of the joint.
A bursa sac in a joint acts as a shock absorber.
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Skeletal System Disorders
Skeletal System Disorders
Inflammation & excess fluid causes swelling, pain, heat, and redness.
• Inflammation of a bursa is called bursitis.
• Inflammation of the joint itself is called arthritis.
Osteoporosis - loss of calcium in the bone.
Fractures – broken bones.
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36–1
Red blood cells, some kinds of white blood cells, and platelets are produced by
a. red marrow.
b. cartilage.
c. yellow marrow.
d. osteocytes.
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36–1
Mature bone cells are called
a. periosteum.
b. osteocytes.
c. bone marrow.
d. Haversian canals.
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In freely movable joints, what covers the surfaces where the two bones come together?
a. ligaments
b. cartilage
c. bursae
d. tendons
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36–1
During ossification, cartilage is replaced by
a. bone.
b. ligament.
c. marrow.
d. tendon.
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36–1
The shoulder joint is an example of a
a. ball-and-socket joint.
b. hinge joint.
c. pivot joint.
d. saddle joint.
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