End Show © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall SAMPLE PROBLEM Slide 1 of Introduction to Chemistry

End Show© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

SAMPLE PROBLEM

Slide 1 of

Introduction to Chemistry

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

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Scientific Methods

In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed that bacteria he was studying did not grow in the presence of a yellow-green mold. In 1945, Fleming shared a Nobel Prize for Medicine with Howard Florey and Ernst Chain, who led the team that isolated penicillin.

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Chemistry >

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What Is Chemistry?

What Is Chemistry?

Why is the scope of chemistry so vast?

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>Chemistry What Is Chemistry?

Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.

Chemistry is the study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes.

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Chemistry > What Is Chemistry?

Because living and nonliving things are made of matter, chemistry affects all aspects of life and most natural events.

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Chemistry >

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Areas of Study

Areas of Study

What are five traditional areas of study in chemistry?

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Chemistry > Areas of Study

Five traditional areas of study are

•organic chemistry

•inorganic chemistry

•biochemistry

•analytical chemistry

•physical chemistry

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Chemistry >

Organic chemistry is defined as the study of all chemicals containing carbon.

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Chemistry >

Inorganic chemistry is the study of chemicals that, in general, do not contain carbon.

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Chemistry >

The study of processes that take place in organisms is biochemistry.

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Chemistry >

Analytical chemistry is the area of study that focuses on the composition of matter.

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Chemistry >

Physical chemistry is the area that deals with the mechanism, the rate, and the energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change.

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Thinking Like a Scientist >

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Alchemy

Alchemy

How did alchemy lay the groundwork for chemistry?

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Thinking Like a Scientist > Alchemy

Alchemists developed the tools and techniques for working with chemicals.

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Thinking Like a Scientist > Alchemy

Alchemists developed processes for separating mixtures and purifying chemicals. They designed equipment that is still in use today including beakers, flasks, tongs, funnels, and the mortar and pestle.

Mortar and Pestle

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An Experimental Approach to Science


How did Lavoisier help to transform chemistry?

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Lavoisier helped to transform chemistry from a science of observation to the science of measurement that it is today.

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Thinking Like a Scientist > An Experimental Approach to Science

Lavoisier designed a balance that could measure mass to the nearest 0.0005 gram. He also showed that oxygen is required for a material to burn.

Reconstruction of Lavoisier’s Laboratory

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The Scientific Method

The Scientific Method

What are the steps in the scientific method?

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Thinking Like a Scientist > The Scientific Method

The scientific method is a logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem.

Steps in the scientific method include making observations, testing hypotheses, and developing theories.

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Making Observations

When you use your senses to obtain information, you make an observation.

Suppose you try to turn on a flashlight and it does not light. An observation can lead to a question: What’s wrong with the flashlight?

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Testing Hypotheses

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for an observation.

You guess that the flashlight needs new batteries. You can test your hypothesis by putting new batteries in the flashlight. If the flashlight lights, you can be fairly certain that your hypothesis is true.

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An experiment is a procedure that is used to test a hypothesis. When you design experiments, you deal with variables, or factors that can change.

• The variable that you change during an experiment is the manipulated variable, or independent variable.

• The variable that is observed during the experiment is the responding variable, or dependent variable.

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Developing Theories

Once a hypothesis meets the test of repeated experimentation, it may become a theory.

• A theory is a well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations.

• A theory may need to be changed at some point in the future to explain new observations or experimental results.

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Scientific Laws

A scientific law is a concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments.

A scientific law doesn’t try to explain the relationship it describes. That explanation requires a theory.

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Steps in the Scientific Method

The Scientific Method1.3

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Thinking Like a Scientist > Solving Numeric Problems

Solving Numeric Problems

What are the three steps for solving numeric problems?

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Analyze

To solve a word problem, you must first determine where you are starting from (identify what is known) and where you are going (identify the unknown).

After you identify the known and the unknown, you need to make a plan for getting from the known to the unknown.

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Calculate

If you make an effective plan, doing the calculations is usually the easiest part of the process.

Evaluate

Check that your answer is reasonable and makes sense. Check that it has the correct unit and the correct number of significant figures.

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• Th The steps for solving a numeric word problem are analyze, calculate, and evaluate.

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Collaboration and Communication

Collaboration and Communication

What role do collaboration and communication play in science?

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Thinking Like a Scientist > Collaboration and Communication

Collaboration

Scientists choose to collaborate for different reasons.

• Some research problems are so complex that no one person could have all of the knowledge, skills, and resources to solve the problem.

• Scientists might conduct research for an industry in exchange for equipment and the time to do the research.

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No matter how talented the players on a team, one player cannot ensure victory for the team. Individuals must collaborate, or work together, for the good of the team.

When scientists collaborate and communicate, they increase the likelihood of a successful outcome.

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Collaboration isn’t always a smooth process. You will likely work on a team in the laboratory. If so, you may face some challenges. But you can also experience the benefits of collaboration.

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Communication

Scientists communicate face to face, by e-mail, by phone, and at international conferences.

Scientists publish their results in scientific journals. Articles are published only after being reviewed by experts in the author’s field.

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Section Quiz

-or-Continue to: Launch:

Assess students’ understanding of the concepts in Section

1.3 Section Quiz.

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1.3 Section Quiz.

1. Lavoisier is credited with transforming chemistry from a science of observation to a science of

a. speculation.

b. measurement.

c. hypotheses.

d. theories.


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1.3 Section Quiz.

2. A hypothesis is

a. information obtained from an experiment.

b. a proposed explanation for observations.

c. a concise statement that summarizes the results of many of experiments.

d. a thoroughly tested explaination for a broad set of observations.


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1.3 Section Quiz.

3. Why are articles in scientific journals the most reliable source of information about new scientific discoveries?

a. The articles are reviewed by experts in the author's field.

b. Any article that is submitted is published.

c. Everyone has access to the information.

d. The articles are short and easy to read.

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End Show © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall SAMPLE PROBLEM Slide 1 of Introduction to Chemistry