End of Year Review

Geography (Chapter 2)

4 Regions of TX:

• Coastal Plains – most populated; most water resources

• North Central Plains

• Great Plains

• Mountains & Basins – least populated, most dry

Regions Map

Natives (Chapter 3)

4 Cultures:

• Southeastern (farmers) – Wichitas & Caddos

• Gulf Cultures (hunters/fishers) – Karankawas & Coahuiltecans

• Pueblo Cultures (farmers) – Jumanos & Tiguas

• Plains Cultures (hunters) – Tonkawas, Apaches, Comanches, Kiowas

Explorers (Chapter 4)

• 1492 – Columbus reached the Americas (West Indies/Caribbean Islands)

• 1519 – Cortes invaded Aztec empire in Mexico City; Pineda explored the TX coastline

• 1528 – Cabeza de Vaca shipwrecked on Galveston Island

• 1541 – Coronado led an expedition through northern TX (for cities of gold)

• 1685 – La Salle established French settlement in TX

Land La Salle Claimed for France

Types of Spanish Settlements (Chapter 5)

• Missions – built to teach the Spanish way of life (Corpus Christi de la Ysleta 1st mission is TX 1682)

• Presidios – military outpost created to protect missions & town from Natives & intruders (like the French)

• Towns (civil settlements) – Spanish families settled in towns as merchants, blacksmiths, shoemakers, shopkeepers, tailors, tax collectors

Spanish Texas (Chapter 6)

• 1803 – U.S. buys Louisiana from France• 1819 – Adams-Onis Treaty (signed by U.S. &

Spain; Spain gave FL to U.S. & U.S. agreed to Sabine River as boundary)

• 1810 – Father Hidalgo helped start the war for Mexico to win it’s independence from Spain (over jobs & taxes)

• 1821 – Mexico wins their independence (however TX land was being neglected)

Empresarios (Chapter 7)

• 1821 – Moses Austin secured a land grant to bring Anglo settlers into TX

• Moses died and his son Stephen took over. Stephen had several settlements (his first was the Old 300).

• 1824 – Mexican Constitution was written (Mexican states of Coahuila & Tejas were combined into 1 state).

Steps Leading to Texas Revolution (Chapter 8)

• Fredonian Rebellion (1826) – Edwards brothers start revolt & declare their colony independent

• Mier y Teran Report – Anglos outnumber Mexicans 5 to 1

• Decree of April 6, 1830 – Stopped immigration; suspended Empresario contracts; placed customs duties on goods coming from U.S.; set up new forts along border to prevent smuggling

Steps con’t.

• Trouble at Anahuac – between John Bradburn & Travis and Jack

• Turtle Bayou Resolutions (June 1832) – Texan colonists declared their loyalty to Mexico & supported Santa Anna

• Clash (Battle) of Velasco – John Austin’s group fight with Col. U

Steps con’t.

• Conventions of 1832 & 1833 – SFA goes to Mexico City to discuss colony’s demands with Santa Anna

• SFA was put in prison for a letter he wrote

• More Trouble at Anahuac – Andrew Briscoe arrested for customs duties

• Consultation – meeting held at Washington-on-the Brazos between the Peace Party & War Party

Texas Revolution

• October 2, 1835 – Battle of Gonzales “Come And Take It” flag

• November 1835 – Grass Fight; Fight in Goliad

• December 1835 – Battle of San Antonio (Siege of Bexar)

• Feb. 23 – Mar. 6, 1836 – Battle of the Alamo (first loss for Texans)

Texas Revolution con’t.

• March 2, 1836 – Texas Declaration of Independence (written by George Childress)

• March 20, 1836 – Battle of Coleto Creek (Fannin’s men surrendered and were executed at Goliad)

• March & April 1836 – Runaway Scrape (families were running away from Santa Anna’s wrath)

Texas Revolution con’t.

• April 21, 1836 – Battle of San Jacinto (final battle in the revolution; Houston v. Santa Anna; Texans win their independence)

• May 14, 1836 – Treaties of Velasco were signed (public & private treaties)

Republic Years 1836-1845 (Chapter 12)

• 1st President – Sam Houston (worked for annexation; peace with Natives)

• 2nd President – Mirabeau Lamar (Father of Education; ordered removal of Natives)

• 3rd President – Sam Houston

• 4th President – Anson Jones (TX was annexed during his presidency)

• Constitution of 1845 – new state government; 1st elected governor J. Pinckney Henderson

Mexican War 1846-1848

3 Causes of the war between U.S. & Mexico:1.Boundary dispute (Mexico said it is Nueces, TX

said it is the Rio Grande)2.U.S. wanted to buy a Pacific port3.Mexico owed money for damage it caused during

TX Revolution

*Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed ending the war (Mexico agreed to Rio Grande as border; Mexico gave up all territory west to the Pacific Ocean)

The Civil War (1861-1865)

• 1860 – Lincoln is elected President of the U.S.

• Feb. 23, 1861 – Texas Secession Convention (Texans vote to secede from the U.S.)

• April 12, 1861 – Fort Sumter (the war begins)

Civil War Battles in Texas

• Battle of Sabine Pass

• Battle of Galveston

• Battle of Laredo

• Battle of Palmito Ranch (May 13, 1865 – last land battle of the Civil War)

Reconstruction• June 19, 1965 – Gen. Granger landed on Galveston and

read the Emancipation Proclamation. All Texas slaves were set free (Juneteenth).

• Freedmen’s Bureau – assisted ex-slaves with education & jobs.

• 13th Amendment – abolished slavery in our country.• 14th Amendment – granted citizenship to former

slaves.• 15th Amendment – granted black men the right to vote.

Native American Wars (Chapter 17)

• Some natives did not want to be forced onto reservations.

• June 1874 – Attack on Adobe Walls; Quanah Parker led several hundred warriors against a buffalo hunter’s camp.

• Aug. 1874 – Red River Campaign; army of 3,000 men attacked native camps in West TX.

• Sept. 1874 – Battle of Palo Duro Canyon; Col. Mackenzie & Fourth Cavalry destroyed Native camps & horses.

Buffalo Soldiers

• African Americans were soldiers in the Twenty-fourth Infantry, Ninth & Tenth Cavalries.

• Natives nicknamed them “Buffalo Soldiers” a title of great respect.

• The Buffalo Soldiers were stationed on the TX frontiers.

• Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek – Natives would live on reservations (OK/Indian territory).

Cattle Trails & Big Ranches

• It was relatively easy to get into the ranching business in the late 1870s.

• There were 4 major trails from TX leading north to the stockyards: Goodnight-Loving Trail, Great Western Trail, Chisholm Trail, Sedalia Trail.

• The life of a cowboy was not glamorous.• The XIT (Ten in TX) Ranch was given to a Chicago

company in exchange for a new state capital building (1888).

Farming on the Rise

• After the Civil, farming in TX turned to the tenant system.

• Tenant Farmers – rented land from owners. In turn, owners would get a share of the crop’s profits.

• Cotton was King.

Transportation in Texas

• The Land Grant Law of 1876 authorized sections of land be given to a railroad company for every mile of track that was laid.

• By 1900, a network of railroads were spread throughout the state.

• The Texas Railroad Commission was created while James Hogg served as governor of TX.

Into a New Century• September 8, 1900 – Galveston was struck by a

deadly hurricane of unbelievable force (6,000 deaths).

• January 10, 1901 – Pattillo Higgins & Anthony Lucas struck oil south of Beaumont on a small hill named Spindletop. The well flowed nonstop for 9 days. It is estimated that 100,000 barrels of oil flowed per day until the well could be capped.

• November 10, 1914 – the Houston Ship Channel opened.

Progressive Movement

Progressivism – a reform movement in the early 1900s that sought to correct social and political problems.

• Women’s Suffrage• Child Labor Laws• Education for Children• Prohibition

Texas Constitutions• Constitution of 1824 – Mexico’s constitution (independence

from Spain)• Constitution of 1827 – state constitution in Mexico (Tejas

was given 2 of 12 seats in the Congress)• Constitution of 1836 – Republic of TX (independent nation)• Constitution of 1845 – TX annexed by the U.S.• Constitution of 1861 – TX separated from the U.S. joined

Confederacy• Constitution of 1866 – TX back under the U.S. • Constitution of 1869 – TX wrote a new constitution to comply

with Reconstruction Acts passed by Congress• Constitution of 1876 (current) – TX adopted a new

constitution at the end of the Reconstruction period

ALSO REVIEW...Jim Crow laws

eras

treaty

empressario

checks and balances

speration of powers

federalism

popular sovereignty

Vaqueros

dry farming

Sharecroppers

4 regions

secession

annexation

delegates

reform

progressive movement

Reconstruction

1519

1718

1821

1836

1845

1861-1665Freedman's Bureau