Encourage International Social Work Practice as an Effort to Rescue of Human Trafficking Victims in South East Asian

La Alimuddin Chief of Department of Social welfare, Faculty of Social & Political

Science, Universitas Cenderawasih (UNCEND), Papua, Indonesia.&

SyamsuddinDepartment of Social Work, School of Social Science, Universiti Sains

Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia

Globalization and human traffickingOne of the causes of human trafficking is impact of globalization by transpostation and comunication advances. By them, the networking of human trafficking can organize and control their bussines easily, systematically and fastly around the world.Human trafficking not only internal / domestic trafficking but also cross-border trafficking or international trafficking. Globalisation also give impact to decrease of job opportunityies in poor countries because exports of goods from developed country powered economy and marketing in under-developing country where it make local industry to be bankrupt which caused increasing of unemployment and reduce of job opportunities. International trade has increased demanding of cheap labour or low even unskilled and this the facilitate of the trafficker to get much more benefit by exploitation of the victim. Economic globalization is facilitator of human trafficking (Devin Brewer).

While (PAYNE & ASKELAND, 2008) states that social workers will often experience directly poverty, inequalities and social and personal problems that arise from the impact of globalization in their societies.

Globalization and human trafficking (2)• AEC 2015 is a economic globalization manifestation in ASEAN. Therefore, it have

to give resious attention because this will give negative impact for human-being problem like human trafficking.

• Human trafficking cause problems like: Human right violation (unpaid wages, explotation, violance, abuse, isolation and ect.) that cause psychosocial difficulties for victim like trauma, fear, legal and imigration problem, dispute with agent or employer. So, victims needs protection, healing, and advocation. Then, victim also need repatriation and reintegration and empowermment.. Trafficking as a modern phenomenon was propelled onto the world stage in the 1990s. Traffickers, taking advantage of transparent borders, broadband communication, and political and economic upheaval as well as mass migrations of people, have preyed on the vulnerable. The displaced persons, the war victims, the poor, and those seeking the opportunities of the West to improve the quality of their lives, have made trafficking into a booming business as well as a tragic fixture of our times. Michele A. Clark (2003).

• Mass people migration (refugee, migrant worker, assylum seeker, job seeker, free visa in a region, cheap fare).

Issues of HT in Sout east Asia• Of the 31.6 billion dollars human trafficking brings in annually, 9.7 billion, or 30.6% is generated in Asia, the largest

source for trafficking victims. • 49% of the annual income of human traffickers is generated in industrialized country, most notably the U.S., meaning

that the most lucrative area for human traffickers to work in is trafficking people from Asia to the U.S.• An estimated 80% of human trafficking victims are female.• An estimated 46% of all human trafficking victims are used in prostitution. • Thailand is among the most common source countries for human trafficking victims. Most human trafficking rings are

based in Asia. • Despite popular belief, economic growth in source countries serves to encourage human trafficking rather then slow it.

This explains why although many Southeast Asian economies have made huge gains, human trafficking levels have remained steady and have even grown in some areas.

• According to the U.S. government, Myanmar and Laos are among the worst countries in terms of government response to human trafficking.

• Of the 11 countries in Southeast Asia, 3 are on the Tier 2 Special Watch list for not enforcing international anti-human trafficking laws sufficiently enough, 1 is on the Tier 3 list for not making any effort, and none are the Tier 1 list, meaning a country that complies and enforces anti-human trafficking laws.

• The U.S. and the UN agree that the main reason that human trafficking is so prevalent in Southeast Asia is that a large pool of improvised citizens exists, there are cheap transportation costs, and the government enforcement of anti-human trafficking laws is extremely ineffective. This makes Southeast Asia the most productive area for human traffickers to work in, whether they are trafficking humans in for domestic purposes, or out for the international market.

• An estimated 2.5 Million are employed in forced labor all over the world. Of these, 1.4 million are from Asia, which includes Southeast Asia

• Of all of these victims, 50% are under the age of 18, often finding themselves hundreds of miles from home in a foreign country.

(http://becher4173.weebly.com/statistics.html)

Psychosoial Needs of Human trafficking Victim from Indonesia: Case Study in Penang, Malaysia

• This qualitative research for 9 informant, female, unpaid migrant worker from indonesia, exploitation for 6 month to 10 years, got violances and abuses. This research was counducted at indonesian consulat, Penang, Malaysia.

• Findings : Need of Protection, Needs of counselling and therapy for trauma and psychological problems, advocation for their basic right (ex . salary from employer or agent), economic supplement empowerant, repatriation and reintegration. Psychological, economic and social supports.

• Recomedation; need to encourage international SW practice in ASEAN region to rescue victims.

Who are international social workers

1. Foreign SW who practice in a country or international agencies.

2. SW working to help foreign client (refugee, assylum seeker, victims of HT, People smugling or migrant worker).

3. SW working in representative institutions.

International social work refers to a number of different activities (PAYNE & ASKELAND, 2008

1. Working in development agencies in the South – Examples of development agencies might be non-governmental organizations (NGOs) like Save the Children, Caritas, and Médicin Sans Frontiéres

2. Working for official international agencies – Examples of international agencies might include a range of United Nations agencies, the European Commission or aid departments of national governments

3. Working for agencies dealing with cross-national issues 4. Working for international social work organizations5. Participating in international conferences, educational or

professional visits, exchanges and placements and research; Working as a social worker in a country that is foreign to them; Working with refugees and immigrants in their own country.

Requirment of international SW (Fahrudin, 2012)

1. Knowing about Globalization and core concept of ISW.2. awareness about role practice and opportunities of SW within helping and

international development.3. Knowing global interdependence which influence domestic social welfare and

relevant knowledge that have existed to improve international aspect of practice of domestic social work.

4. Understanding about the role of UN within determination of standard of international social welfare policy.

5. Awareness impact national policy to the social welfare condition in other countries and reciprocal impact to others countries’ policy.

6. Respecting to the international aspect of multiculturalalism to facilitate advances of people service in world.

7. Having knowledge about main resources of global data and cross country about social worker.

8. Competence to solve conflict values within international social work practice.

Human traffickig and internasional SW

Problem of Victims• Escape from trafficking situation – identification & rescuing.• No paid for month or years. -- advocacy• Immigration status. – advocacy • Psychological Trauma .– Protection, therapy, counselling• Physical injury. – Medicare or medical aid• Law demanding in the court. -- advocacy• Intimidation from trafficker– protection.• Economical difficulties – post trafficking – economical

empowerment.• Fear or Shame to back to home country – counselling and

reintegration, refer to relevant institution both government or non government organization.

What Social worker need to know

• Globalization concept. Process and specially impact globalization for social problem like poverty and human trafficking.

• Concept about Human trafficking (causes, impact, indicator).• Concept of development include International and regional or

bilateral agreement that rule relationship between countries within social, economic and politic that give consequences for social welfare problem.

• Human right and transnationalism.• Migration issue: legal requirement for migration, people

migration and its impact.• International agencies (UN and NGO’s) and its role and

objective relevant with social worker duties.

What SW competence or skill to help victim

• Skill of identification of victim.• Skill to build international networking and

referral system intra and inter nations.• Skill of management of case.• Skill of counselling and trauma healing.• Skill of advocacy client and policy.• Skill of lobbying, analyze and formulate of

policy that concern about right of victim.

How to encourage international SW in ASEAN to rescuing Victim HT

• Practicum in international agencies or NGO that concerned with human trafficking in home country or different country better in southeast Asian region.

• Built international/region networking for research and action plan for rescue of human trafficking victim.

• Student exchange.• Cultural understanding.• Routine ddiscussion with different student from

different countries by social media like Skype, teleconference, FB.

How to encourage ISW

• We need licensed social worker in foreign representative agency like consulate and embassy for all country with international standard competency.

• Establish social work association in ASEAN• We need exchange idea and training cross-

Souhteast Asian countries by ;exchange student, research, international forum or conference extensively.