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Enabling Open Scholarship
Transition to an Open Access policy
Alma SwanDirector, SPARC Europe
Director, Key Perspectives LtdConvenor, Enabling Open Scholarship
Open Access event, University of the Western CapeBellville, South Africa, 13 August 2013
Enabling Open Scholarship
Open AccessImmediate
Free (to use)
Free (of restrictions)
Access to the peer-reviewed literature (and data)
Not vanity publishing
Not a ‘stick anything up on the Web’ approach
Moving scholarly communication into the Web Age
Enabling Open Scholarship
Open Access: how
Open Access repositoriesOpen Access journals (www.doaj.org) Open Access monographs
Enabling Open Scholarship
Open Access repositoriesDigital collections
Most usually institutional
Sometimes centralised (subject-based)
Interoperable
Form a network across the world
Create a global database of openly-accessible research
Currently c2500
Enabling Open ScholarshipN.B. 9 items from 2013
Enabling Open Scholarship
Open Access journalsContent available free of charge online
In many cases, free of restrictions on use too
Some charge at the ‘front end’
More than half do not levy a charge at all
Around 8500 of them
Listed in the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ: www.doaj.org)
Enabling Open Scholarship
Open Access: why?Make research optimally effective and efficient
Maximise the visibility and impact of research, wherever it is done and whoever does it
Make research available without barriers to other researchers, north/north, south/south, south/north and north/south
Enable new semantic technologies (text-mining and data-mining)
Enable effective monitoring and assessment of research
Make publicly-funded research available to the ‘public’
Enabling Open Scholarship
Author advantages from Open Access
Visibility
Usage
Impact
Profiling and marketing
Enabling Open Scholarship
University of Liege repository:authors deposit
Enabling Open Scholarship
And the material gets used
Enabling Open Scholarship
Individual article usage
Enabling Open Scholarship
Individual article usage
Enabling Open Scholarship
Individual authors’ usage
Enabling Open Scholarship
Individual authors’ usage
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Impact
BiologyEconomics
Political SciHealth Sci
BusinessEducation
ManagementLaw
PsychologySociology
Physics
0 50 100 150 200 250
% increase in citations with Open Access
Range = 36%-200%(Data: Stevan Harnad and co-workers)
Enabling Open Scholarship
Engineering
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 20080
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
OANon-OA
Data: Gargouri & Harnad, 2010
Cita
tions
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Clinical medicine
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 200805
101520253035404550
OANon-OA
Cita
tions
Data: Gargouri & Harnad, 2010
Enabling Open Scholarship
Social science
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 200802468
1012141618
OANon-OA
Cita
tions
Data: Gargouri & Harnad, 2010
Enabling Open Scholarship
Institutional advantages from Open Access
Visibility, usage
Impact
Profiling and marketing
Outreach to the public: demonstrating social return
Economic benefits
Enabling Open Scholarship
“I am asked how many articles my researchers publish each year, and I have to say ‘I have no idea!’” Professor Bernard Rentier, Rector, University of Liege, Belgium, explaining one of the reasons why he has built an institutional Open Access repository and introduced a mandatory policy on Open Access
Enabling Open Scholarship
MIT’s repository usage
Enabling Open Scholarship
Webometrics
Enabling Open Scholarship
The public
Independent researchersEducation sectorProfessional communityPractitioner communityInterested ‘lay’ publicBusiness sector, including innovative SMEs
Enabling Open Scholarship
PubMed Central2 million full-text articles420,000 unique users per day:
• 25% universities• 17% companies• 18% government and others• 40% citizens
Enabling Open Scholarship
EU CIS studies
Enabling Open Scholarship
Enabling Open Scholarship
Economic implications in Denmark
Access to research articles by SMEs is very/extremely important: 48%79% have access difficultiesDifficulties in searching/accessing articles: €73m per year to researchers in Danish firms
Average delay to product or process development without access to academic research: 2.2 years
For new products: €4.8 million per company
Houghton, Swan & Brown, 2011
Enabling Open Scholarship
Total Research Income: QUT and sector
Data: Tom Cochrane, Deputy Vice-Chancellor, QUT
2004 2005 2006 20070
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
All univs QUT
% in
crea
se
2003-20070
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
All univs QUT
% in
crea
se
Enabling Open Scholarship
Policy
Must be mandatoryFunder policies: 81Institutional policies: 177Sub-institutional policies: 40Multi-institutional policies: 6
Enabling Open Scholarship
The effect of a mandatory policy
Enabling Open Scholarship
Mandatory policies
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Funder policies
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Institutional policies
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Enabling Open Scholarship
“The case for Open Access within a university is not simply political or economic or professional.
It needs to rest in the notion of what a university is and what it should be .... It is central to the university’s position in the public space”Professor Martin Hall, Vice Chancellor of the University of Salford, UK
Enabling Open Scholarship
“It is one of the noblest duties of a university to advance knowledge and to diffuse it, not merely among those who can attend the daily lectures, but far and wide.”
Daniel Coit Gilman First President, Johns Hopkins University
Enabling Open Scholarship
Thank you for [email protected]
www.openscholarship.org www.sparceurope.org
www.openoasis.org www.keyperspectives.co.uk
Good practice guide for institutional policy-making: http://bit.ly/Rq8Hwa
Enabling Open Scholarship
Policy guidance
Good Practice Guide for Institutions:• Published for Open Access Week 2012• Developed at Harvard• http://bit.ly/Rq8Hwa
UNESCO OA Policy Guidelines:• Published February 2012• PDF: http://bit.ly/Hjdb3w • eBook: http://bit.ly/TLihLl
