emtermpaperorganicfarming

7/27/2019 emtermpaperorganicfarming

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Environmental Management

Term Paper Presentation

Group -

Organic Agriculture in India

Submitted to: Prof. K. BalooniGroup 5, Section D

Anupam

193 Deep 199 Daisy 197

Mahesh

221 Neeti 225


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Pre Green Revolution Era

- Ramayana

- Mention of several manures like oilcake, excreta of animals inArthashastra

- Mention of organic manure in RigVeda, Green Manure in Atharva Veda,etc

- Mention of Kamdhenu, thecelestial cow & its importance in soilfertility

- At least one third of what you takeout from soils must be returned to itimplying recycling or post-harvest

residue Holy Quran

Green Revolution Era

- Use of plant protection

chemicals including all pesticides like

fungicides, insecticides, weedicides were

used extensively to protect plant frompest

and diseases

- the pesticide residue persistence in

agricultural produce, food commodities,

animal, feed, fodder, animal

products, irrigation water are

matter of serious concern as their

presenceis more than maximum residue limit

Present Day Scenario

(Organic Farming)

- contains more

vitamins, minerals, enzymes,trace

elements and even cancerfighting antioxidants

- Higher yields

- improves the soil quality

- high demand

Agriculture in India

3/18/2010 2


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Criteria India Bangladesh Kenya

Agricultural

Overview

18.6% of the GDP

and involves 60% of

the total labour

force

largest overseas

exporter of cashewsand spices

1315% of

Bangladesh's annual

export earnings &

20% of the

country's GDP,

employing 60% ofthe total labour

force

Land is fertile, but

yields are usually

low due to a lack of

capital for input

> 50 % of export

earnings & 24 % of

GDP

sector includes

large-scale

commercial farms,plantations &

specialist

horticultural units

Area under Organic

Farming (Million Ha)

28,00,000 17,77,000 1,82,000

3/18/2010 3

Agriculture in IndiaTrends in developing economies .

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Criteria India Bangladesh Kenya

No. of Organic Farms 332 100 300000

Major Organic Crops Tea, rice, bananas, cotton,

wheat, spices (mainly

pepper and ginger), coffee,

nuts, pulses, and herbal

products

Tea, Shrimps, Cotton, Rice Vegetables, fruits, coffee,

beans, nuts, essential oils,

dried herbs, cosmetics and

pharmaceutical products

Initiatives NPOP, INDOCERT, ICCOA,

etc.

NayaKrishi Aandolan KOFA, KOPA

Farming Methods Use of organic manure

Aerobic & anaerobic

composting

Green manuringPests managed through

neem

Mixed cropping & crop

rotation - highly effective

method for pest

management & nutritionalhealth of the soil

Compost made of water

hyacinth

Trees are excellent for fuel

wood and charcoal

3/18/2010 4

Agriculture in India.. trends in developing economies

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Average growth of Agriculture and allied sector during the tenth five year plan was meager2.4 %

India Agriculture production hub ??

Agriculture & allied sectorcontributes nearly 22 per cent of

GDP

60 % of the area sown is

dependent on rainfall

India is the largest producer inthe world of milk, cashew nuts,

coconuts, tea, ginger, turmeric and

black pepper

second largest producer of wheat,

rice, sugar, groundnut and inland

fish

World's largest cattle population

(281 million)

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3/18/2010 6


" 1,500 farmers committed mass suicide in India after having been driven into debt by cropfailure "

Economical or environmental sustainability ?

Agriculture subsidies - helping or hampering ?

Small land holdings fragmentation

Growing Concerns

Inadequate irrigation facilities

Slow progress in implementing land reforms

Modern agriculture practices - awareness, cost, land size ?

Socio-economic backwardness

l d


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3/18/2010 7


Around 55% of the farms in India are organic by default as majority of the farmers cannotafford to buy chemical fertilizers

Recent Policies & Initiatives

Farmers

Food

security

Farming

Practices

Improved

Quality

Seeds

Awareness

Focus on organic, bio-dynamic farming

Agriculture credit, Kisan Credit,

Special rehabilitation package for distressed farmers

Agriculture debt waiver and debt relief scheme 2008

Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana

Agri - marketing

Kisan call centers

Technology Mission on oil seeds (TMOP), pulses and

maize

National food security mission (NFSM)

National horticulture mission

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3/18/2010 8



Policy initiatives under consideration

Cooperatives

Amendment of Seeds Act, 1966

The pesticides Management Bill, 2008

f


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3/18/2010 9

Concept of Organic Farming


Basic know how .

Avoid

usage of

chemical

inputs

Environm

ent &

Local

farming

system

Naturaland farm

resources

Biological

diversity and

heterogeneity

Nutrients rich

yield

Organic Farming

inputspest control


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India 2008-2009 Vision India 2012Exports $ 87 mn $ 1 bn

Market

Share

0.2 % 2.5%

Area 8.65 lakh ha 20 lakh ha

India Global footprints Organic farming exports

State Exports (Metric ton)

Kerala 1232

West Bengal 937

Karnataka 476

Tamil Nadu 471

Punjab 541

Himachal Pradesh 521

Maharasthra 375

India (Total) 6472


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Government

Stake holders in Organic AgricultureRegulations Policies Research Extension

Farmers Processors Traders

Consumers

Producer Organizations

Cooperatives

Producer groupsCompanies, projects

eg. PDS, Ecofarms, Agrocell, Maikaal

Certification Bodies

Inspection

Certification

Standard development

e.g. IMO, SKAL, Ecocert, APOF

NGOs supporting Org. Agriculture

Representing farmers interests

Information extension

Market development promotion

eg. OFAI, BAAI, SOA

Organic Competence Centre

Collect info and knowledge

Documentation & dissemination

Training & extension services

Policy initiatives, networking (ICCOA)


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SupplyChain and

QualityMeasures

Farmer Selection

Site Externality

Trust Transaction Cost

Quality Inputs SeedCertification Agency

Technology Checkse.g., Basmati Rice

Harvesting/Threshing/Storage

Clean Equipment

Neutral 3rd partycertification

Cost ?

Maintaining quality through supply chainSCM model in organic agriculture ..

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After the first year of conversion,

yields climbed steadily and tend

to approach the baseline yields of

the previous system

Costs tend to initially be slightly

higher as farmers invest (mostly

labor) to adjust their fields to

organic standards

By the third and fourth years,

when certification occurs

farmers have received an

average 20%-30% higher prices

Initially, the selling price tends not

the change since organically

managed crops can always be sold

as conventional.

Yields have tended to suffer by

about one-third immediately

after conversion as both farmer

and soils adapt

YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 & 4

Implications Conventional to organic Conversion transition from conventional to organic farming

C l / O


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Income = (Yield x Price) x Risk Factor Production Costs

Stabilized Yield Reduced Risk Production,biological, Financial,

Price fluctuation etc

Reduce Input Cost

Conversion Benefits

Conventional V/s Organic Farming

Improved the net-farm incomes

Reduced the risk of pesticide poisonings, lead to more self-sufficiency

Improved food safety and reduced vulnerability, and improved the access to networks

supporting knowledge exchange and political participation.

Risks

Risk and uncertainty related to the conversion period, such as temporarily declining yields

and the lack of experiences and information

Benefits and risks associated

L l Ch ll


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Limitations, Potential & Challenges

Market Information

Training Storage Facility

Consumer awareness

Government Support

Certification cost

Limitation

Geographical

Climatic

Ill Soil

Decreased Yield

Growing demand

Potential

Policy Initiatives

Integrated Universities

Infrastructure and Funds forscientific studies

Challenges

weighing the potential of Organic Agriculture

O i f i i D l d f I di


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Organic farming in Dry lands of India

LandDegradation

FoodSecurity

EmploymentWind

Erosion

Soil andClimate

Condition

India's National Project on Organic Farming(NPOF 2005) has given top priority to the drylands

Initially promote non-certifiedorganic farming

Integrate efforts of supporting

agencies

Encourage decentralized inputsupply

Develop organic farming cluster of

villages

Promotional

Strategies

Issues

Issues and promotional strategies


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Orex Health Foods

Established: September, 2009

Founder : Chaitanya Varma, IIMK, Batch of 2008

Owns three organic ready-to-eat food outlets Serves IT Business Parks in Hyderabad

Handling Certification Cost

NGO Vested Interests

Unavailability of whole range of organic food

Deadlock in Demand and Supply

an example of alumni of IIM Kozhikode

Agripreneurs: Business Opportunity ?

India was exporting organic products to the value of only Rs 730 million in 2003 and in 2007this figure touched Rs 3000 million constituting almost 0.2 percent of the organic world market


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The seven sisters :-land surface of 262230km2-80% dependence on organic farming

Jhum cultivation: Traditional method

Around 70.77% cropped area under shifting

cultivation

Large areas covered with forest

Threat to

forest

resources??

Rapid

population

growth: food

insufficiency?

?

North East India: Organic FarmingCase Study

N h E I di S li f


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Socio-Cultural integrated with the socioeconomic fabric of rural society

Community based practice-equity Almost completely lacking in feudal fetters

plays a central role in uniting villages and clans, and integrating the people

egalitarian mode of production, with women playing an importanteconomic role

Economy Food sufficiency rather than income generation

No market structure; only 2% of boundaries shared with mainland India

Prevents them from being subject to the whims of the larger capitalmarket

local modes of commerce

Ecological

Sustainable

Appropriate crop-mix or short-duration crops (particularly leguminous) for

maintenance and enhancing of the soil fertility status

North East India: Salient features


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NAGALANDPre-capitalist livelihood

generation activity forfoodsustenancegross state domestic product is$1.4 billion in current prices90% population dependent onagricultureDriven by sustainability

Local market

MOKOKCHUNGUsurpation of forest resources

Indian Governments new Look

East policy with respect to tradeand commerce-negative impact

on jhum

Military insurgency, land for

jhum occupied, by the armed

Indian state

North East India: Case study

N h E I di C d


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Society of scientists:Sustainability of jhumcultivation, Food insecurityof the local population dueto the wrenching away of their primary mode of sustenance

Trade promoting entities,private entities: wishingto utilize the land forspecific profit-makingventures???

North East India: Case study conflict over Jhum cultivation


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Alder based Jhum

cultivation in Nagaland

Aji

Fixedcapital (Rs)

Annualinvestment

(Rs)

Annualturnover

(Rs)

Annualprofit

(Rs)

Return tofixed

capital

(%)

Return toinvestment

(%)

Profit toturn over

(%)

62000 25277 74000 48723 78.58 192.75 65.84

North East India: Case study - Solution

Ngui Assoni: Rice Fish Cultivation in

Arunachal Pradesh


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Potential to be largest organic foodproducer and major export center forglobal organic market

The synergy between comparativeadvantage and price-competitiveness

Public-private partnership should beencouraged and state governmentmust come forward to createinvestment friendly environment

North East India: FutureHarnessing the potential .


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Reference: Mr. Sudarsanan Nair, Element Organic Store, Kozhikode

ElementOrganicStore

Only organicstore in city,

established6 months

ago

Awarenessamong

public very

low

Farmers inWaynad

supply spices

under freetrade

agreementKerala

Major factor price andnot healthy

living

Cerealssupplied

from

Kolhapur

Exports are increasing very fast and

demand increase will need atleastdoubling of production in coming years

Very less effort from government side.Villages and farmers have to take initiativeto shift to organic farming. First few years

very bad

Internal bickering between Financeminister, an organic farmer andAgricultural minister harming the state

Strong integrated policy initiatives needed

Consumer Analysis - Kozhikode

India should target to reach at least Rs 40 billion by 2012 (domestic market and exports),thereby capturing approximately 2.5 percent of the current global market for organic products


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GB Pant Agricultural University in Uttarakhand does

extensive research in this area .

It has enrolled about 52,000

farmers and earmarked 71,000hectares across the state to use

only organic material for growing

crops, vegetables and fruits ....

Karnataka government has set up anorganic farming mission with budgetary

support of Rs.100 crore this fiscal .....

Kerala declared someareas in Wayanad andIdukki hill districts as fully

organic ... ...

This is the beginning in the governmentsefforts at declaring some panchayats as

fully organic by next year, leading to

conversion of the whole State as organic in

the long run .....

When government banned riceexports, the farmers who had

cultivated organic rice incurring

more expenses faced huge

losses .

Recent developments


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Kerala has an accredited organic certifying agency

catering to the needs of the farmers.

launched two brands, namely Kerala Organic andKerala Naturals to market organic farm produces

Marketing of organic produce is also being experimentedin many places like Organic Bazaar inThiruvananthapuram, Eco-shops in Thrissur andKozhikode and, Jaiva Krishi Sevana Kendram in Kannur

Self help groups of women are encouraged to undertakeorganic farming of vegetables in some panchayats.

Policy / Initiatives in Kerala

520 small and medium farmers in Marappanmoola village of wayanad district, owning on anaverage less than 2 hectares of land have organized themselves & now cultivate a mixed variety


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GM free villages

Availability of Affordable and locally suitable seeds

Ensure seed sovereignty of the farmers

Organic farmers groups, clubs, SHGs and cooperatives

Compact Area Group approach in organic farming

protect traditional water , rain water conservation

testing facilities for soil, water, micronutrients and microorganisms

Improve soil quality and ensure water conservation measures

Kaipad, Pokkali and Kole as agricultural heritage of Kerala

Conserve and improve agro-biodiversity

Organic Policy in India & Recommendations


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encourage the use of organic farm produce in food industry

Jaiva Keralam developed as a brand

Develop a simple certification process

interest-free loans toespecially small and marginal farmers

assistance during conversion period

Provide financial incentives for promoting organic farming

Introduce organic farming in educational institutions through academic inputs

Introduce organic farming in education institutions

Integrate of various departments, local self-governments andorganizations

Organic Policy in India & Recommendations

The market for organic produce from and within India is expected to grow six to seven times inthe next five years - INR 40 billion by 2012


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Conversion of global agriculture to organic managementwould result in a global agricultural supply of 2640 to 4380kcal/person/day, increase production by 56 per cent

Organic farms use 33 to 56 per cent less energy per hathan conventional farms

Food and Agriculture Organization says

A country with 42,402 sq. miles of land and with 11.3million people, is completely organic

An example of Cuba

Dispelling myth of un-sustainabilityExample of Cuba .


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Questions ??

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