Empowering for Sustainability By: Shilah, Kristi, Casey

Empowerment People are empowered by their own efforts, not by what others do for them. When programs are not based on the peoples efforts to work toward change, it is actually disempowering. Philippe Villeval (2008)

Four Cognitions to Empowerment Meaning Competence Self Determination Impact Thomas and Velthouse (1990) Does work have meaning? Do they feel capable? Are they driven intrinsically? Do they experience autonomy and have impact? (Hechanova et al. 2006)

Meaning Psychological Empowerment Competence Self Determination Impact

Job Characteristics Model Hackman and Oldham (1976)

Participatory Decision Making (PDM) Used PDM as essential Did NOT use PDM as essential Reported greater employee based empowerment and motivation throughout the organization. Reported that the values or participation and empowerment were not present within most of the organization. Bess, et. al (2011)

Sustainability One of the biggest challenges that nonprofits face is generating revenue for their vital missions. (Guidestar,2005)

Four Dimensions to Sustainability Strategic Programs Personnel Finances If sufficient attention is given to the first three dimensions of sustainability, then financial sustainability is much more likely to occur. (Management 2008)

Strategic and Programs Strategic Realistic vision and goals with realistic strategies to achieve them. If the organization tries to do too much theyre likely to run out of resources like people and money. Modify as you go. Extend deadlines or drop goals all together to ensure long- term sustainability. Programs Make sure to meet the needs of clients not just wants. They come based on wants, but stay based on needs. Evaluate effectiveness of programs. Quality and outcomes of services. Change program methods to improve quality and to meet needs. (Management 2005)

Personnel & Finances Personnel: Staff has expertise, training, and resources to provide programs. Use resources to provide programs. Effective delegation to staff. Key staff members have backup personnel who can take over if staff leave. Finances: Identify how much funding is needed to offset expenses. Budget to each program. Research all likely sources in fundraising. Time vs. Funds Generate. Track expenditures and revenues to address financial priorities and issues. Follow policies to establish reserves and contingency planning. 10% aside for emergency plan.

Room to Read Different ways Room to Read sustains their organization and projects in the field They partner with the local communities. - Co-investment, village must raise money, land, materials etc to add to the project. - Community members must care about project. Room to Read, we stand-down as the community begins to stand up. - Provides an opportunity and primary support - Reduce funding and support as community takes responsibility. www.roomtoread.org www.roomtoread.org

Cultural Analysis EDUCATION MIGHT AS WELL BE THE HIGHEST -RETURN INVESTMENT AVAILABLE IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD. Lawrence summers (CHIEF ECONOMIST FOR WORLD BANK)

High Hierarchal culture Understanding a culture (in general) before anything. India has an high hierarchal culture. (Hofsted, 2004) In high hierarchal cultures, leadership and permission is directed towards elder men. (Aniko, T.,1999).

High power distance India also has a high power distance culture. This means that employees in large power distance countries, like India, tend to accept centralized power and expect to be told what to do. They also are more submissive toward their superiors (Aniko, T.,1999). Important to hire high intrinsic valued employees.

Collectivist Culture Collectivist cultures expect people to identify with and work well in groups which protect them in exchange for loyalty and compliance (Analytictech, 2006) In India they trust very highly in their family and religion. Understand the two dominating cultures, Islam and Hinduism.

Sources "How to Ensure Sustainability of Nonprofit, Programs, People and Money." Authenticity Consulting, 2008. Web. 21 Mar. 2011.. McNamara, Carter. "How Financial Sustainability Is So Misunderstood." Blog: Nonprofit Capacity Building. Free Management Library, 27 May 2010. Web. 23 Mar. 2011.. Dillon, George T., and Matthew M. Wilkins. "True Sustainability: A New Model to Aid Nonprofits in Developing Self-Sustaining Revenue Streams." GuideStar Nonprofit Reports and Forms 990 for Donors, Grantmakers and Businesses. May 2005. Web. 21 Mar. 2011.. http://www.roomtoread.org/Document.Doc?id=70.

Sources http://www.analytictech.com/mb021/cultural.htmhttp://www.analytictech.com/mb021/cultural.htm Aniko, T. (1999, February ). Intercultural Communication. Retrieved from http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:4Sp0oj4tZ2sJ:fk.sze.hu/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_docman% 26task%3Ddoc_download%26gid%3D445%26Itemid%3D10+%22career+success+vs+quality+of+life%22+In dia&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgxBKukfy9TY- GNzUwDfzvlMrPviLNH7yTE_BJWVi7qMHBJ1hNBgI2KsfpQqnlIkPM2q4fELbu_B5_4GMcjsi1sBmEPoUar VIRtBiW0GCtFuZ_woGAOAEnXu3HuAGd6wi9Hxj_Y&sig=AHIEtbTeEpHBlHYMVm7IVervnaZC2iTStQhttp://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:4Sp0oj4tZ2sJ:fk.sze.hu/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_docman% 26task%3Ddoc_download%26gid%3D445%26Itemid%3D10+%22career+success+vs+quality+of+life%22+In dia&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgxBKukfy9TY- GNzUwDfzvlMrPviLNH7yTE_BJWVi7qMHBJ1hNBgI2KsfpQqnlIkPM2q4fELbu_B5_4GMcjsi1sBmEPoUar VIRtBiW0GCtFuZ_woGAOAEnXu3HuAGd6wi9Hxj_Y&sig=AHIEtbTeEpHBlHYMVm7IVervnaZC2iTStQ. Bond, S. (2009, April). Giving USA foundation. Retrieved from http://www.philanthropy.iupui.edu/News/2009/docs/GivingReaches300billion_06102009.pdf http://www.philanthropy.iupui.edu/News/2009/docs/GivingReaches300billion_06102009.pdf. Hofstede, G. (2004, June). Cultural values at work in a globalizing india. Retrieved from http://hromanager.com/cultural-values-at-work-in-a-globalizing-india?catid=.

Sources Bess, K. D., Perkins, D. D., Cooper, D. G., & Jones, D. L. (2011). A Heuristic Framework for Understanding the Role of Participatory Decision Making in Community-Based Non-Profits. American Journal of Community Psychology, 47(3/4), 236-252. doi:10.1007/s10464-010-9396-8 Hechanova, M. M., Alampay, R. A., & Franco, E. P. (2006). Psychological empowerment, job satisfaction and performance among Filipino service workers. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 9(1), 72-78. doi:10.1111/j.1467-839X.2006.00177.x Thomas, K. W. & Velthouse, B. A. (1990). Cognitive elements of empowerment. An interpretive model of intrinsic task motivation. Academy of Management Review, 15, 666681. KUOKKANEN, L., SUOMINEN, T., RANKINEN, S., KUKKURAINEN, M., SAVIKKO, N., & DORAN, D. (2007). Organizational change and work-related empowerment. Journal of Nursing Management, 15(5), 500-507. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2007.00733.x Villeval, P. (2008). Towards a policy framework for the empowerment of social movements. Development in Practice, 18(2), 245-257. doi:10.1080/09614520801899085 Spreitzer, G. M. (1995). Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 14421465.

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Empowering for Sustainability By: Shilah, Kristi, Casey