OPEUTIONS ftESEAlICH OFFICE Far East Command UNCLASSI u ,. I\SSIFIEjfiU , ,._ ,q- I/'.4. .p6d'" . J-';UKIN'i 1, ,--" CN.tort, \',1= I. ,. p,", 4, P'Ilotie.t ill. """!" tu..tioo, of the ,,,d "hyoic.l ho",r1I!') __ "" t .... p" ......, t.'Ie :.>p'l'.tl"". h...-"nh Jftl , F.r 11> lr, tit.. ... I 11 o! thil .. l\, ",,1t'l.tlr o Eight" In Korea. raet. Diacuulon Conolu.tcn APP"ndl" a: Employment or A"",or in X Corp. Introduction Ot-lg1nal C""'l'o.1tlon of Unlh of Tank& TrU'!'1oob1l1ty Tm.k Ce.u.. lt1u Tank_Infantry Te_ork O,.,ration of Tank. In ... ather and Support Gr... Annex 1, Unit B.....kdo"" of X Corp. c ..uUtl". Up to 1 January 1951 Annox 2, spo.re part, for Tanlc. Received by " lot Tank Battdion (liarin... ) In Korea 74 Append.l" C: TActic. of 1n the Thoater 76 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 011 -rMk wur.,... .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o o o. 0 0 0 0 0 0 tl"l' Cocuaoo 3:rs te.. Tactic. Tbo oUtaok of C""",,omt J.ppe ""'" :n 11''' . Pl !.. Table n. Appendix J: T8.nk.... R.quired to Supply Fuel '" Diff.r.ncBs for Six )(onth, . '" TaM. X, AppendI" J, Tank Requi... d to Fuel o:fr.renC6. for Six ..... Table XI, Appendix J: Truck. to Sup"ly '" Dlfto"....... for-'Six ...... 1"0)6 XIl, Appendix J: liumber or F_Jo' O!"'lHUd rrom '" Fuel Smvingo . ... Table XIII. Appendix J, EXce !.og!et!eal '" Over Six_llonth Fe"!e>d In E,'uropun . '9' 1, A?pondlx L: Tanx Cu"oltl.. (Kill.) ... T"ble II, App."dix L: Cau,.. of M.ot. nioOl Fan""" by '" Typo .... . !'hotograph. of UN ond NK ... 8_11 '" Figure 1, Appondlx A; l'requ6rocy of Occu!'eence of a Glven Oponlng R""6e ... . . . 2, Appondix A, the " will IAu than tOo GIven R. """."",?ton, l>; nlgh. te 'O> ..u sn ,m ... l(),,_ "'" in =oJ v iI."l.h oh""H ..."t "r ,,,, if"" = ".6 by l..,,.,,,,t.,. "" Ufo)::;!" "'" tho> ",,1"11 """li" .. -=",..",.,."01" ","""oth. til. Hel;t. ",,,bn..... ... lo_"t 'Or .. '....,lly H tc",..l, anHunk am J .. tw., t"t "".. !nl,,!!: by .. ..n1 air. lIt..":.t_",,. 1 ..,."' ...... t of Nrrul''Udl!ld_el>&rge and squash_l>ad .',lllllm1tlon. tog&thor .ith 1,._ proved buoolcao and roco111eu rtrles. hotic. ,. Develop heUea lind teohnlquu for .tUhtloal hying or lethal antitank mine 4. Impron tho quality or oe..,,,mleUlon. b.t..-n tanh lind infant ..y by IMproVe"",nt or "qUI""..nt and traini"g. L9g1atlco 5. Procure ... dl"", tOUlk. at 0 rat.. that .111 provide about 150 tank. fer each InfOUltry division, 'l'hh anouH be In addition to tne rqulreTllents annored dIvhlon -S. C_t10 and m.intenance .upport. 10. ro.". wlnte.. clothing that eOUl b. eomfoptablr and cOn_ venIently worn lnsid. 8 tonk. TrUnine; 11. Stl'OB9 JOInt training at all lavob at botn InUntJ'y and ftrmor .enool0, ' ..phulz:ng to oAcn i>r""eh tho C"pabllit1u and limitation. of each member in tho Infantry_Omlor_air ...tllh..,. t"..... (Jene....l Give oal.id.ratlon to .l1m1nation of all devloe. of utl1lt, In tonlcs. including: o. o. o. 5 ",,- UNCLASS:FlED ...........................................-....., 'l'bh.4::x>u::tt e.::H! J!tb iM","lInti'''' !0'tH'GIOl1t.._ 9f tlW UnHt1 wHlIln tloit MlU\l!lJl: (>f til"> EfpioDag.; :nth! lA. u.a.;; .. SoiI_ I ti11!0 79) 7$... !':p "rI the loyed eVen Wlci.er the onditio[ls 1OlpO,ed oy t'.e g.ogupny or the country. . . ~ . ,,,. . " , ; . ~ ....'. ~ .. ~ ~ /rI,e' ..,..y - - ~ - - ",,--,; ....4 2... -, 9 '" 0)00\'0$"30' wr71"ANllm 1-34 ARMeR, fROtH 16' liT 60" !\JdiltT 1>;' 7Q' tEll'5 c ,cs !2M.. ...sm ;)" FJl,'$'$) GUN 7& 1-41 'f42 "'PGI< r 25 "tiT;l ,\.. ),JI.' 21 TONS AR!l'Ch FI!Ofol Y I" AT llj1-0"D" .. a"" ........ G ,. .. _ ' ., 0 ....... "i .., .'., ...... -,.0 ; 0 ; ,..00 .... , .. ::I '" .. c.." '...0 .... 0 .. .... c " .' .-"" 0 i l! : , 'I'AC'lIC.4L EIIPLOlllElI'r OP I'lIIEIIDLY AHMOII the to,.,. ot emaIl t ... k organl ..d around a Unk unit, ot made long .trik&. Into tho enemy nus .lth con.tdero.hle (aee AppendLt CJ. The.. opere_ tionA e.xtend..d trom tho hktong River up to the pooHio". tho Eishth 1....y north ut PyoDgJang, prior to the ot the ChInne Oooa"nl.t !i'oroeo &h""t24 Iio?e..ber. Till> exhtec"," ot ""Y oppreciahle armor io the po lmo or tho ended hero. On tho .t:her Iwld, the X Corp., .1thd.. nlng trom tho InohoD_ Se""l area and londlng at: employod t:heir tank. on oxt-nol" reoOJlDdaoon......11: ... Intolltry_oupport 1'pon .and .. dl ..101on&1 ""d 00l"l" ""UrT pole or ... t.bOl .hargo. and gronadu. CCF el1mbod on tho Unk """ tried to toao grenlld", thl'oug tho hotoh. Th IIttaeke, particularly In tho X aroa or opera_ tions I.e northe..t Jro.... a er. uoually ..&de at night. B8oa".e ot tho Inetr... tty.no or the CCF ..apea., tho coyer1ng tire " DISCU3SIOJI no.,., t!lll\_1 "all .11 o,",,\*lTl'. , tntl, but requ1I' In the 1124. which lacked .urtl.!en' power to 09een &llmInated .lnc.. tho.6 devlco. oceupIed .paoe .nd required eon. T_iuabl. ",stntenanee. Tank in lore, Tabln I and II .hOw tm. unlU of tile UN force. In "cHon 1n Korea. While tho doalgn.tlon, equl?"",nt, and U.ign_nt of $""'" units, tan\< ha, "o&n eh""ged fro," ti... to time, it 10 beUeved the.e table, euen_ tlally a. of 1 January 1951. It _ill bo nohd that the d:.tributlon of tank to the divl.lons cOh.iderably. Eo.ever, SO of ,hoo first or tho yUr, each US div1&lon wa. $ t.nk torc. of one Unk batUllOn of thr"" companlu, tbree :roglOl",IO'VE:;[)" ""'0",'" Mo.tn, :,.cU" .,." 'AU'"- ... ., '.',.; '" - n.21 -,., ,., 11.21 U 10.8 I ,.. Il.b).' 1< .8)tranga", (.a" Arrand!x DJ. ware '"ed chiefly, with u,e or ,ecandary road, and fa..., hn... Jeploy=nt off tho po.d. Into r!oe paddles or !ntu tc.o hllh In vin of the ll'lpro,'oJ of nu" d@fen.e., tank .ttaeks Were with e.ution, u.ually at .. llgn' of day, ,10.61y rollod by the enemy wu rla,ed on th6 d.fen.iv. aft.r ero"ing of the he hi' o.nd If_propo1l61 guns In ",ore or lou flxod anJ in building" tajn d6f!lOa, 0r rO'd blook.-.Wlth the in'entl"" of $"bo,hlng oue t""k. and Mtor eolun:ns op thorn und6P flanl!inr fir. (.M Ap,ondlx FJ. Wh!le tho.e ",ea8ures prOV!Md tha 816"'''''' af '.h.y ""c" J>6n"""Hy _ rul as lIai,on aIrcraft .. of our advance qu&ntly d&toot.d thOM O"b,.Mda. too, the bad gunnery of Ko .. ean Unl< ,"d g'>n c"e." this period, 6nabled Gue tanks ovo OOM th& 616m,nt or .u"prl,. and th f!"" .n.c.holy. lJy tl"" the h,...an. ."d b6en force; o.ok to the,""h parallel, tM'" ... unit. h." cea.ed to ex!". TM 105th ANlmred ClJv!.lnn e.poeted roeon.tltut.d but Its opo"at10n' have boon l1",lt.d. Lo..as in tnnko olmo.t lJO poreon . prl.oM" or [ndlcate. that tho o8sualt\", uon" t.d c"."' n. also ntr .,,81y hJ!\h (.u . UlI T""I[ CaoullltiU Tablo III Is a oondenut!on of easuoltie. 'nd lO.3e3 by US tUld unit,. Th. Infor",atjon to ,95) 0:1 ....0 "0 a. IMlc....:!. $001" ad1ltionSl wer. lno\>reed, In not kIlo,"", 'MnR tonk. In tho hand. of orlnanoe 'nd ongiMOc unn,. Tru. Corp. ca'JOlt, was ba,ect 0ath '.con " " :0, '; I Tflf " >, " $' ;',f" , -; >> 7("h " o " 2';'." ,"" i;", 75t."_ li"Y ';< ::'7 " "'"'''' " h Co, ?th IF.f !lit" ,-h" :;"r " " cw, " n--' " , )( 7 " , " " " 5h I 4 I ,." , ,, , " '00 en '00 " '1 " I:}" " " " " U. 0 A, , '" ,. &' mu\>,.,. ) 6, " >. '" , "' not, ,y thn tank. to lmtty .ne..,.. In .uoh cUe" H wa, a decide .hethor the .as tho result of torraln, or by our 0"" or en.... foroe . In tbt. it. the poHcy to Use,. the on the bO.1s f th6 1nltlol rea,on for tl", t&nk disabled and not on a lat"" 'NUd, " ..vo gceaur dac.ase Qr de.tr"cti"n. hom .uppl1.d by the Qffl("n, and frem Ar"'Y tank st.",. total of 1,2,1 tor.:" rOwu&nto the of the tanh I" of In hand. of rl.l ordnance ""l'., for I""e fr I .. u,d for .on:oe at 30rr.e period In H.., Korun II!:". In tho between sar)] July and ",id_Ja"uary 1551, 576 tank. M variOu. typa. have beco"e ca,uAltl In 'he Hghth AC",y and X Corps, On th" basta of tho total of 1,2,1 tank., th:. a J1J percen' c... "a)ty In tho The tot.l 10..es [n tank. :n th:. Eroup of ca."altie...er. 256 unit., or 44 P&rC$o.t of ,h. ooMl Moo'altIo3. Tho total l.o", rate 1"1th tho of 'ank. In ."o"leo W80 21 I'our hundt'"J oe 71 of tho total wees ca,,,.d by tbar.ne".Y I."., "'ecner.lcal railu"e, terraIn, Or aodd.nt,. Mech.n100.1 failure for tl outk of the nanoattle ca"JaHle" 60 all Of tho casualt1 , which ,ho re.ult of en$",Y action, 64 tanh, or n of te. toUl ca,,,altle,, ..ere ct&rr .. 01' de.troyed by ",lne.; 26, or 4., parcent, Irnooked out by antitank bazooku (probably cartucedJ In h.. of tho enamy; 22, oc 4 percent, were lOst to attack; "r.O )7, or , percent, .. of tonk fiee. ror rea. on. accounted fOr ?;, or J, peccant. flro and 16 oa,ualt:es, br Table V. efrlcacy of th+ ............. . d: "u","Ulu tty ("11>60 to , ...... J."QU tht ""'M"".""bfl.1 'I'r h( tl>cl 1... Mgl:lllr...i' iCD p.>"c.", t"4 :.II,!: '''''' rot' tl",n. :t ..."",,,,,,"t.6/.1;' any d' "'''6\1i1,,'''''} by t"" 1\4A3 &nd H," 1!;r4 ..,r", " UlI TAliK CASUALTI:>3 of a long period of And modification hence .hould be oX?8ctod to pHfor.. "lth 50",. meuure of reltBbllity. Tbo K46 ... r. Cirst or this type to be built and theIr KO""'n e"'ployment .-a5 theIr fir.t operational teot. The 1126 Unln i;hQ toctjca} ,Jtuatjon"', Tho au9Ply of AT min n. "dequata In Koraa but probl-.",. Md arl.o In tra""1>ort!ng tt;o" to tho> troops In Q"ant1ty in sufflolont tl",. to be u.ad. Tho .... by UN units of their u.e or .,Inn W8.3 deft .1ont. 0_2 ot tho ElJSJI.K reported that of AT minos ,xponded, ... ports ... r. 1I\M. on only 80"'. 13,200. Of some report> ..eo&i ..... d, fner thA8 Korean n... Indloatod tM potontlal .rtect1n_ nes. whlcb could be obtainod by uu or r.moto_laid mine. u.ing 0.1.. , artillery, or rocket Such ",in.. would 'been upeehlly u:oful for nlgbt interdiction of e""... y 'U9ply lIna., demoralization or ropalr ore... , and h8rU$",ont of t ..009 conOentration.] thoy oouH furnl,h a c,,"tinuou. dl,,,uptlon to the "nelOY Tbe u.a of earth R"Jr w:th(lr"w.l oup 6'tenae; po,ltlon, in our to 0 rerc.nt, :"'como tohl lo... "ore 100 total loe. grtd an inor&&.od proportion of tanks, damagod by "ctlon, c loot, 1'1>0 bigh pereen_ tage of tD'al 10"" .-as couood by tho lack Qf .par. great di.tanoe .upport units, and the opavatlon ,,:.,lch wao taltlng plac.. Many tank. ca''laBi could have b.en ,,"covered, ropaired, or evac"U.. d had 'he wrmitted, Thh .tt"atton I. tllu$trative or the that MU.t be "hon 10 corrunitt.d tn the MotH. of an in seathep, and ov," 'i"ita logl,'tc Or uPPO"t. "lPPQrt. n 0$00\5 $ " ... k of thH U"," cluo ar",or proteetion and I the of the would bov. 'roved An lda.l Ko"u "he lnfb&nce OJ" "'!SM ana dl"'"Olon. on thO tank casualty pate i, not fro"" the tnfocMtion. Th. l1fhter tanh, br lom:,er ,",chanic.l fa!lure c.-""oore hv"rably with heavlep tank. In th" ove"_all '.asuRHy TM_, ooupled 'Nith oonslderably for a .."oh M.ier logl.ti" for '1,.lr .upport. It certainly rnllo". that of ,haraetoc:oclc. or tho modiurn r42 and the nn ll"ht Tl'l ,"culd rulrElod tho roc.,,:rcmont. tu dot& !n Kor,a provided no or toe n,,""r. cf had boon encountered. In Ko... a cbat or wata"_cool.d, eea",clriv.n one. ",am1ally contrulled t.nk. ',"ve .. bot.. tank fa.o1ino !.e., 0.06, per too_",th. The w,o, .tth a h,oraullc app"sr' to oe le", eN\clen< on " bas:s 07 ,0 rhls coupled "lth It. lh con xt"a for tho> high r,,"l of !,.S per :n Korea, '" co['\ 2.,) for tho It 10 eot\",atod teat ttw "lth .a"", ... Ig"t a, \he but DISCUSSION .!th a hydraulic torq\lo _auld have a fuel con,umptton of ,.; ta'lon. f'Oc ",110. ,t'ldy r.as been ..-de of tl:e r".l [,,_ ,,1",0, or tl>o.8 t"nk., anct 1t !. "" tho Oa.l. of the'e f'ue: C'lnsumption th.t if 10,000 Unks .,c" runnlng te. equlvolont of 20 ",!l ,'" j,y, a, might be tlw ea,e :\::l "to" lW,\,tlc . or 10,000 Over la,GOO '-;,J.,'. over a ,u_",onoh p.dod 1unted for 102 out or 2}9, "I" about percent ot tl>& tot.l loues. Napalm appHr. to b& tblo mO.t .rrectlve _upon of all, aooounting 60, 01" 25 percent or ,h. t"tal count. J\.bandon",.nts, in ..oot .In.t.""._ without wov v!,l\,l of e.UaB, accounted 59, oJ.lI.o.t anothotr 25 to ,.!- total oovnt. rank 1'lr. w.. the tlUrd lars.. t 00''';:",,, Iltln$ :J"rkMry A"C LffiS>:S (I'll' f?t>c'c ,tJ 1(( .......L """,tan ., NORTH_KOREAN TANK C.qs;JALTIES NapLlm ao a "upon \0 cofoat ",,,.t be given .poclal oon.ideratlor.. It 10 o"ontldly weapon of an aod_ dentsl r.at",. 'IHth tho pOHible oxception of tho> !,81atively rare of a d!,-eot hit, napa).", dou not of It.sH destroy Or damase a t""k. it 10 fully capabl. of shrting a oha!n of .vent. which .,oy t-rine; at-out tho 10.5 or the vehlcle. A b""t-, If" hit !o regioter.d gU1'fielently clo.e to the tank.... ill it. burning on tho> Bocau.e of the firo, tho ern ""'y .uffer burn. or be lnduc6d to abandon the .""x. Howev.r from tho pr! 'Oner of ,,8,. Inturoga_ tian. it that u.udly hRd suffIcient time to got ttle had ( ..e Appendix DI. the aMndonl'lent of the tnnk ultimatoly led to its destructIon, for the tho fjr.t atrlxu had .uffi_ cient time to iVlHe the rubber on the poad ..!loeb, heat tho ammu_ n.Ltion the polnt d.tona.ion nd set flre to tho fuel. Any all of the.o broup;ht abo,t the 10 of tho tanx. I'!lo nU1:lo.r of c . chanlcal failure. roup un1t3. or two percent of n .. total, oannQt be a. a r6Hab1. ct has p,.evjou.ly no,orl that hck of .upport In tile North KOrean APmy forced to eft.ct ,..palrs by ""0'0",,1 of part. fnm tanx. beyond theIr capacity to !'epair. rr-'lny to cause., .uch,.. air attaok or gpound til'C, _TIny .'lave or1ginally been caused by 'erra!n, or fuel, Or "- hilu,.., diffioult or i1'l_ po.,ible to deled by Ha",inotlon,. It .eems rea.onsble. to ,h"t ."any i=obilio.d t""ough O\echan_ !eal to"rae best "Y a COn_ .iderable deepee. Inn. 10$0$0 doopite the .ultnblHty of the tsrrain to the practloa) u of .. ine. oerhin p, .... ny. ...." h ''P"'''',. 10 eJry 0. '0,."." .. o unj"" 1M t"',\-.. I ,uH H .. not n",n ""-I th. .. we", oot nMrod, "hoi c"",a.o "ecorJed of an M26, In a o'.iotbing n ,orios of terraoect do. paddle. )00 .lope. ten;' 2,0(1) foet of thi. "hen it t"".w both w','le a .100 1.00 5:'. JPY 0" dH pnd.lles co"n fjeld, rrosentod no ,.dou. ""'.," 0"-').; .,. found the tank' on to t',. pood. In l"Pnton pad !r_ t"" valley Th6 l1ht sno> and lea tr.U3 !n enHd a .e"iou. rnob!lity lue Apcondlx HI. t'>a steel tr"ck. u,.d on nearly a'.l tank' llttle tractIon such oond\tlono and oa'lS_,d a or tec_ rBln 10'''0' "),,on tan", '_'r laterally whon attemi't1nR to .harp bend, mounta1n lank unit. found it Moe"';,, 'Jndec .ucc. condition. to keep OM 'n t'oa daoh to ",a1nta!n oOn'rol. In tho mountaln. or no:th.aot Koroa, only dr/vIne: and effort, on the of the .. ol.d the ta"",, to wIth any de"ree D[ oarety when snow snd ice condltiQns Th.> e01plol""ent of tan", b oloM of !nrantry "", 'Jean 1150u..ed prevlou.ly. The dlfflcultlo. that nave ocounecl in oooporat1ve op",ation. ot this type have been oau..d by laok of expodenco and Joint by InadeQuate co"""lm,oatlon. .. co-ru.AnJ the unit. !-' . ""0">-,0 , _.,. 0.' , , C c " '" " " e' o .. " , " "-- 0 ""-' o , , , 00 , ,, "

., ,0 " , , , o, ,,, " , 0 , , .e 3 , , "o , ., o ,,' .'" ,,, ," , , '" '" 0 , .. '" '" " .. 00 ,, ,, ," , , '-,- " " ," ," '" c.. " 0 ." , " "0 '" J" " ," " , ,"" 0 ,; G",>" :, " " ,. ,o " , , , 0 " " , , '" " '" ., " " d -, , " " ,"" " W" , , , '" "" , " < " " " ," , r' _, , o 0 " ,. "" " h " o , " " " '. , " "' CO 0 ., C "' , , " , ,." , , , ,- .,-.;' o " 0:-' ,0 o " , ,, " -> '-'cJ< .. o Q . , " g-, " '" " !l" ' .. ro " , " , - " a. , , '" " " , , ," " " " " , " "" , ..o , '" 1" ,600 !o b,U'f .ahout r.,lu1rlng tho . r '0 of the t"cceC expo,. ,,\m.elf. Study the or ",,, ht.rnal amrlunltion rack. with th.> objoc' or !mprving t"" of shell, for tho a y.tM.ith a "ad!o. hint the tank_infantry eho"." on t"" tao_k a distinctive '0 tho, It !o oleulr vh(b,e to the le,fap-try. LOO8te the In 0 po.ition on tho wher6 it can euch6d bv a ct"" a n&&rl.r prono po.Jo!on. In tank. ""comfortahle. b Mrphone that b more ocmfortable and wou1-1 .till. permit t!>o h.lmet to be wOpn I, ie,hed. Deolgn a one_earplac. phOn. to pormit n .. to h.ac extecnal .ound ProvIde for pypotsohnic. fN'" tonk. PV,C& $-..ltoh In front of OM turret nltches of a ,toe and shOpe tJw.t tc.,t be at "It" .,.. ... nd lIT.prove tha pBl'fQP",.ncft of corn:nunloation "_ulpnent. 'ho ViW and c"",bine tdnk_Infahtry tank ."t,. 1 ,o .., o -, , ," "' : " , , , '" - -, ,, " o , , , " a""," , ! , , .... " ."' ... " , , " , ." .. , , g " " , , " , --",' " -", -, , , , 0 ... " , , , , !l -'" " .-.. " ,c ."' " " " " ' , , , " , , ". -" " , -- o. , .. , , " , ," ", i, '" '" o " ,,"' "o l' - " - ,, .,. , ."., " -, ," , ,'" , " o.. , .. , , " , , , -,,-J --,- , "' '" ,, " " ,; ,,- -, ,"' " .., , , ," , ..-," " ,, , " , " " " - "::::; " I , 0 >0 " , ,. ,, " .. "" ;'. , , " , ., , " o - ", '" ,., , " , -',., ... ,. , , ," '" , , " o , o -" -, ,e'" '" -" , , ;[ " " - " -" , , " " , " , -" " ------,

-,-"" , ,, .'- ?, t#l":I'dn in .... 11.. ttdl .. uf .144 ..._ 1n . }. fhlb te,....'I" w.. wb. ."rtiolr..U.,. ..........Ut.. u,."" 1" "'-'1 4..., "",J ",n.__ "" t". 4, Dn t"" 411061$ ..n l,O Un,," oan "" by no" ." "t .... bO fhx!ble AAf"'Mj"t "" tM h ..... tM """''''r ...." r,.Gm a tank "",. tnr$nt"1 "'-"*1""'1 ",,,,n tn. .. or ob_ j .. th.. "Yilt".. m'''''''. "lW".,;tt"", \'wo;"".;, toO ...,," ;""rrs P" a ... a "bj.ctl..., "" Or. d,. .... h t!wi" o firat rognd, &nd th!tt tDre .e1'!. at a .... "" tMt .111 provldo 150 tanks for each lnf""''''' d1v1alon. TlIh .I>ould be !n addition to th. l"eq\>b..monh for umored d!v101,,,,,,_ S. Cno..., a ..,c11"" 35 t'm ta-ok for "",...nt u:;; in ordec to tok of it. :owor logi,tica" support "'quu-e>teot. an';, ,,. t )146, it." JO ,""ce".t In o0\1111 be deYlOlo... ..... "COl" fOll' aot.,.. C"" .".I. f. ProYi.t"" ot nlght I.t"" dI .. wblol> will .".bl. tanll:. to ""gMt"h te.....la .nd 01>olrn the """eOleDh ot .""..,. 1.._ t ... t..,. Or Unl.-- in dl..latou. g. PI'O'l'lllon of oqulp!llent tar souDtlng on h"lI:1 nuded fo.. the cl....lng ."d d..tl'UoHon cf ..m. tlele .... lo_nt of 0"" .rr.ott.... -t1P" ot l""@_...,,ge ... ODd 4o .... 10paeat to ..ld. a balanced tamll,. of antitank .eap"'" wltbout. bOllover, .ithor O"''''',"PI>t.IUIng 0" IIOgllotiD@ 'biO roll of 00..,. gun tanll:uoh .. to US Til'. Tl>1. prog...... to lnclud ..,pl>t..11 00' Po.... lol'Hnt or ..... tr.ott .... lOllg-rmp ...,UUllk .... tor ,,"e try the lat....'...,-. Tl>1. gun II>Gold be .apabl. ot t.lI>S ..O'O.d o .... r rough and ull1'nOl'u,le terrain, p""r....b11 I .. a light.. Il1ghly"obUo v.hicle. b. o.vIlopDont of of lethal, lutlU..... _tu1 rootetl, .rtlll ..,.. and air. o. d....10_nt of cor.....p""dlng IIlne_ doteoHon end devlou. d. Ru..rch Ind de..,lo_nt on new trPo. ot air aD.. ground munition. utilizing liquid tillera. luel> .1 chlorlno crltluorldo. prono.k. and G_asont Contlnuod d.... lOJllllent of lpeolal ....""IUoa, I"ob .... d aquaah_lIe.. ?l< lli> D"'llhtery 0-502:j.OO , ... I100-.500 100-UOO ._. . .. 1':;09-200) O_lYXl 04500 ,, (I_:'jUJ :COO_11m: ... ... " ------ -------- FACTS fAll'UAL SIOOIAIfi US TAU C.l.SIlA.L"rmS ITO 1 TASLE Ttl US T.l.NK CAStrAL"rI8S TO IK (Til. 1 Ootll.ber 1950) 22_1b Il1neo Eo' Time,.,Mo. T""k. lIin.. Ifo. 111"". 0, " ,0- 4. 6th Tl< I'r>,,,pluo pluo,,. CII. C, 6th 'flo: Bn ,, n 89th Tk Btl , 20 pl... 1: 1}d Tk I'r> 15, " k111ool.11y TIltr.....bl. at night to 1IlUnt..,. ott.ok b.o.u ot their li..lt.d .. i.ion. j. Tonk 0.......pod"-ll,. dhllite ond t " night ..U"". boo"-u.. ot the d1aad..""tage IIopOlod on tho. by rld"d ...111..... k. ThO ot ground .otlon II .uob that .1" 1,,,11O.t opeodo he... lIeon 5-10 .. n .. por hoW'. p. Tho US tonk., eopeool.lly tbo ar. oQ.uo.l or suporlor In mobility and probably oqual In agility to tbe q. US modlum t .. nko that f .. In Jore. have beon o"porlor to tl'.o T,I,. FACTS ... Tank maintenance In ""r,n hu booen handioap""d .overall by tbo laok of reoovo..,. Vhlolea $nd heo$u.G ordoanOG had no oPpo.. t""tty to adequat.ly stockpIle op6ro s. It I pee1ally dlffioult to mo.lntaln "anK' "bon tboJ ..,.., .1d.ly dhtributod in ..,all group. in of til Inl'antry. u. S.,.., kills or us tGnk. h$ve ,..."Hed fro", lnd Iree;n"". o&uud by .uch Roo1dent. ao 0180trlc,,} .hort ci..cuit Thof'\"". in tm". haa uplod..d &1Ilnunlt1on or t".l. Fuel tor t.nk. havor.ged .pprox_ but.ly three gallon. p.r mil _. Cal .5(. 1>uut. "."ally !lv.r.g.. 10,)5 ro""do. p.. in_ olpalll boo8.u tho gunner nnt. to .....t l.ut t." t ....o..... Bur.to of ho or ihre. round. "oulO "'e u..d, with 8. oonuquont .... Ing or ......unHlon tron.pD.-tatton, If every round r ... " .... cor. :It. It.ao uti0t8.t..d that rRtio of .. 08OlY dead to our owtl dud .... I'uult M Intont,.,-hnk-al .. - tea" n. b&_ t.e.n 10 and 50 to 1. Tho .... 13 oom.. indication that US tonk> do not bUl'll ...... ily (fr"'" lnd1r&ct firuJ as the rhl. oe pO.rtlJ duo to b&tter ammunition Gtor.g. tp US hnk ,. Several felt tru. .... jo.. c ..u .... of lIS ..."dU.. to hav. boon tho follow1ng' T..nk cro.. R tbe KI .." rans-, bu boen 'I'ho ahapo or tlw.. CUl"nl 10 p .... _ I_d trOlll the orr_eta or t.r,.o.1n, 1"...1 oovo.. , and t'rindl,. omd e"."" toetl,,", '1'100 "",uI,,ol _I> In the I["ru eurV& or 1'1.&\1" 1 .....-0 l.rIaUtutod tho ZI b.lledlatoly U polrt ot g>'.,.,nd training. 2. Tb& US &hould, on high priority, devolop tb& u.o ot .. lIlu laid In ohtl.tl"al patto,..,. and capablo of k!lllng tank rho SlgnU Cory" .lIould, on high priO,.ity. dev.lop lOunioatlons oquipment .uihble fo,. grOund_ai,. tu", eOllllllunicatioM. 4. Conold.uti",.. .nould bo ghon to hhl1ohing 0 Joint RF,:C 0)1( JrnDATtONS O.ntor atd I" ground_Air ."",bolt.. 5. A .hthtlcal c""trol proco"ure- .houl'81 and han 45 to 00 degreo ohouldor _hI:! rOldre narro. U1d dndl:!g,.lth many Ib&rp our... and .tup gndu, and hUe no guard rUle Or hnoo. of a"y kind. I:rt many In.tanoo. bridge. of In.uffiolent .trength bad to be bypad .. hioh wu generally not difficult in tbo .outh. l'ut ofton pro.ented fo,..,ldabl. prob16.." tn tbe nort"...Ii.... rulnoo .nd an'; gorge. of eondderabb depth hAd to b. cro..ed. 1lllfroz.n rice pOddlu OOl'ld be croed tbero .... ti.... bottom a fOQt or 80 belQ. tho oludge, provldod that tanu ...... not .herod In tho p&dd1.. , but prior reoonnAl ...ne. on foot w.. neouury to dote,...,ln. the depth of tho l&)1k. eould go fro", on. paddy to anothor if the int.rv.nIng dlk re not ""'.... than 2 to :I root hIgh; hig""r than thl" the hnk. "OUld dig In, 'oe00". mlrod, and othn tho!r trod, Tho rloe paddle. oould b. trAVerud .hon froun provIded tho t>.nko did ... t foUow In uoh tracks, .hlch mIght .au tho .olld ourfa to glv. .w.y. ln an attack demo".trat!on, OM 1126 ".."sgod to .l!;mb " 2,OOO_toot, ,O_degr.e slope eonotottng or torr"o.d rio. bUt tho tank thr both traek..... ktng a 81". turn nur tho top. light .no" ;lueh traotion '_. e';"6co",e ... part ot X Corp Tllo greater port of tho caoudtles oCOUl'r&d In m)rth.ut Ito"".. , the cu'""ltieo of thoo X Corps prior to tho landIng at 1I'0n."" be_ Ing 67, ot which 7 "" total 10u&O; were o..uo.1t1&. In tM porlod. thio landing, of .hioh SO ... ,.. totlll lone.. '!:AIU; t X GOOra ~ l I X C&1>uu:uas 1'rf ?C t JlMli.lI'( lS'51 t'H_.. tn _tbnn "':'tn'" t""..l !. .... ti>ll '''II. Jk...... "al:\ tlH! thol "4n\ vnltl bAd 1n ..htn6 ul..... IIlth r",,1 .oM _Ht;n:, it! ... 7h.o 1$, 140 t"'" or t_1 .",,- __ ...,..,1._ d.'l1 4 tho ...,..r_ "U",,", tM 'lIl;rtJ"''''''f' ?i-t"" trWt ."I'pHu neon_ "*>1' It....:t ,. h"''' i,., "I>l'""tl. l'l'ul"w ....,.,'''1''''' 1>4. .. "",&0 of tlMl t.ttt ........ thU h.t>"" pN",.m IA." in flit nMI _"",,"W1." !.iI (0""., 1Io>"... .,UtiY,,,. tli&iiC> And !>t_"t "",d. t>:r ..r ""g.: thou ......._h:r lit _t"" IllliI nt N1_ 9r """'11_"-1'11\+ n"", ....fl1 bu". "., ....."".,4", '''''''' .....pln.t ."",U.,...,. tl,... ""uu....,.. 2. _,,1 lrublo lui._ tn.".,mt:,. bo.n hH h)t 8!I:iA1l_h"I08 n .......ttl> .. "".."ltant 10"'" r til" :",t..t""nt. A t" rUbt _n.... ""'. fho 1146 i. reo","""'nded to protect infant1'7 trOlD tho hut .hlle bohlg eU'ried ""d to p.....ent dirt entering tho eIlgine c","pOort...nt. 8. To" ...bleo, hook., .nd pintle. 0"0 too light. 9. 3peG1U cloth1ng for Unl< c ..... 1a nee......,.. Tb/o p ....ont 1nr_ntry_tl'pe .inter olothlng h too and is ...11), .... d on the or tho hnk. A to OOlO.fl rO!'OI or the .uit .o"ld b 10. T""k do.er0.1' ou\ tro p,.., ..nt tW. of urphonu. A phone to dui",d t""-t ha. 100,.., c""rorhbl n .. OUl'r.co or tho tonk boUy. 18. The lock of a hatch on tho Il,?'o turret h... caused oUualt1u among maintenonco peroonnol. 19. On the 1l26, fume. fro", tho tank gun .oo"",,,lo.t1ng 110 tho fi@l>ting c""'p&rt"",nt ."us.d cro... and In ...u.tUned .ott"" e..uaod " .. u .... and hinting. I'boo tanl"itloD, high ten_ olOtl, 41" 10t1g, nc, 2 lert 1 CASLS. 19n1Uon, I1Igh ten.Ion 46" 10t1@.cylinder nO. 3 lett 2 CAIlLE, Ignltton high tOIl_ .lon long,cy_ lInder nco 4 lett and rIght TalCR. ('I'80K1) (ud _/oprook&t (option&! TE!4#l) 40 DISCUSSION DISCUSSIOIf tiS Doten.in Oporationo In tbo retrograde ..ov...."t of the IlS for.... durlDg .Jul.,. and oarly Auguet 1950, tho aDemy rope.todly and nlhuuuted atuclt.. It ... thair pr.otlco to ...01:-" u. "' .""' .." 1:! i,;', ;e ,,,,"l,,,,,d d ill thl;>H b study, tho tank ccmpanle. of the 21,.tn Division were fOr the ".o,t p&t't not equipped,) 7. 111.0.... Hfeetlvo oommunloation equipment .""U c. dul.. 80 contact bot.een ReT's end tuk fore and h."dquarters .ouId not holr hand. firing at tho .".",y In.tud of rldtng And hl< 9 Arr::i-1"',M 31: ,heh 1 1 2 6 Jhlfr>h' " d. The level of lntalll,ance with ODe Or two tiona, e.a not high and it appeared thai a 0&a1l technical an4 the ability to r.ad and write were surrlelaot qualifications to become an otticer 10 the North Korean Force.. The moat .eolor otflcers Interrogated captalaa no field rrade effieers of tank unit. were avaIlable. 2. VoluntarY 3urr'pd.ra 'po Capture., Of the taeot1-toor officerl lot.rreg.ted, fourteen clal.ed to have surrendered voluntarilY and teo admitted to be148 captured. or the tourh",> wb surrendered, tOIl" elailled to have w1th thee .ome of the Den from their unit adaitted that their dec1510n to surrender ... influenced by r d1ng l ..flat. dropp&d by JVrc... All the prisoner. Loterrgated .... re captured between 3 Sept.sou aDd 30 October 19?O. a. On the eanse. of tank looses the actual figure. were mo.t conflicting and for the moot part baoed 00 hearsay.The figure. giTen by the prieoner' for tank strengths and 10 , in tbe IO?th Armored Division appear to be very Ho.ever, Some indication ot the rel.ttye ettectivew ne ot varioueapon. employed by OW Forces in attacking vehicles can be obt.ined. b. It 1, apparent that the major1ty of the lo"w es sutfered by the North Korean .ore due to air attack.. It 1. apparent aloo that napalm was the effective weapon used in air attack., although .ix prisoner' attributed rather highloase. to rocket c. Insofar .. ground was concerned the prisoneu .ere un&ble to distinguiSh Clearly between tank ana artillerytire. Very few nre a .... re of the existence of tile bawoka. The that t. availabl.. , hOnver poiut. to tank fire u being extremely affective, penetrating the target tank on the abot and inveriably it on fire. Only one prisoner olaimed tnat UN tanks failed to hit moving ot ru.l, tor .plr. and tor .0.. 10.... but the.e _re !loOt luS S. one reported aQF ca ot .elf".\ractioG ot t.nk 4. Cn, "mili.., a. Crew caaualtiaere verI hleh .nen the tank ar=or ... ,...trated. air attack. often Kave the tank ere ..trioi.nt t1.o to abandon tank betore it II' enveloped in Tbe of aircratt in the vicinitl trequentll ..rna4 tb@ en. in tIe. to abandon, b.tore the attack II. carried o-t. Conlaen.ntlYI th_ c_.nolti froe U&palm attack. app.ar to ba.. botA ll&ht. Qne prl,oner .tated that -any of those woUQdede'QC tank er... lire hit by air Itraring .hil. abandoning th.ir att.r air attack .tarted. S. !''BR1tion Carri!4 Ip .-34' 8, AJ'fEllDIX D In addition th& tanks _ere with .bout 2000 roundo of 1II1G ......lt1on .,.01 25 hand grenadu. 6. ft. of Tlnk KAShIA' Gun" Th. prlsunerer. practically un... lmou. with to the noe of the tank _chin. gun.. The CUllS were tor attaoking near_by .ne.y lntantrr. Very fe. knew of any use of the turret gun to dellgnate a t.rg.t. S.veral stated that the I\1D. tn tb. forward .lope _ lJ10. U58d. Wh.n tb, Worth Kor .... Ar., cros.ed the 38th Parall.l, th.ir confidence 14 the atrlklng_power .,.01 .tran!tb of th.lr tank. 'al 10 high that they ..de no ettort to eon"" tank tn to lOme prilouer. interrogated tIM,. deUber..tel,. .xpooed the tanks to th, .. 1 ot th" '"""" to lour his IIOrea. t'he1r tanko preceded the intantry 1n 101M c b,. a eonalderable d1.t ...e.. In otber c lquad or mora ot 1nt...try c.rried On the deck. of the tanks. O.lng to the ealll.ltle. suttered lnrantry, th15 pract1ce, ho....r, s larg.ly atter the tall of Seaul,.lthough whell the ...a .ere 1n retr,.t, tankere u.ed to c ...,. 1nr.ntrr b.e.u.e ot the lack of othu tran.port. b. l1leroin, .1r attQCk8 attar the l.t ot JUly 300ll th to ..... only at night and to take rather elaborate' dUrin, tne day. Th@ terraIn or Korea re th.1r op.rotion. largel,. to tbe main rOld. and they onlyUle4 cond.r,. rold....01 Crosl_country route. to by_pes. U ..... or to ek a hiToUlc. Rice po.vetMu11 ...ith. n "th*t tu...., o :Ou' !lraD. In Lt )0 :re.". OWl htt.. Uon, 6tll. lut Ol.v ..nOI\I (j(UOH L, at Nt".,. to' t?.,.. 1I\uuI"I1, l:IUf .chin)", t-o elothl.'l flIvp)r !:M hA..1:,,:u.M&N .. t Chitlju. On hit .....l1>..elr to lluM"n bt U-$,.hM $0 tim up t6 iIJ.It,)(:rt>rtg but La he R1! b .. hbd it 5/1 i1d &nO. tht at batta1100 other than or II.Tt\'l&r7. 2. 14 '>I!.t M 16 un .!'In. h. ",,"s dtll httdl.Q::.. 3. 14 .att hr attatk but Ac 'a_ fUn' ufter .ttack aLd tho1 .1th 1/2 _ in (. h1116 ..ttt.w1 I>d 1-:;u ut 1'w tC .. ,0'. i'e." , " ," ",e...., . .i0'.,".. " [:: _ g 'eO"" ... ;: ::;1.H,-, . ... 'I, .',. .. " , t .. e g'H'ee 0>... :I i i e ...- " ::: ! " ' gt ! in 00Ii i " i , I ".. .".n_e,. ii;!'. ... If irS' .. Ii g ".!l.nlth"'"t ;,(! ... near T",ld to t'" but wh@A h4 )",. "",,",,' 51 liE ,buildings, " ,9 IIfTERVlE'll JroIIBE:R 2. 20; ,peroonnol) 30. 10. KG _as fired at .ame run to lor morel lthou,cb th.,. were a.re reu,ce ... too ,rut. t1suall,. fired _t infantr,. when attaeked. 10 tar,et de.ignation. 11. 10 flanto cov.rod by infantry. l2. l5 - tn!antry carr1K at U... OIl. \ant. 13. light mov_ant _ r@CoIll> troop. in to,nk battalion u ..... illed road &lid ground for .illea, ob.tacl.s, .tc. la1n road. ua.d eot eros. country oee.Slonall"l found no dltf1enlty .itb dltehes, moot dlfftcultv .1th r ee paddl0 14. IdeBI 10oation about 10-20 meters ott road, takIng advan_ tag. of bills, ote., or eaaoutlag.d by digging-intank and using pin. bouSh.. Th& auto.. 1n batt_lIon lOOIIld Kurd arU about one kllometer fro. the battalion Ci. TankO w&re lined in two lina. with pointing in dir&ction of en_,.. 15. it is very ,ood tllflk. Hu .een a ..... 11 tank (10 ton) SlI.IIIoutb. witb. .. 75_ gun (.elf_propelled sun SP/76). 16. So. l5. 11. Seldom uQ rad10 becau.e of poor equlp,,",llt &lid not """'Y tank. operating together _ hoW&vor used radio to.nk_to_lntantry. SIgnal pi.to1 u.ad in oombat for to infantry. J8. Verr .sthfactorr. to Sa.,n by tra1n. Atter '",' the .... ehlillllcal condition 20. Verr poor and hard to get _ left Pyongyang without .pare. 21. One 55-gal dru.. lfOuld permit tanl< to go 20_25 .. 11eo. 22. Tr.ck hreakage .od steering controls. 23. Used hone carts comlllllrtdeered fro", tn""r Truck; bNUghtsupplies to dump in rear, then cart> were employed. No porters u.ed. 24. Very poor, due to tun.porhtion ditf1cuHy and n1ghtOIOnment IIITEilvre;w IIlJ101BER 3 99 25. Expertenced only air attaok - bombing and strafing (all tour tanks io. his UQIIP dut"'y"d by rccketo by tcu.. l"t o.1rcraft). Previous experi",,-c" in bombing and .trafing.ith cre. hidin$ tn zountatns - no ea.ualtte. among tank 1nf.ntry WI!, KI!. 26. os. UlI' t&nk cl.os" - except c"e big tanl< .ith short gun, d.....ged and turned Over. 2? Rocket bombing _ air _ oa. tao.ko de.troyed by ".palm. 28. lever or IfK tao.k de.tro.yed by UN mine. 'as to. Id UN min.. not strong oDOngh to damage anything except l1ght to.nl1ode, whiCh they bur1ea. 26. Saw none. 27. Not applicable. 28. On a south thp 38th Paullel., one truck In convoy @xpl.oded a mine but he 00., not know whose mine it wa Tile Ollne ...... a as only th hek of the truCK were damaged. not very 3 years schooL In Army .ince i!arcll 1949. In a ne "fore then. lVTERROGATOfl, )]. W. Kllehoon Kim, 0"0, F.1TSAK 102 INTHRVIgw NUMBER Interview Number 4 HEADQUARTERS EIGln"ri UNITED ARWY KOREA (mrSAK) Re.earch Office APO 301 SUBJECT, ""me, 1fun Hong K1 Rank, 2nd Lt ffumberr 63/1l1:_2453Age, 23 yearsUnit , 17th Tank Oh II111tary Ocoupat1on' Tank Platoon 1. Surrounded near Taegu 00 3 with hi. Crew. Their tonk; .b1pped from Pyongyang to Pyongo 1n Ch1nchungpukto Province by.ail - pyongo to Taegu over road. Mis.ion to support 8th D1vision in attack on Taegu. 17 tank$ in unIt, 4 croooed river round them.elves surrounded by HOR troops. 3 were de.troydwhen they refu.ed to .urrender. He .urrendered hi. tank and crew. 2. Tank in good 3. See 2. (Other three tankere deatroyed by combinatlon or air and ground fire; air rock.t u.pected). 4. On road. 5. lIever under fire before. 6. no eaaualti 7. 110. 8. Effective 3 - nev.r fired in 9. ,iP; 20 Bg! 30 Frag. 10. Both MIG U.8d against infantry - turret MIG u.ed to direct tank artillery tire. APPRlmIX 0 11. In training ye8 - 1n oombat after eroa.ing r1ver 00 intantry .ere available and tbey found thn. elves alo"". 12. Would tran'port aboot 12 troop. bot prloone. had no pereonal ":rperlence. 13. Alw.ys moved at night bOt found that un air woold attaok gr1lves 8Jld orcMrd. eve)!, though taM. could not he ."ell 10 prOfiting from e:rperlence or oth@r., they put tank. in buiidingl or villlg". where they could be ea.ily camoatLogod. fent oros. country often beceu.e of de.troyed bridges, road The angle .are for tank .id@.i.e .a. 35 degr8e. and 45 degrees lengthwi.e. Stayed out of rloe padaie Road .hcul 11"1' lUlltuy fretll,.UOIH 't'1I.lIlt ,bt""",l doT. 1947 u'IH duct 1(";',> _,,9 .,,:tll" .... t. Apr'" 1950, t. $1.n!3 unit ..ere terrain 1!ff14nltt8S. In 3 to clne., to 3 July the :IItter '81ng penetrated 8D4 sat fire. 1n '!oelru> ,,,,,a, 5 .;;. "",,1uoolt& penetr"Uot>. t:UlI .. a"&& 9 raCkets and 4ny .,,,,,,,t,,,, too",). l'ra.. 1>i"JCI!-Ki",chn M NOcl!;n, :1-.at tla; 8'1'1h..:.."t of IConI;; If"U ;$(\8 ue !t. J'u rocl:.oted, 1>.,1>& In Lt 4.93"$ yean lOSth ANd Diy, l0'7tli Regt.Oettup.tlon, Cffleer. .toh UQ1t abet .. 2. Jh>ver .. "ecl>ef "r t,."k CM. in J-lA, Ret 15. "fur 1\W'i hut .......... fio,d """'''' "I'll '1th"r If,. $ .... F. 1], between tank !nt&ntTY exc6pt &t 1"?81. that 9tS , .. t WI....... lIi. 'tbU "r1te1 1Iell, 'IIU cl....r. 19. In 'lei. .. In .fI't.... of et"'l'tl ..... re suppond tc come up by t .... ck, but supply was unsatisfactory. ". 25. Experienced air not at clo.e quarters. 26_28. Mucated at technical college at Hungnam. worked in ponr statton before joining army. Was in army 2 year.. Not veryintelligent. III'rERROGATOR. H. W. EUSAK TIU'ISLILTOR' Kllchoon K1lIl, ORO, "uSAlt 6USJECT, hme, lIank. Humber. AgelUnit. 1I1litary A?PElIDJX D 9 HEADWA!lTERS EIGHTI! U1fITED suns ABIIY KOREA (EUSU)Operation3 Office APO 301 13 Deoember 19,0 Int@rrogation Project Ewo. Byung lot Lt 42,28 22 yean16th rank Brigade (lnd)Occupation, Signal Staf! O!flCH 3. 2. 4. At of air attack WhiCh pri.oner experienoed hl. wa' on the mareh about 11 PM at night moving torward. ,. See 2. 6. No ca$ualties 1n atr att.Ck He was not SUre ot the number of C.'",a".leo .urfered among the ere of the , tank. u8 !millER '1 to dr Ill:' th.oot ""-,,!\WIl!l:I1 ).s to 4f !!l:lf;t ... ,."... Qt his c"""-"tdes toll''' _II an! ) .. the 12LD.II .. ..., or1CiMlly1"t .. 11"" &U;>,. ie. R&4iQ .ttt1n ..s TQ.Y nut Qt the ,yntea wa, poor !n 19. lot t.r U Ii' irnnfi. htt ... 'Ury 11\ n, D the tank. In operating condition. The gunner 1_ reapon91ble for tne gun and drlnr for the engine, tracks, etc, tne tank commander for the _lgnal eqUipment. Very !&W tank were qualified to repair the signal apparatus however. Mo regular 1nspection was made of the .ignal lIlent after oro.sios the }11th Parallel; howuer he did cheek lOheMver he had the Repair. were performed by .ignal technicians in the Signal company of the brigade. 20. Spare parts ,upply insufficient. Cannibalized a }Ittle; "Ignal .upplie. were in greater quantity than other About 20 liters per hour On the march. "22. Electrlo wiring and 011 l\lhrteat1ng sy.tem hUed at U"",s. Supply _a. Of truCk although lank about enough". and a...unlt1on to w..eks. No porten or carto u.ed. food ". Supply sy.tem rather poor 0/ limited .upplies,laCk of tran'portatlon and a1r attaCk. 25. Air attaok which he experienced _ did Mt se.. oU,er forms of ..t. Saw only destroyed IJN tank. of" type ."",ller than T-34. 27. See 25. 28. No IIll.nes. In the army since 1946, hefore that he Wa" a far"",r. era...sr school graduate. Pr1.oner not particularly responsive; probaoly intelligent but appeared bored. INTElIlIO&UOa, H. W. KacOonald, TRANSLATOR, K11choon KLm, Interview Number 10 IlEADWAATERS EIGH:rH STATES ARIIY KOREA (EUSAK) Operations ReseRroh Otfiee APO 301 SUBJECT, Intenogation Armor PrJ@ct ,-, KllIl Ki Chun 1st Lt''''''',NUlllber, ?3523 Age, :rear. 46th Tank Regt (lndl 10 tanh. Ocoupation, Sattalion Adjutant General. !lith ""it t out "Penti"" th"J' Il..,! ...".,d. ..............,. prlr . 18. 'WII:-l. Cud U'" l'U{(, $In, ,,$ Nt" tfL'1.k \:- t.a.nIc Go.... w:t1etti">l1, lmt t".,\d nHtllo it ]\ tt> the hter_;>I\""e 20. >I..1,..,.;>UiI paTh. Tholl' lld tt; eM\tlillaUI$\I RElt!),t?; I) 13 _w"'"""&':;.)I1'R S'UJ11$ "lUlr. KOOU (!roSM.;) Ai'tlSOl :u 1::""'1. 11.1n tt 4'>40.; ;:j Y4aU to;th Artd btv, in charge of ';nth \Wit 2 "Mr. l-? nut lpplieable, J. t "IlPUn"tt.. i'r;l"".H Mt ..,0 J.nfO,."...tiOfi !m\ lib UglHUt 65 ,,,,,,'o'.t nri&inally Iilld, at be U"", "f thTI""'pbl nt 1" lit. $&.. ilI"'lY .....100 "Ht> l'h 6. R>!1_tn 50 ,,! KIA. 7-1]. 17. Heerd that radio between tanks wa. not good because of lack ef u:per1ence of the tank ern 18. )fot appl1cabh. 19. )fo maintenance .ark dene at front. The regimental technical company effected Snme repairs with occasinnal help from divisinn. The principal trouble wao engine 20-21. Not applicable. 22. IInst fre'l"6nt trouble was with anllineo and fan which was frequently de.... ged by stones and other fo .... 1go. ....tter enteringeo.gine compartment when engine covers were epen in hot weather. Wheal bearing, al.e burned out often. One. not think batteries .ere defective as tbe life nf the battery Was about one mnnth and then they nre relllOved for repairs. An ample supply of part. wa. availAble for thi. purpose. The sulphuric acid supply wu U"Hed, out no. toni< wa. ever Qe8. the army as a civilian. Prisoner not very intelligent or INTERROGATORS. H. II. lIacDonald, and Capt R. D. Strong (DK) ORO EVSAA TIWfSLATOR. Kilehoon Kl=, oao, EliSAK D Interview 14 HE.W(.jllAlITERS EJ:GIt'l.'"d UNrl'\1l STA'I'E5 AJU[Y, KOREA (EUSAK) Operations Research Office APO 301 14 Decemoer 19,0 SUBJECT: Interrogation Armor Project hlle, Jun Sang Hyeon,_. M"NUllber. 14496 Age '_ }O yunUntt. 2nd Dlvi.lon K1lit a ry Occupation' Division Technical Sattalion Officer. In unit since June 1949 when ne joinedar"-. 1. Surrendered)O Sept at Chongju. His unit .... retreatingfrom ChOnju and he .as i.olated with three of h1s men On a hill, aad .urreadered. No actual Combat experience .ith gun., as he waS repe1rine 1n the r&Gr. 2. Rot applicable. }. 16 gun. SIP in division - 11 ...-ere lo.t on n_y dwn froll North Korea and remained ...-ith division On the The 11 lo.t and totally destJ;'Oyed by fire enroute ."re lost thrn air attack _ rocket ith MIG tire. Rockets penetratedarOlOr. F .. unkno,"" of tive gun. along Raktong. 4. The 11 gunare hidden and eo.lIIOutlaged, otf the road ... far eo. terraln would permit, and concealed with foliage. ,. See 3. 6. From 25 June _ 30 Sept the technical battalion ..utfered 70 KIA, 19 WIA thrn eir attack 7. Rot applicable. 8. Mo.x1= r!Ulge 5 mile., or concrete pillbOX iva range .a. 200 meter Abo?e this range they not have a flat tr.. '" INTERVIEW IIlJMllER 14 9. Only carried one kind or in hi. unit, 60 round5 1. 10. maohine gun. 11. applioable. 12. carried troops, maximum 30, up to line of attack. 13. at ntght along main roads. 14. off tM road placed 2 sentries with automatic weapon. 50 meters to the front and rear. The battery 5Uppliod neces.ary .entrie 15. The Sam BP/76 i good weapon e.timation of and tirepower good. 16. See 15. 17. Radio communication good. 18. Good - .imiliar to system. 19. very pOOr insuffici@nt tool. to accompli5hmaintenance and no spare part.. tn addition air attack., .nich were very any maintenance that they accompli.h. Thl. condition applied thru all eohelons. 20. S8" 19. 21. The SP/76 con5u&ed about ,5 gallon. a 22. The engine wu improperly tt.e crew to halt vehicle to eool the engine. 15 mitu drivjrIg eauoed ""diator to U5e an _ater. 23. Supply truck. followed artin..ry. In colll.1nl do... from corder, nO difticulty in supply w&s experienced until the unit eam. under air attaok and lo"t 811 its truck.. truck. _ere lost had to depend on the fe. truek. remaining in division headquarters, .nich at time. 1ll1l11Obtl1zet. ''''''''''.!It. Sa" no tank,. :rl. applicable. 20. 11 oxper1 API 20 HE; 30 Anti_per.onnel. 10. Only again.t enasy infantry. 11. Ro. according went over cooP"""tion. 12. Prl10ner haS carried 5-6 infantry on tank, mo.t or whom oere killed by enemy fire. Tank -ould "c"upy objective, infantrr would be u.ed to 1t. In Dlvl.1oD was a ", L APPENDIX D ,"cb&niud lntlllltry which hMl truck" to carry them, but other infantry had to walk. 13. 110 eXPOrlenee of trying this. Consider. tanle. rinbhed first year at high school. Joined army as infantryman in Novelllber 1948. Joined lO,tb Aro:d Div in lOay 1949. Prior to Joining arilly laoor_r in " ""'gna.He mine. Fatr),yintenigent, but of very l11llited experience. Hb crew fired only two round. tn training before going into action. Capt E. D.INTERROGATORS , H. W. MacDonald, OROI '"'"' (UK), ORO EllS K TRANSLATOR, Kl1choon Kim, ORC, euSAK ", INTERVIE.W 16 Interview 16 IfEAOQUARTERS EIGHTH UNITED STATF..s ARIlY, KOREA (BUBAK)Op0rationB Researcn Office APO )01 15 DeceOlber 1950 SUBJECT, Interrogation Armor FroJect Name, Lee In J)n Rank! Number, 201328 .I.ge, 26 year Unit, I05th Armel Div, 10?th Regt. W1th unit since 1949. 101111 hry Occupation' First tan$ commander May 1949 _ Aug 19,0 and later platoon had@r Aug, _ Oct 2 1950. 1. Pri.oner was having 2 tanks repaired at Sangju when UN forc@" ocoupled the town. Re ran away to Rongchon. While r@st_ ing in a hou.e outside Hongchon, troops appeared Bnd arre3t@d him on 2 Oct 1950. Rt. unH was 1n retreat and .cattHed. 2. Yes, on two different occasion' witb different tank 3. Hi. fir.t di.abled tank was on patrol with on. othar .omewhere between Suwon and O.an. When tank Was passing over top of a pas. with the other tank far US utHlery opened tire (lO,mm) WP hHting tank 3 times without and without The driver beeam@ holleve,. lost control !ltld tM t""k went Off the road ..nd fell in!o a rice paddy and b@came mired. Date 10 July 1950. 4. See 3. 5. See 3. tank becoming mired was "'andoned by Ih crew who left the hatches open. The US artillery continued to fire and One round entered th.. tank through th@ drivo", hatch, s@tting the tank on fire and de.troying it. 6. Th@ d"!v@r" and assistant driver after a!)&.ndoning the t""k, sought shelter under tl;@ tank and wete later by S/Afire. TI:", ,.est of the crew escaped. 7 3*tft.... c.",,,.... ,,:;d t "'Ir, l .. .. he Md" nw.l "'>, but in tllj:jlul 1"" 1>7 th....."'b.. lao Curt"" -.. n_t1n;l-, as 1nf""t..,.had DC trucks of theIr DYIl. 13. \fi,ht ",v''''et, c>r 011 :N.itIY 4n4 tOUT II.,... 14. U training 1 .... ",.1M;, M 'QQOU4t :J "PI'rat tQ (ll'h..r M:I.O db. bt1,;w Mil. 19'. &I :my, tllAt __ or t ..... kf d_,,,,, 10 nUt. I. D. 8tro&" (ax), ORO, !OS.!J( TR.!.NSL.l.TOR, 111chooo Ita, ORO, !OSll !lGlffil Kim Uti Yong ," 25th lnt AS.t.t.nt enaran; fOaIIn&tod eto.. lIIlHt4r7 tQl:WQ} pH"),, .'" .!l..::WI;: wt,Unlt ... '''VlX'Md to bO nth ..t bw1 "" 2Z Swt tut 115 tl'IWVI hNI dtudT at hclM>u .tAd II, huM tlHIt tJ>t. 1: detHnt4 ter tho \lIlJ,t ...... ..tl' dtl'",,. b)f ud;*u. r ......r. ,t ttiJ.. !bey were to hay. on. l:>rigade transportation company but had only respon.ible tor the planning, and th8 tran'portation compaQyhauled th8 '"pplla.. this tical "a. not tilled betore theymQyed, theT actuall, had onl11 a. 800 infantry.b. 90 maChine JUns (heavy). e. 40 maehine gnns (light).d. 2 heavy mortars. e. 11 76>aio guns.t. B tru.cliI theae t .... ct...re ....oil at night to 10 to b.tt.U"" tor .uppl1... , 24. Supply Dot reliable. polot '1'48 25 1011u 101and fro. Chunlha which ia on the cna.t. .aYa1 yeBsel. ott Short ..u .....t or 1;:.....,t8 by day 0J>iI hulpere11e at Chungha. Air att..et ...at all' atta.,tere experlenced on march down tro& Pyongyang. !he tlret in .....trating. Fnrther "Ollth bolll>1I:oC (50 q lIE) .,.d Ita1"14c ..Uacte ...... made. All atta.,'...de at daybreak. M&rcb WaB o"ly at ..lght. 'OnlY 2 'II! 1 .. All 3 attack.. riret attack .... _de by 1 1ftt in lorth L>...a, 2ruI .ttaok by -4. plan.. (B.26'.), 3rd. .tta.ck by 3 jeta. 26. layer saw a UlI' tank. (11'..-1' 'ehool,ra4nate. Worked. .... ain..r for 5 Y'la"" and 4 rears .. a .tnedore. Prisoner .... not reUable, and .... 111 1otormed "n 10111tary questiona. ae had no tr.1olo, On antitank sua.. ae recelYed one .ontt or training in infantry tactles only. lk'I'ERROGATOli. H. 'f. EUSAX TIWfSUTQIt, "Hel>o"" COl, I\UlIJ.!I; APPEh"DU D I..""....1e... "upel' 24 IIE4DQUU\f\!;IIB JIlIGII'l'II UIIITED StiTES eJIY ItOIlEl (!VSll) Oparatlon8 Ottiee !PO 301 .on I(u):: ..... l.ot Lt 201506 2? ,. ...... T...k Battalion, 27th lot 19th Div. Ocoupation. COBP"'! eo.......d .. l' ... witb unit A\lII un 11 ht. eaptul'a on 18 \let. 1. Ceptured at Euaebo.. on 13 (let. Unit ...itbdre. tro. n .... v1a Imn....'-lra..onc. Whn. troop. lot tc ["",ohcn the,. _ra ourl'onodeg. Commander6 gunne r_driv@t relay b,. ..&0. of foot signals. 21. Doe.n't know. Sa,.s tank 810 litres including reserve,_. 22. St.ering levers so .. p-tlmes beeame hard to move. track. dso ""lIIlIon. On _y to S .. oul tank was refUeled by truck. once; didn't need .upplle$ as they .artied .ufficient. 24. Rad very 11011ted experlence, .0 cannot say. 25. Ead very little except a. mentioned 10 question 2. Al'IVIRIX.? n... "'.... d., 1M &"lfI'I:"Id lIl,ttw.{a .. !>.a.whu. Lo;Uu til1ud APPENDll E TANK CASUALTIES Introduction DurIng Jan"",.,. 1951 9101t. were pold to tonk battaliono op only unit not oontact& hOlding aetlon tMee, and tho oubsequ"nt breakout and adv&no", During thls porlod lJII force8 ..rs eng8gIng North 1(0,..,&11 troops, .ho _,.. oUpp"rhd by tank 8".or 145 (74)0 16 (16) 12 (12) al., CO, '" (10 )8 (25) 'I' -hrcent (59.2)n.9 ( 0.0 0.8 (12.3 0.0 ( 9.6) 6.8 L5 ( 4.8 l""d "lth tho I>lgl> .. n ...go OO_"od by ""1 ",l1to, put. gtut .train on all .... botol 1 ... lI.lel... ;, Thill''' ..... ,horU!" or ,klllod Unk me.bAnl .. ot .. n l ....t.. 4. oro.ttloft.ld Or .""'. rOm of night v!$lon dUlce n. Io>lnlJ folt Oy to,," .. ,.opeoUlly fIghting an .n"",y ."0 preflrred BAT'l'U CASUJ\L'l'mS to at night. a... oolra. on" antlt_1c rUl" .... "., c .......... o .. 0"" ... "" R"" ...... c "0 ..... ...... ... ............... "........ii""....r...., .. ............j". ,,-- i ... ... g ... BD. G .. ,.. .. l ... ,=a" .. "" .... '" 0" ". ... .. 0 ..... c .... ): ........... Q ..... = "t; '" .. "i......... '!i'" ". . " ... ". g-"" .... "'. _ .. ....,'" ...... jj ... ,. ..... 00 u.. .. "if .... "s".. .."'"'" ..or'" .. ".':'" ..... 0:> .....'" '" ,.. ".. '" a .... 0"'. .. .. .... o "1;""'."'" 04i'" Ii .... . B" ...., D '"... .. ..l:o ... i". .. o"'''" "2,,.1 ...r ....'" a...... .. .... &... Gs.1;" ..... .:Illi" ..... ......... if",. .. " 1 .. .... ... ".. "'" .., .... .. '" "8 """''' ..... . ........ , .... ,,,.., ,," e 0 o ,, 0 .," II e " 0'.,.,t:-.. .. 0 -.. , " ," , 0 .." , .."' > ., '0 g: , " -' .. eo", .." i'0 I mile h .......U:1 erwho\i flWM, ".. ""ld "'i' ...",U 01" nU 1ItI,,'dC*" .."" "'litt' .. }n ,.""t ltaIl,. dn hn _11"" _,., n.,a"" tIo ... partly cauoed by I>ortage of peuonnel to 10.y ",I"" and portly by A lAck of booause or .poed of tho 11K advane8. 6. us 76."", ..nd hnk guns (AFl; ",uul.8 ... locity. 2,800 rut ""'" ueond; HVAP, ;.400 ""r aecond) .ore ablo to pnetrato tho T,4 at OIO.t angles to 800 yard Tho lack ot opportunity to ftr8 &t rang......k4O it difficult to obtain turther Information. 7. :rtl addltln. tho survey. Recounted for 74 UK 76-""" .ol!_ propelled guns U follow", II 76.... Sf' om; CASUALTIES ICo GapAl", I:: I '" These gune .e"" oJ>On at throulop cauud mo.t of thl> terrain cROu.. ltl .....nil. ",,,etl. mechanic.' oo.,ld ... o.ttrnmt.d to thl> ... of tile country. "'M ,,"ok 01 po"" .. n. a C8U of """chan1ca! trouble "tth the 47-ton (500 hpj; thl> 49ton M46 .. tth an (110 hp al,._cooled engine p.rfor... d utr.""'ly ... n considering that thta ..u It. rlr r .... l tnt. Although tho NK forc u.ed m1"". haph.u.ardly and fNlquently [ailed to co ....r '''''Ir mine rldd...Hh flr their mIn.. accounted for a high proport1on or u5 t.nk ca.ualt!o.. Tbo!r _ood.n mine', tho tv"," "'o. t enoount... pound. or 01' amatol, normally one and .nd hroke tbe oupportlng brack.to. In 000>8 thoy bl ... in, or .t l&ast hucklod, ro....... ed e.oape hlLtoh. Our t.o.nk ....utfnod flo.. InJurloa frolll the min... Oth.r min.. that have b8n Imco.orod con.1ot of oruciely ra.hlonod holt_",1noo, both woodon and "",tal, oont81nlng ..tohol SOIIl. of thoae 1111"". o.,.,taln 50 of ."plo,iv , that nav& hit the", ho.vo c..en 10..... 'J'hore .-ore eight tl,..,. oau d by petrol f1r6 .o.nd t ..o .m.'1Iun1t1"" fir... Tho "",all incidence or o"",un!tl"n Hro. h attr1buted to oonf1n.d .torage of """"unit Ion and tv tho projectlle 10.lng ",o.t of It. sMrgy 1n psnetN'tlon. Enemy U.o of Tank. The tactloal U08 or tanh by 11K force .... ohanged ",,",pht.ly tho "'palm'. In the .tage. the ."r, enemy .....or boldly adv"",cod 00'"" n .. ... In rood... lth nO athmpt at conceol",ent. 3"",11 group.o of tonk. peMtrated our to the and flank. and thru': quickly to th6 rUr, on peMt ..atlng to cooc'''''.nd pooh and artillery" po. ....1'>. ;.t T".k Lynd, fN!ll ':.'UjU tQ 3u.."" \" 46 t$ lL", "1' "Ith tM 1th ChhlM ..".-1"", t ..... tI,. !noh"" ...."t .. ..... ""=t"",,d. n .. """'1 .M "'" br .. ... ""-7 "'''rhr ,,"" _"" "c""", 1'","j"o. bJ air ;,nl in .. !,. ..nom n.. 1'1>0 11mltln" !'... of thue ..,. 'OM S1JI'Ply or h1ch had to be ft.:... In ",4 have u.ed 2 3 .,n... "",J 114' .. , I, , !,,1l6i'i$ this In or !"RIXIIDLY US!! (P TAIaS S. Tbot .'Z NCen,.., ....blcle. bunt 0", tl>o 1111 cbo.... halbo." 11'1 groeo.t d.,."od and. ha. dOD:tc.H.nt .ork. but 1t bll.8 11'1_ po..r to roeo.... r 1126'. .a..6" .I. vehlcllth. bol.t and 60_ton "Ioob 1. needed to... thl. Job. II. Tho 57- ond 75...... recollle.. gun bO.YO not proud .trooth, In ODgaging ."".,. ....0... a.nel. 'pa..t frOB the clon_I'Il"!" beaoon., tl>o 1>0.. bo.o t)le =1; Irhctive ground o."tlt...,1< .... pon. In thie ..ole. It hal boo.. Ioopt .. It I> tho tOl'W&rd Inhnt,..,. by day and nl!;l>t ...,d .. ld.l,. dlaporood. TI11. hal ... Iud tha mo .... le ot t)le Into.Dt..,.. but hao pl'Ond unpopular .. ith tank unit eo... ""d.... bocau.. U..,. ltn to kny tilt!,. tanb tor y"l'yon f c9l1'rol an(l ""'''1.1 ,upport &rld 1>0.0.".' t.ek. hUe pro....,eS. ",,:tn,...bh tc do.. _ quart... I.'taok It nl!;l>t. Conoido .. ation 10 being given to tbo value or .lor gun. Uk tho :s.-1thh 17_po=d.r to take eo. .. antit""k clefen.. m.o U,. int-.llt,.,. h in a o"'Uo .U....tlOID. 10. Boeaun Unk .upport .........llabh. !;ot""try hn. tondod \0 niP 010 tc rcad0 not to apl1t tho t.... Thuo tboo abo..tlr and .. rout.. CWOI' till blllo...l11eb can bOo "'ploU.d tor OUl'p"l...rr.ct. WOr...1" baboom thot 'rmO,. e.n be ofteeth. In d1ttleoa " ..ro.in......n thou,h handleappad by It. inabl1lt.,. to or"" _ and l>igh g..o""d. 2. "ltbough tho pooulll.. elrc"",.Uneu .hiel> r ult.cI in an apprec1al>l. "umb... of airoraft belD!,: u d OIl a oar..O'O front _Itl'>_ ollt oppo.alon ......,. not be ... poU.cI _booboo,.o, tho potential To.J.ue of tl10 UI' toro. U tAnk dutro.,..,., u01n!,: nopal"" 1 ..It....id.nt. It to beHeved thlt Cu.. tlll .. eon.idecauon b. ghon to the u in iceendlarl in an .ntl .... tarl.' and antlpo... onnel ,,010, bcth ground_ and &lr_lo.",el>od, and tho.< oon01d.,..tlon .hould d.o be gin" to the p"b)o,,. of dohn.. ago.!n.t .uel> attack. " Tho .ucc... of tho cOIIp....tiv.l)' crucla NK .. ino ho... tl>o.t .. qUlclr. ...an. ot d.tootlng ""cl/or ..o",ovlng ,"",Ul and 111"". 1& .n u..S"nt p..Qble... APPEIIIlJX G ARIJOR AlfD INFARl'RY OPERATION PUNCH 10 one or tho b4ttor or and Infontry oOrattng as 8. eo"pl.. intograhd ton during Korean oporaUono,and 10 thororo", of Int."".t as s .tudy em_ oqually tho .ftlchnoy of oOOlbtnod taetloo ""d the 0,,",_ ",and oy..o.. or .. hleh H C8. t_Jlatf q\\f,. HWi n.o ->,1",- thO' ,....,; ...J'>* .0 .. til "" 1l\IU;tol\lil! h\U"t to n ... n."y #,,( "",xt..,,,,, "'1" t; tho , __ tn'''I_ '" "tth til.> .till tao.'; the tnl< Qf dafh''''1wl 1 thH "" l:.l4 ''''1tb ef tho SIm. In tho "a.1ty M t .... ,,?JIffi .....f Hu H"", in n.. o"",.,.n"". Al1 it wu "",I ;,1>10 ."""'I't1o"o.l ""\""'" I1f by tru. "'"pM!::";!; "'''-9'''''' .....,d tru. .,,:1. "r t! t""t tho 'l'w-kt.: Hill 440 atUck Is .n&1, at 074;. 'l'F Bo.rtl.U c"ou.d Its LD and Htaeked north. Ih obJoctl... tor day us the rIdge .t 105-400, and 1>1 1525. it had boon .on. TF Dohln orO at 0700. By 1250. It h&J .. ld_IrUrnocn and ... ptlt Into. b1001l:Ing pOlitton .HlUn t.ho IILR. Tl' OOhin ..0,..J 1400; tllt. ... tho obJooU.. r.",. tho d.r_ IIf 1420 on. or Doh1,,'. pltrolo bad gott.n ;0 150-4}O .,d had be_ e""", quit. b....n.,. ""gaged. TF l\O.,.thtt, UtAok1ng .t 0720, bad I>J 1205 h".......t.bllilled It. t ..."", in tho foro-.rd. at 098-412 .. 0J CCI' and E. Par.lohnt .no...,. ...ining ot ;1Ie two roada. proving I "'Jor anno,an.o. In I"'" 1"."'e .1tudJ.".,. 6. Tho platoon or qu.d .50' .....plH Into t.o uot1a:ts of throe track.. uchl were u.ed w1th th& t.o 160dv"",oe or the lnr""tl'l' 11ne. In support 0, th. Inrontr']" c""ponent. meeting ony red ronS polnt re.lotanc., 11.11 g.neral f1r ..... ohlfted to tho hoart of It. By 1;100 lIUl ?OO had. beon t ..nn ... no co.t in lit. '0 ,r.o U3. An OM"'Y forc9 H",ahd In HOeo. of 200 ho.nary. or 50 ""d 1; ,.n......pe.t1.vely wilen ,"ovlng. Inotllll1J>g thll aqulp..."t 1n j ..P. In addition to tho SOR ;08. wUl Impo... va..,. heoTJ drotn on tho hatteri.s, and epaolal charging ta.llitle. and .a",rul _Intonan will bo r0Q.ulrod. 4. toot cO'"P""y to platoon and fro. tent tQ tank aro .ott.faotory. 5. Bru.kd"",, of tboo _In r.d10 oqul_nt boo" ... tt.... canoed tho Interoommunlcatlon. t llltl to tOil, and whon thl. oCCu'" a t""t 10 Pl'&ctlcllll,. l>elpl&... In tboo put. BrHiah Unto ban boo" tltt.d with ulergenoy ."Ulld_po-.erod lntore""""""icotion hcllltles. TW. m.toll..tl"" e""olatod of oouod_powered .. Icwophono tor thb ...andn, cltlMchd Into tht nor.. 1ll hoor .rew .....bon. Tl>oo lattar cOlmlot Ult to the c_lltIder. hyt .I!Ial "" nally l>o erunged by "hlch they .a....knO"ledge ord..... 'll>oo .. U.ro.tI.... 1. to design tho 1rltueOlllllltmieatlon ",.oh" paretoly from tho "",In ....dJo. It would than \00 "",re ,..,ltabt. than U pro.."t, thoro would too no u.uunee thU it "ould not buak do.". 6. Tl>oo """,lJou.. D",,\>era ot .hannols "oed At va.. lo". 10.... 10 on .. tNlt ut .1'0' SOR ;08, Bt.ttallon headquarter. OOOlpany eoomandor 1 Platoon lUde r ,1 ;28, """..or, mo.t poopl. would b. co"tent to have four channeh. "it .-ould appear tbat tho pront rodio uta MVO llIore ehann.l. than are nee....ry. A t ..nI< radio .et 1. U"Y raroly .wltehod to a dltto....t ohonnel during an ongago""'tlt, thuo a ut "ItI'> r!ve ahouln cov.r pre.ont " do, !ally If tho,. could bo ut up qulokl,. by the tank co...o.nd"r or oIr&le operotor. so th.t It thoro ... ,.., lost_minute ehongo of tanh from one platoon or compony to ""othor the new frequency could be set In on \he .pot. 7. Tho AH/VRC } 10 to.bnloaH,. a uth!&.etory radio ror tent_Infantry .""""llIIle.tiona. A p","or unit h needed ",,oo Unk and lnfantry platoon.. Pc iblolutlo... uo to In.hll a oeparah radio in tho tanl< f"" thh purpo,,; to d lgn audio tor tho tonk tbOot l!ill provldo the hell1tl.. plUS tho utrlO required; or to r.d.. lgn the Infantry platoon 0.' ,0 thot It hoO a fr.quon.y overlap "Ith the 8. ThlI tank tolophon. !a aatlotaetory, but bethr uoe could APPE!IIlIX H nan boon ....de of It by tho Thl. 10 con.ldered to be ... l.n1l" .. quo.t1on ot It ba. b06n .ugge.ted tbat til. t.lephonbou1d b IIlount tank to tl infant,.,. platoon .hould b$ 1,1 ono of thoo .... hods opedn.d in po.""g,"ph 7 preoedlng. The to)"phone .hould b... 10.el" on tl inhntrymon oan reach it .. Ithout .tar.nno1 ul.eter puoh button. "" ...dlo t bo OIouDtod ao tbat th!!1 uo 4uny 00"u.lb10 to tho tank oo""".ndor. ,", APPElIDIX II, .1.10181 1 'I'UlK C(I!UNICA'I'IOlI AHD AlIS'lEliS ,-unt... tl"". bun ..UaCo..tory b.t.... " yourMIt ro.....t1on? but ther. 1. a groat obort.ge ot .kl11.d ft: Yo.. co, Y... bo." ...tiara.tory bot..." ."",panl.., Eo, "ot .Itl> the sea 509 though He 292 and 296 he... boo" "ud. ''''''Panl.- b&vo ....."oli .. 60 ,.11.. rrom 'bOottalion I>ooclq\ll,rhr.. 'I'm liahcm plano hU I>oon " ..cI ... a _rhol ",lay .tation .bon it has 1>00" 01,,_ bonna, but rbol 1'010,. 1. n...r roall,. tisro.tor,.. lie. tho SCli 506 dou Dot hov.. thl> range requt:rad p......nt typ or .""ntlono In KeN.n torrdn. 18 .11 rIght. Tho _,,1.. do l.u hoadq".rtero, but tho,. .1'0 oontroll.d an,. uh. co: 110. the sell 506 10 not good onougb. tor bothllon_....po.l>Y e-cmmunieatlonB In tbe p .... aont t,.pe ot operation. I normall,. ny In tho lidoen pla"o or 01.. thlo 0. .. a .... l..o.,. .to_ tion. but other co..,.""I tiono are .... q"Illrod .. Ib\>NlvU.tlc"a und hero Ore' Ccmm 0, .c_""leaHOD o!'n..... ; CO, eommand1ng o!'tte.r; Co compan,. Plot Ldr, pUtoon lo..der; Md h 0, offl.er. '" CO, lio,., do u.. U.. plane ao but 0ii1a 10 Dot completely .at18f"otory. T", cOOlpll.llh. nave be'n w!thin of tu.a.dqu."."r Co CDIItd, !h0... n ..:r ntU" ...b}6. p> lor. tl>1. ...... l)" ..UTiON 1, 110.. hn8 don it t"K. to aot up a chlinnol1 A good moehanl0 t .. 5 ",lnut.. ; an avonge ",l"utes technIcally ror tank_ COmm 0: Very good. lIa l'>a,,,,, not had .urflolont unit. all tM uu and hav. to u,. '0"'" Thlo a not a, the .et hu to be po"",anenHy .,.ltoh.ed on and tM de not lut lQcg. 2 Com ("" Yeo, very gOOd. Q.UESTlON 11: you doh the po.or unit.1 CQm 0: Tho only troubls we hus ."porleneed I"" wr..n PO_H unlta 1>9.-,. 1>0." put on to tho 2t.-.olt supply. I think po.or unit h def1nHloly the .","er, 0: If the po.or oupply eabh 13 not properly and it has not In .""" tank., tho u tt h1h the cable and breaK. it. : Tho vlrbrator. an no\ .uffio1onlly rooust. Co Co.od: trouble at an. COOl"". 0, with the :nfantry aro 1 am quallf16d to b"t I do th8.t tM t.1ore SCR ,OQ go Jnfantry to direct the t!lnit3. co: Yu, we d&rlnltoly need .lth tM In_ antry ple.toon. we work.d with the BrItish, ..ho.& platoon ut """,,"on f"'qu&no1u .ah tho Thu. to work to tho platoon., .. h1ch n. s great We do not, In gen&ral, to talk to tho Inhntr1 'I'M tank. anould bo "ont,.olUd by tne COIM".UIl!cgtlons -.-Ite. ths Inf.ntry platoon ue orton l havo Qn _ up an SGR the 1nfatltry fOr this Durpo.e. !lot '" a. :t could bs, but tl:lo Is malr.ly of .joint traln'ng. C""" 0: Not much. 1-17 APPEKDIX H Co CoOld: PUctlcally tho only hove been' (a ) on approach .... \lHI> 0'. '" tho or 'ho lotaot ..""an 10 gt".n tho t.lephone to hold .0 he can 'alk to tho 'ank com:nand&r .1thQut tho latter ht. head orr. Wh4n Infantry Rro .81ld"g 010'. behind tho tank, of them 10 givon Exec D: Kot rnuc/1 U 1t .hould bo. The telophon8 should be IlIount.d lo.u .0 that lnfantp'i do not hs.v. to .Und up to u.& It. CC; Very 3.1dOlll, but th!. i. a qU&,t1on of trainIng. "UESTIQlI IIp Wh8t 10 oplnior. of tho air support cOImr.unlcotlQn.' CO, A tank column, .ir ,uprort ",u & VHF ra1lo for t ddlve'"1', It sppe8r. that ,0 ".ed pl01' on I"'portant 1'01. In the Interdiction or enem1' roll and rood noh. !lIning and "lth .el{-.t.rlllzlne ,,,In.> should be e!'feetiv.. An In>re.tlgHlon of the obtained b1' tho all' rore. with b""," t. that a Ilke u.. of llll'ld ",In.s .",,1'; be equall1' suocful. The prololom or rut_changing toctlcal .1tuatlons, a hOrd to on.'. own troops, 1. on$",erec by tho "'Ine hotur. glvlnf, usee contr"l ovee the nerloe. dur\",. whlWl t W,' 111 "Hog :",.1'"",. """ ". >_c__, ,-', to :'11 hH, k>$''"t, -_'jj ;:,( "'" $kd.", h"-,,,ty"silrr",." Th. 1''-0 lou", NMt...,,1 of ;t'lt>d. APPSllDtx t Tt\& to.t. conduoted in j(Ol"U .ith urth .ug .,go ,...te UN Olio. effort (ou..ber of nor hit) oanMt 06 gl.... ", ond would not Meusarlly be n 10 'boUu$d, that tho HI( &"ploY"6 thlr ",1M' '"0".. orUotlvUy than did UN forces, and tho UII forcu d16 not Uk. full .. of tbe .ultabillty of tt.. Kor.an t&rrUn Cor .ntlhnk mln8 &mployn>ont. 8uee.. u of Enemy Operations Tboo chUr roUQns for tru. ravorable .nB,"' exohange rU$ "OM 1>1. " 0' """dOlll field. hulng no ..8111 pane"". II.l)(l U.'I r.n""", tg ut _upon US tank 1'lleu dato. aro sho1m in full in .. ble III. ,ACTION Duo. on }7 US tanks lirlllloblllMd by enemy .,lnea or un""portod US minos again .ho. tho no.d for a l.eth.&l 1111".... In 010$' In .hneu tho damage ... contin.d to tho traok., shock all_orber>, road who1-o, oproelteU,o.nd braekets. '1'1>0 re;>&lr. u.uan,. ..ouid toke rrOtO 20 to houu"1n tho "nit or bettalion. In tho f ... euhre tho oxploalve ohargee _ro letha), tho d....age and 10ao8& _re aori",,'. In "'0 0....horo the load tank hit four d.",olltlon cl:l.O.rg." noor of tho Unk .... ruptured, Ion u'ld t-.o or tho or n .... killod and tlV.o .o",,"e". In anoth.r e......Mre dynamlt. boo. tel' .....ddod, tho track n. dutro,.od, Mttom buoklod, tor.ln bar. dtr""ed, .n eloc_ trieal eon,,"etiono d.._S.. d, and tOrn 10'0. TI>O hnk had to be .ont to FUOaD for ."to".I.., r.pUr. In .""'. OROU tho da,.,.oe .tlH oau tho t!l.llk to he abondoD.d to 06 a ".et_up" for other $".my .... apon . In OM cU. tho dI,"bied to"" ['ni.'>ed off bJ .. th.,.,.lte .. lSi. br. n, K, of thlo uport. gun. abandonment 80tion Tn... or ""'880 1;0 US A....or I AHZtll)!X grenade; in another eau tile !.mnOblll..d load t ..nk .... burned Iry the one"'1; and In a third ea 8. t&nk with only track had to be abandonod. From tho oau.od by tho fe_ latnal min. charg recorded, It I. apparent thO.t t ... of the ;? tank. _QuId havo ucapod urlouo had a lothal ",Ino hoen p,..sont In eTery can. In addition, th. toll of crew ouualtlu "ould hA..., had a d.flnite denwrnlhlng effoet on tank ere1l Tb8 additional data provide furtha .. evldenc. of tl favor_ able raU poulhlo for ",In... to.nk.. Whllo the tankn be repaired after mo,t encounter., it re..Uno tru. tbo.t non 8. OeIll?OU,.,. or 00 I .. portant a ..eapon ao a hnk lltIly con_ otltute nrlou. Impdrment of .tr.ngth during a parled of aotlon. For Instance, on. battle action .... stat 4,000 yaros beyond Chlnju, Q lesd tank, an M26, .8.8 '.."obl1luo "t1y on Momy mine. A. "!M detector Oq'llad of the 65th Engineer C"",b .. t Battalion r ...OTed 11 mlne. fr-m tho road. On.thounnd yard. north, anot!"tor m!no fteld '"u encount.red which r ulted In tM l",",ob1l1utlon of an M4A3. Three Olin...... re removed fr"", tho road. Thu$" ",ore 16 ",lnos had put Ot.oen 100 o.nd 200 box_type .,In.s the rood.ide. "Armor In the Infant,.,. rport to the Oporation. Il.....reh Office ",ade by loIaJor Robert T. Shay.r, BattaHon the of tho 70th Tank &tt&l1on, .tato. thsed tt-,e o!'ten dlffl:t"nt mine_fIeld ap"oar. to be, as applied to rood bJ.oOk., c6ptain that mino. be in thQ.e .pot. "h,er& heavy traffle Is lndICUed (ruts, tl .... traok., @tMt.ra) and on the the road; that they b@ In A$ depth a, pM.lbb, and b $0 that a vehIcle cannot ".ave it. without dHoitattng &t l.ut one I1Ilno; that they l>o plaoed I" a pUce in road .uch. a, a cut. or rill. or by_pa.. : th8t tly b. at l.aot covorod by rlfl. fIre. and Once 0nlIne flsH on the road has b.en r.OlO..,d. try to r.phce it uc,..,tly tho very by U3. of guerrillas." It 10 thu the po.tte"". 8,.., 1Inprov'.ad ,t ths tI"e of hying .-ith rel"arnhe the'" tomporarlly. Tsnh &NI uldorn Injured by m:ina., h01/ev.p, a. tho ",iM' 8re ve'l"f poorly rn tho casu obsePved !n this area, no att.. ",pt. at ..glng had been made ucept to t ..o !nch!!a of ).oo.e cUrt ths ",lne. causIng. hump in tho rad at that pOInt and ther6by to It. !'lad been dug. and tete dIrt .lthOut a ooIn6." ThIs "OS r.ported to l>o confu.ing. 11.. to fire covar, tho flald. round in the area had not been oovsred by 4T "''''' pre.Mlt In tho mined a""a. evidenUy to v.event hand removal. on the they have been 1norfeetlve. 'tne Report concludu that In I1>r-..&rd aU"3 Infiltrators .-111 often ,neak back the night foLowlng remov8l- of th@ m1""8 and plRce nn mlnu I" t11 .... holu. practice or unOom s"place""'nt dtb ,,0 .at .. ! , ,"- , ," " -1 " ,! l c .. ,.. ,c ., " ;!,I, " J1.9,, 'I .. '" .... .. . ill "g .,' ,., .'., ,. -.,", " " , ,-, . "t] ., " ,.. ,,.'" "t;; " .., " ,""'" '" , t"'j " .. !: ... " ,.",.,,, .. ,,'" ., .. '" 0