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Employers’ willingness to invest in workers’ health
Maciek DobrasInGRID Seminar, 11.12.2015 (HIVA)
Contents
OSH in the EU overview of OSH in PL presentation of the project
work carried out in HIVA further steps and interview strategy
discussion
Overview of OSH in the EU (I)
OSH= ‘working environment’ + ‘health’ main legislative instrument are the OSH
Directives, including the FD 391/89/EEC minimum level of protection against work-related
risks, common processes & mechanisms possible to go beyond, but not below 2 approaches: process-driven vs prescriptive 3 different OSH strategies
Medical
Technical & organizatio
nal
Psychosocial
Overview of OSH strategies in the EU (II)Biomedical Environmental Holistic
Means of influence
Legislativ
e
Technical
& process
Medical
Approach
Countries
Source: Kopias (2001), Walters (2013), OSHWIKI (2015) and LEGOSH (2015)
Overview of OSH strategies in the EU (III)Biomedical Environmental Holistic
Means of influence
Legislativ
e
many regulations,
poor execution, obligation-control-fine
less detailed, legal measures
replaced with economic incentives
of ‘framework’ character, room for
negotiations between employers
and workers
Technical
& process
used but not as a priority
measure
modernisation of work equipment
and soft measures (work
organization)
treated together, in light of health other,
non-work related health determinants;
participatory approach towards OSH with active
involvement of many players
Medical
dominant role, fit-for-work
examinations
seldom used, multidisciplinary OHS in operation,
advisors
Approach prescriptive process- oriented
Countries Post-communist
Western & Southern Europe
Central Europe, Scandinavian
Overview of OSH in the EU Are sickness
absences routinely analysed with a view to improving working conditions?
Biomedical:~25-30%
EU: 51%
Source: ESENER2 (2014)
Overview of OSH in the EU An expert
dealing with the ergonomic design and set up of workplaces
Biomedical:~15%
EU:34%
Source: ESENER2 (2014)
Overview of OSH in the EU Does your
establishment have a plan to prevent work related stress?
Biomedical:~10-15%
EU: 34%
Overview of OSH in the EU Ability to do the
same job at the age of 60.
Biomedical:~50%
EU: 59%
Source: EWCS (2010)
Overview of OSH in the EU Does your work
affect your health negatively?
Biomedical:~35+%
EU: 25%
Source: EWCS (2010)
Overview of the Polish OSH system
unlike any other OSH system in the EU 2 domains (work safety & hygiene, occupational
medicine) no OHS (as per ILO Co. 161) but two independent
services with very little cooperation and coordination between the two (especially the case in SMEs)
compulsory prophylactic medical examinations (PMEs)
About the project
Employers’ willingness to invest in workers’ health
Aim of the research: learn about the factors, which determine whether or not employers decide to invest in workers’ health (only PMEs or more)
Materials and methods: literature review, online questionnaire and telephone interviews
Dissemination: publications State of the art: data collection To be done: interviews, data analysis and
dissemination
Work carried out at HIVA (I)
translation of the online questionnaire dichotomisation of variables, data coding,
labelling & cluster analysis initial interpretation of the results choice of questions for further interviews preparation of an article on health literacy and
PMEs (in Polish, submitted)
At HIVA: 8 variables included in the CA
re: acceptance of OSH obligations (Q1) re: acceptance of PME costs of (Q2) re: presence of a written contract for PMEs (Q6) re: presence of any other medical activities (Q9) re: presence of any other non-medical activities
(Q11) re: appropriateness of the workplace (Q16) re: appropriateness of the employer (Q17) re: supportiveness of current conditions (Q18)
At HIVA: CA- dendrogram
At HIVA: results of the CAVar. Cluster
1Cluster II Cluster
IIICluster
IVCluster
VCluster
VI
1. obligations
0 0.29 0 0.69 1 1
2. costs 0 0.86 0.19 0.5 0.56 0.29
3. contract 1 1 0 0.94 0.78 0.71
4. extra medical
0.13 0 0 0.69 0 0
5. extra non-
medical
0 0.86 0.06 0.88 0 0
6. workplace
0.2 0.57 0.38 0.88 0.89 0
7. employer
0 0 0.25 0.94 0.89 0.14
8. state support
0 0 0.06 0.25 0.11 0
Count 15 7 16 16 9 7
Name Sceptics
Contestants
Avoiders
Doers Keeners Compliers
At HIVA: initial interpretation- Cluster 1Var. Cluster 1
1. Obligations
0
2. Costs 0
3. Contract 1
4. Extra medical
0.13
5. Extra non-medical
0
6. Workplace 0.2
7. Employer 0
8. State support
0
Count 15
Name Sceptics
employers is not the right person to take care of OSH issues nor other health related activities
too many regulations, no belief in the state or workplace
Supposed links with: lower level of education, SME sector
Company: Ubezpieczenia PL
At HIVA: initial interpretation- Cluster 2Var. Cluster 1I
1. Obligations
0.29
2. Costs 0.86
3. Contract 1
4. Extra medical
0
5. Extra non-medical
0.86
6. Workplace 0.57
7. Employer 0
8. State support
0
Count 7
Name Contestants
strains are felt, responsibility for OSH and workers’ health should not be on employers,
workplace seems an appropriate place for such actions
Supposed links with: young companies, decently educated
Company: Vita Med Gdynia
At HIVA: initial interpretation- Cluster 3Var. Cluster III
1. Obligations
0
2. Costs 0.19
3. Contract 0
4. Extra medical
0
5. Extra non-medical
0.06
6. Workplace 0.38
7. Employer 0.25
8. State support
0.06
Count 16
Name Avoiders
employer is not the right person to take care of OSH issues, responsibility elswhere
no regard for OSH obligations
Supposed links with: SME sector
Company: Dasyacht
At HIVA: initial interpretation- Cluster 4Var. Cluster IV
1. Obligations
0.69
2. Costs 0.5
3. Contract 0.94
4. Extra medical
0.69
5. Extra non-medical
0.88
6. Workplace 0.88
7. Employer 0.94
8. State support
0.25
Count 16
Name Doers
question V1 and V2 still accept status quo and
go beyond PMEs
Supposed links with: leadership, large, possibly foreign companies with own OSH policies
Company: Cemex
At HIVA: initial interpretation- Cluster 5Var. Cluster V
1. Obligations
1
2. Costs 0.56
3. Contract 0.78
4. Extra medical
0
5. Extra non-medical
0
6. Workplace 0.89
7. Employer 0.89
8. State support
0.11
Count 9
Name Keeners
accept state-of-the-art recognize the importance
& appropriateness of V6 & V7
keen to do more but under more supportive conditions
Supposed links with: higher level of education, medium-sized enterprises
Company: Dartex
At HIVA: initial interpretation- Cluster 6Var. Cluster VI
1. Obligations
1
2. Costs 0.29
3. Contract 0.71
4. Extra medical
0
5. Extra non-medical
0
6. Workplace 0
7. Employer 0.14
8. State support
0
Count 7
Name Compliers
in principle only obey by minimum requirements,
costs are an issue
Supposed links with: SME sector
Company: Amtest
Examples of questions for interviews
Cluster Question
Obligations/responsibilit
y
Costs
Suport
1 (Sceptics)Do you think the employer should be held responsible for safeguarding OSH at all, including bearing the costs? Why (not)?
+ +
2 (Contestants)
Can I confirm that you contest the Polish OSH system? In what way is it weak? Would you be interested in OSH if the approach was more process-oriented instead of being merely prescriptive?
+ +
3 (Avoiders)
From your answers to the online questionnaire it seems you have little regard for the necessity to have a written contract for PMEs. Is this correct? Why? Is it because of the associated costs or do you think it should not be your responsibility?
+ +
4 (Doers)Is there a plan for the evaluation of additional activities you are undertaking? Why (Y/N) What are the effects? Please rate the costs of additional activities you offer.
+ +
5 (Keeners)
What conditions should be met by the state to expect a fuller engagement in OSH activities from you? More advice (from which entities/services?) or greater participation of the workers?
? ? +
6 (Compliers)
What is your main motivation to comply with existing regulations? Why do you think the system is fair as it is?
+ +
Other tasks & future steps
completion of an article (submitted; in Polish), in which I argue that low interest in additional health related activities/infringements of the law as regards PMEs may be due to poor health literacy of the main actors
future steps: follow-up on the online questionnaire, pilot the telephone questionnaire, identify and approach employers representative of the different clusters and interview them, write-up
Thank you for your attention &
and a very supportive and inspiring stay HIVA!