Empires in East Asia, 600–1350 QUIT Chapter Overview Time Line Visual Summary SECTION Two Great Dynasties in China 1 SECTION The Mongol Conquests 2 SECTION

Empires in East Asia, 600–1350

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Chapter OverviewChapter Overview

Time LineTime Line

Visual SummaryVisual Summary

SECTION Two Great Dynasties in China 1

SECTION The Mongol Conquests 2

SECTION Empire of the Great Khan 3

SECTION Feudal Powers in Japan 4

SECTION Kingdoms of Southeast Asia and Korea 5

12CHAPTER

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Chapter Overview

China, the most advanced country in the world, is conquered by the Mongols, who overrun most of Asia and eastern Europe. They rule briefly before losing their empire. China and India influence the cultures of Japan, Korea, and many Southeast Asian kingdoms.

12CHAPTER


794 Heian period begins in Japan.

935 Koryu Dynasty controls Korea.

960 Song Dynasty established in China.

1185 Kamakura shogunate rules Japan.

1279 Kublai Khan conquers China.

12CHAPTER

Time Line

600 1350

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618 Tang Dynasty begins 300-year rule in China. Scholar-officials managed the Tang government.


During the Tang and Song Dynasties, China becomes the richest, most powerful, and most advanced country in the world. Its trading routes extend throughout Asia.

OverviewOverview AssessmentAssessment

Key Idea

Two Great Dynasties in China

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MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

During the Tang and Song dynasties, China experienced an era of prosperity and tech-nological innovation.

Chinese inventions from this period, such as printing, gunpowder, and the compass, changed history.

Overview


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AssessmentAssessment

• Tang Taizong

• Wu Zhao

• movable type

• gentry

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Explain the similarities and differences between the Tang and Song dynasties.


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Section 1 Assessment

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Tang Only Song OnlyBoth

Expanded the empire, had a female ruler,reformed the civil service

Prospered through trade, improved agriculture, created great art and

literature

Ruled smaller empire, developed into great sea power, created paper money and movable type

2. What impact did improvements in transportation have on Tang and Song China? THINK ABOUT

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1 Assessment

• ways transportation was improved • how these improvements were made • relationships among regions in China • trade with other countries

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continued . . .

• Expanded roads and canals linked regions of China and spurred trade.

• Advances in sailing technology expanded sea trade and cultural exchange with other nations.

Possible Responses:

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3. What actions taken by the Sui, Tang, and Song emperors strengthened China’s empire? What actions weakened it?THINK ABOUT

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1 Assessment

• military gains and losses • changes to the government • improvements in transportation and trade • cultural changes

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• Strengthened: built Grand Canal (Sui); guarded Silk Roads, improved roads, promoted trade, restored civil service (Tang); improved agriculture, expanded sea trade, issued paper money (Song)

• Weakened: imposed high taxes, lost control of empire (Tang); lost northern China (Song)

Possible Responses:

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End of Section 1

The Mongols, a nomadic people from the Central Asian steppes, succeed in conquering most of Asia and eastern Europe. They establish the largest empire the world has ever seen and briefly rule China.


Key Idea

The Mongol Conquests 2HOME

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The Mongols, a nomadic people from the steppe, conquered settled societies across much of Asia.

The Mongols built the largest unified land empire in world history.

Overview


• pastoralist

• clan

• Genghis Khan MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

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The Mongol Conquests

Genghis Khan unites Mongols.

The Mongol Conquests 2

1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the series of events leading to the creation of the Mongol Empire.


continued . . .

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Genghis Khan conquers Central Asia.

His son Ogadai becomes Great Khan.

Mongols spread conquest south, east, and west.

Ogadai dies and westward campaign ends.

Mongol Empire controls much of Eurasia.

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The Mongol Conquests 2

2 Assessment

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• Nomadic groups fought among themselves, which geared them for warfare.

• Contact with other cultures brought new weapons and tactics.

• Large supply caravans gave armies mobility and flexibility.

• Riding skills, stirrups made cavalry powerful.

• Mobile way of life was well suited for war.

Possible Responses:

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2. What characteristics of Mongol culture do you think contributed to their military success? Explain your response. THINK ABOUT

• how the nomadic way of life shaped Mongol culture • the personality and leadership qualities of Genghis Khan • Mongol weapons and tactics

End of Section 2

Mongol rule opens China to foreign visitors and to extensive trade both internally and abroad. Marco Polo’s visit to China introduces the country and its many inventions to Europe.


Key Idea

Empire of the Great Khan

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continued . . .

Kublai Khan ruled China and encouraged foreign trade, but the Yuan Dynasty was beset by problems.

The influence of Chinese ideas on Western civilization began with the Mongols’ encouragement of trade.

Overview


• Kublai Khan

• Marco Polo

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List seven events that show the impact of Kublai Khan on East Asia.


continued . . .

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Conquered China

Improved communication

within China and across Asia

Failed to conquer JapanReunited China

Established a Mongol dynasty

(Yuan)Extended foreign

trade

Fought unsuccessful wars in Southeast Asia

Kublai Khan

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ANSWERANSWER

No—The policies only made the Chinese resent the Mongols and eventually rebel; granting the Chinese more power and freedom might have led them to accept Mongol rule.

Yes—The Chinese resented foreign rule, and strong policies kept them at bay; only weakened leadership allowed the dynasty to be overthrown.

Possible Responses:

2. Judging from the events of the Yuan Dynasty, do you think the Mongol policies toward the Chinese were effective? THINK ABOUT

• the accomplishments of Kublai Khan as emperor of China • the Mongols’ policies towards the Chinese • the military campaigns of Kublai Khan

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• the fate of the Yuan Dynasty

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• Kublai Khan spent years in China and adopted many of its ways.

• He built luxurious palaces and dressed as a Chinese emperor.

• He moved the capital from Mongolia to Beijing.

• He kept Chinese government institutions in place.

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3. What evidence is there that the Chinese way of life influenced the Mongol conquerors? THINK ABOUT

• the seat of Kublai Khan’s empire • Kublai’s actions as emperor of China

End of Section 3

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Japanese civilization is shaped by Chinese influence, the clan system, and a feudal system. Rival war lords eventually set an emperor over all of Japan.


Key Idea

Feudal Powers in Japan

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Japanese civilization was shaped by cultural borrowing from China and the rise of feudalism and military rulers.

An openness to adapting innovations from other cultures is still a hallmark of Japanese society.

Overview


• Shinto

• samurai

• Bushido

• shogun


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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Summarize the main periods and events in Japanese history between the years 300 and 1300.


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continued . . .


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Event Two

Event One

Event Four Event Six

Event Three Event Five Event Seven300

Chinese writings first

mention Japan.

500 Koreans bring Buddhist images and scriptures to

Yamato court.

600s-800sJapan adopts

aspects of Chinese culture.

794Capital moved

to Heian.

1000-1200Feudal system

develops.

1192Yoritomo

becomes first shogun.

1274 and 1281Japan turns back Mongol

invasions.


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2. Was the rise of the shogun beneficial for Japan overall? Explain. THINK ABOUT

• problems developing in feudal Japan • powers of the shogun


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• achievements under the Kamakura shoguns

Yes, a strong military leader can reduce conflicts between rival clans.

No, power is concentrated in one person.

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End of Section 4

India and China heavily influence Vietnam, Cambodia, Korea, and other Southeast Asian cultures. These kingdoms struggle to remain independent.


Key Idea

Kingdoms of Southeast Asia and Korea

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Several smaller kingdoms prospered in East and Southeast Asia, a region culturally influenced by China and India.

Chinese cultural influences still affect East and Southeast Asia today.

Overview


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• Khmer Empire

• Angkor Wat

• Koryu Dynasty MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

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Kingdom or Dynasty Accomplishments

1. List six important kingdoms or dynasties covered in this section, and at least two major accomplishments of each.


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continued . . .

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Khmer

Srivijaya

Sailendra

Vietnam

Silla

Koryu

Built irrigation system and Angkor Wat

Dominated Strait of Malacca; created center of Buddhist learning

Prospered through agriculture; built Borobudur

Gained independence from China; defeated the Mongols

United Korea; developed writing

Established civil service; produced celadon pottery

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ANSWERANSWER

• Southeast Asia’s climate favored rice production.

• Proximity to India and China helped shaped its culture.

• Sea routes provided profitable trade.

• Mountain ranges and the sea helped Korea remain independent from Japan.

Possible Responses:

2. Give examples to show how geography influenced the history and culture of Southeast Asia and of Korea.THINK ABOUT

• the climate • location relative to other countries • natural features of water and land

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End of Section 5

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Empires in East Asia, 600–1350 QUIT Chapter Overview Time Line Visual Summary SECTION Two Great Dynasties in China 1 SECTION The Mongol Conquests 2 SECTION