Emphasizing Landscape Elements as Important Components of a Sustainable Built Environment in Nigeria

7/31/2019 Emphasizing Landscape Elements as Important Components of a Sustainable Built Environment in Nigeria

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Developing Country Studies

ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Vol 2, No.8, 2012

Emphasizing Lands

Sustaina

Department of Architecture, Fed

Tel: +234

Abstract

Many residential areas in the buil

generally unattractive and lack ba

artificial features used to create a

cannot be overemphasized. In line

concept in todays urban planning,

depletion and degradation of the n

areas in the built environment in N

elements and their use in the built e

Using a case study approach the stu

extent to which landscaping elemen

not exist in many parts of the estat

landscaping plays a vital role in ach

in the Nigerian built environment.

Keywords: Built Environment, Lan

1. Introduction

It is important at the onset of this

definition of terms used; which inc

of the built environment by variou(2006); McKechnie (2008); Shah (2

environment and surroundings enco

or modified by man. Similarly, Wik

work and recreate; it encompasses

parks and transportation. Summari

having four interrelated characterist

and it is humanly created. Going b

environment created or modified by

From time immemorial, man

amenities as argued by Bartuska (

serving mans needs, Pearce and

negative impacts that may not be iorder to meet the needs of man in t

own needs (WCED, 1987), hence,

towards designing a sustainable bui

environmental impacts. Using the

the present without compromising

achieve sustainability, the social, e

sustainable out comes in the long

physical, social and psychological e

Lombardi (2011), in order to impro

argued that sustainability in the co

environment for the future generati

life span. As such sustainable envir

As noted from the definitions

created through landscaping in ord

nline)

33

ape Elements as Important Co

le Built Environment in Nigeri

Ayeni, Dorcas .A

ral University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Ni

Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

8037006788 E-mail [email protected]

t environment in the developing countries with re

sic landscape elements. Landscape elements enco

befitting visual presentation within the built enviro

with the ethos of sustainable development, sustain

as such landscaping can be used to play a revitalizin

tural environment. This paper examines the poor st

igeria and the impact on the physical outlook. It furt

vironment and the benefits of landscaping to a sustai

dy looks at two residential housing estates in Akure,

ts have been used. The case study established that l

s and where there is, lack adequate maintenance. T

ieving a sustainable built environment and therefore

dscape Elements, Landscaping, Sustainability

study to clarify and acquaint readers with the fun

ludes, the built environment, landscaping and sustain

researchers are acknowledged. However, McMacki012); Dimuna (2011) refers to the built environment

mpassing buildings, spaces, constructed elements of t

ipedia.org (2012) defines it as the human-made spac

places and spaces created or modified by people

sing these definitions, Bartusla (2011) identifies th

ics of being extensive, everywhere, provides context

the above, the built environment can be understood

man satisfy various daily needs.

has always been known to create amenities to mee

2011) are intended to serve human needs, want an

Vanegas (2002) noted that these amenities overti

mediately noticeable and whose collective effects ne present without limiting the ability of the future g

he need to sustainably develop the environment. Fu

lt environment as noted by American Institute Archit

CED (i.e. the Brunndtland) definition of sustainabilit

the ability of future generations to meet their own

vironmental and economic needs must be in balanc

run. A sustainable built environment therefore, mu

nvironment in harmony with the human behaviour as

e and not impact adversely on the present or future g

text of the built environment acknowledges the nee

ns; consequently, what we build today should be su

nment is expected to do less harm.

bove, parks and recreation areas are part of the built

r to improve the visual perceptions, aesthetics and h

www.iiste.org

ponents of a

a

eria, P.O Box 4112,

ference to Nigeria are

pass both natural and

ment; as such its role

ability is an important

g role in the continued

ate of many residential

er discusses landscape

able built environment.

Nigeria to ascertain the

ndscaping elements do

e paper concludes that

eed to be incorporated

damental concepts and

ability. The definitions

n (2005); Curran et al.s a part of the physical

he environment created

e in which people live,

nd includes buildings,

built environment as

for human endeavours

simply as the physical

t various needs. These

d values. However, in

e create positive and

eed to be minimised innerations to meet their

thermore, the first step

ects (2012) is reducing

y meeting the needs of

needs implies that to

e with each other for a

t be able to provide a

argued by Brandon and

enerations. Pohl (2011)

d to protect the natural

tainable throughout its

environment. These are

ealth of the individual.


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On one hand, landscape is a view

2012); the view or picture in relati

and all features as can be seen in a

built environment. On the other han

and Atolagbe, 2006) is the beauti

supportive roles. It is any activity th

natural elements such as landforms,

elements (Archidude, n.d); This pr

grasses; construction of water fount

As argued by Fadamiro and

within which mans life performan

environment. Although many of th

Mercado (2008) to be part of devel

the effects from the problem. How

quality of the built environment thro

The objective of this paper is t

housing estates in Akure, Nigeria; h

2. Landscaping and the NigerianThe built environment of many

absence of landscaping elements d

infrastructure (Shuaeeb, 2010). Alth

cities, however, a lot still needs to

and Omatsone (2010) majority ar

resulted into slums and blight. Furt

the urban centre which are not aes

changes in order to be consistent wi

be achieved in other aspects of h

(Oduwaye, 2009).

As asserts by Dimuna (2011),

amenities and location is a vital corganism is in direct contact with,

centres in Nigeria were not planne

view of Arigbola (2008) Land use

agency as such cannot result into a

al (2010) opined that for man to f

place requires planning and coordi

adverse consequence on human out

Obong et al (2010) posit that

human welfare and productive life.

feature such as quality landscaping

At the same time it is an essentia

managing the environment as opine

central to human activities. Goin

environment, (Adedeji et al (2010)

design that is functional, cost effecti

3. Landscape Elements and their

As asserts by Beierkuhnlein (2002)

create a non random organisation i

functions of serving as signal to dif

of the sites circulation patterns a

categories of hard and soft material

2012). The hard landscape include

2012); which are structural in natu

sculptures. While the soft landscapArchidude, 2012), such as plants i.e

nline)

34

r picture depicting an expanse of scenery (the free

n to the built environment could depict mountains,

single view of whose interaction has given rise to va

d, landscaping as noted from the web and researcher

ication or modification of the outdoor terrain by

at modifies the visible features of an area of land, in

terrain shape and elevation, or bodies of water; huma

ocess involves the use of various elements such as

ins, sculptures, kerbs, pavement, drainage, walkways

tolagbe (2006), the environment is an interactive,

e is carried out as such landscape elements are im

problems within urban environments are acknowle

pmental problems of which Nigeria as a developing

ver, there is the need to tackle some of the proble

ugh landscaping in order to create a healthy environm

assess the extent to which landscaping elements hav

ighlighting the uses and benefits landscaping could pl

uilt Environmentigerian urban centres is unattractive, unorganised

e to the rapid rate of urbanisation and inadequate

ough, currently, there is great improvement in the ph

e done in terms of beautification through landscapin

in a state of chaos, characterised with physical d

hermore, Omoera (2012) corroborates the indiscrimi

hetically pleasing; as such there need to be aestheti

th the present and future human needs. This is becau

uman development without the complement of the

he physical environment which comprises the home,

omponent of the environment with which the indiwhose effects are visible and tangible. Unfortunat

d but were products of grown developments (Ahia

ctivity is disjointed and uncoordinated due to the ab

ositive outcome of sustainable city development. In t

nction well, the physical environment within whic

nation in order to avoid poor physical outlook whic

ut.

the quality of the environment help in creating a h

Supporting this, Akingbohungbe (2006) asserts that

and street furniture gives the environment a high stat

l and important contributor to quality of life (Fada

by Obong et al (2010) for fruitful, healthy and prod

g by the above and in improving the aesthetics

uggests that for landscaping to be sustainable, landsc

ve, visually pleasing, environmentally friendly and m

ses in the Built Environment

landscapes are composed of elements of different n

n aggregates and pattern. Furthermore, landscape el

erent areas within a site, contributes to visitor orient

d scale (Mount Annan Botanic Garden, n.d). The

s and water bodies (Adedeji and Fadamiro, 2011; At

inanimate elements also referred to as inorganic (

e such as kerbs, stones, bollards, tiles, walkways, as

e include animate elements, also known as organic. trees, shrubs, flowers, grasses and water such as poo

www.iiste.org

online Dictionary.com,

uildings, water bodies,

rious landscapes in the

(Daves garden, 2012;

an for functional and

luding living elements,

n elements and abstract

trees, flowers, shrubs,

e.t.c.

indispensable medium

ortant within the built

dged by kjellstrom and

nation is not left out of

s by improving on the

ent for man.

e been used within two

ay within these estates

nd overwhelm by the

aintenance of existing

ysical outlook of major

g. As noted by Dimuna

eterioration which has

nate posting of bills in

cally pleasing physical

e; sustainability cannot

physical environment

the structural stability,

idual, community andely, most of the urban

ba et al, 2008). In the

sence of a coordinating

he same vein, Obong et

human activities take

h in the long run have

ealthy environment for

a good environmental

s and urban aesthetics.

iro, 2000). Therefore

ctive living is vital and

of the Nigerian built

ping must begin with a

aintainable.

ture which interacts to

ements have important

tion and understanding

elements fall into two

lagbe and Olorunfemi,

aff, 2006; Archidude,

phalt, paving, planters,

elements (Blake, 1999;ls, pond, and fountains.


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Integrating these elements not only

the built environment making it bea

Hard landscape is a landscape

signal and points of reference for

appearance and overall character a

integrating these elements systemat

As a design element, hard landscap

them. Through design imagination,

landscape features that can attract

pleasure to the landscape. Not only

in the landscape, orchestrate the wa

landscape can create very unique lo

Soft landscape as opposed to t

shrubs trees and flower bed and in a

screening and maintaining privacy,

important for biodiversity.

Some hard landscape element

discussed in the works of Schlenger

are summarised below.Collectively, trees, shrubs, flo

landscape elements. Apart from se

control, defines pathway, noise poll

as air purification.

Trees in landscaping are used n

rows to create vistas, used as focal

variety of appearances, some flowe

direct pedestrian traffic flow as well

Flowers and flower beds give

arranged symmetrically or in assym

Hedges can be used to mark prope

can be from trees or shrubs, plantedto add beauty to the landscape and

covers used in private gardens, publ

While the water features which

provide visual satisfaction, focal poi

Street lights, barriers or bollar

etc can be categorised under the ha

movement and direction and come i

provide comfort within the lands

direction.

4. The Benefits of Landscaping to

Although, adding to the beauty an

there are other vital benefits lands

economic, health and psychological

aesthetics reasons are beneficial p

apart from enhancing and complem

sense of well being. As such landsc

(2011), it is important that people r

way to encourage people to invest i

Economically, it has been ac

Frank, 2003; Riggins, 2011) that

landscaping can also increase the pr

also cuts down on maintenance, and

families, clients, employees and frie

At the same time a tree shadinpercent and reduce air conditionin

nline)

35

add to the aesthetics but also aid mans visual attract

tiful and functional.

elements play a number of important functional roles

visitor orientation and circulation, as well as contri

d identity (Mount Annan Botanic Garden, n.d). Lan

ically within the environment to give it aesthetically

e materials can make no contribution until the desig

Ingels (2009) argued that hard landscape materials c

the eye, add mass and weight to the composition,

does it reduce maintenance costs, in addition helps d

y the landscape is viewed and enhance its beauty. Fo

ks and generate lots of interest.

he inanimate hard landscape includes flowers, plants,

ddition animals, Beaulieu (2008). Thus soft landscap

which breaks the monotony of view; provides habit

and soft landscape elements; their usefulness and

(2012); Synor (2001); Beaulieu (2012), Ayeni (2012)

ers, hedges and lawn can be referred to as vegetation

ving the function of visual enhancement, they furth

ution, microclimate modifiers, demarcations, shading

ot only for aesthetic purposes but also create shades,

oints and can be placed in a straight line for effect.

ing and others evergreen. They can be used as barrie

as serve as a barrier for unwanted foot traffic.

olour and attractive effects to the landscape. They c

trical patterns and in different shapes to give a beauti

ty lines, screening views, provide barriers and also

close together in a row. Could be formal or informalcan also be used in fences. Lawns are made from

ic gardens and parks and used to create aesthetics.

are also important landscape elements include ponds

nt, swimming and add to the aesthetics of the environ

s, fences, railings, signage, walkways, rocks, bricks,

rd landscape and street furniture. The walkways or

in different shapes, colours and sizes. The street fur

ape. The signs give effective communication of

a Sustainable Built Environment

aesthetics of the environment is a major benefit o

aping provide. This as corroborated by Frank (200

, and environmental benefits. As opined by Riggin (

rposes that go beyond mere adding architectural d

enting a space, it provides benefits such as health, ec

aping does not serve the purpose of beautifying alone

ecognize that landscaping is not just a way of beauti

it for functional and aesthetics purposes.

nowledge by various researchers (Laverne and Wi

, landscaping apart from increasing the aesthetic

operty value, by adding to the resale value of a buildi

gives home and business owners more time to enjoy

nds (Freeland, 2009)

an outdoor air conditioner unit can increase its efficicost by fifteen percent if used to block the sun fro

www.iiste.org

ion and comfort within

in the garden acting as

ibuting to the gardens

dscape design involves

pleasing visual effects.

ner decides how to use

an be transformed into

create themes and add

ivide and define spaces

r example, rocks in the

groundcovers, hedges,

serves the functions of

at for animals which is

ses in landscaping are

; Archidude (2012) and

and categorised as soft

ermore help in erosion

, wind breakers as well

they can be arranged in

lso, Shrubs come in a

rs, ground cover and to

n be grouped together,

ful design. Futhermore,

s wind breakers. They

l, trimmed and prunnedgrass and other ground

lakes, pools, fountains

ment.

seats, bus shelters, bins

aved paths help define

niture or site amenities

information and show

landscaping, however,

) can be grouped into

011), in addition to the

coration. Furthermore,

onomic and the overall

. As argued by Riggins

ying an area but also a

nson-Geideman, 2003;

s quality of property,

ng and speed its sale. It

their gardens with their

ency by as much as tenm windows and walls.


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Furthermore, trees, hedges, grasses

the sun thereby reducing heat ga

mechanical and electrical systems (

Psychologically and health wis

trees and flowers, experienced less j

elements from their windows.

Another psychological and h

community, enhanced communicati

participate in tree planting.

Frank (2003) noted that more v

and at the same time foster infor

activities that come with gardenin

(2003); Freeland (2009) and Riggin

noises, reduces runoff and also filte

pollution. Furthermore, Plants impr

Control odours from livestock opera

Riggins (2011) noted that pla

become spaces that can be used f

seating areas provided can encourathe wildlife attracted to a planted

asserts that, in designing a landscap

plants and hardscape materials in h

(2010) and the Wordpress (2011)

erosion, improved air quality, lo

aesthetic quality, increases the resa

environment. Thus a sustainable bu

will enhance the beauty of the envi

contribute to human well being and

5. Study Area and Methodology

Akure, the Ondo state capital, NigLocated in the South Western part o

state capital in 1976 (Akinbamijo,

Million in 1996 (Aribigbola, 2008)

latitude 70

15 North of the Equato

km2

of land and is about 700 km S

Aribigbola, 2011). It is 350 kilom

forest region of Nigeria (Aribigbol

urbanisation which has led to the cr

Since the objective of the stud

the built environment, the study ut

approach using two residential hous

major housing estates in Akure, ho

Apart from the primary sourc

internet, journal articles, and book

preferred in order to have an in-de

within the selected estates. As noted

the data within a specific context.

estates was carried out to identify

collected using field notes, photo

narrative approach.

6. Selected case studies and Findi

6.1 Case study 1- Ijapo Housing

Ijapo estate is one of the estates in

estate in which residential properti

nline)

36

and shrubs can protect your home from harsh winds

ins inside the building which in turn, reduces t

iggins, 2011).

e, Frank (2003) argued that workers with a view of n

ob pressure, and reported fewer ailments than those

ealth benefit as asserts by Ames (1980) is havin

on with neighbours, and more control over their envi

egetation in a common place within the neighbourho

al social interaction. Health and strength also incr

(Freeland, 2009). Environmentally, as compiled fr

s (2011), plants serves as buffer for noise pollution bl

rs pollutants from rain water preventing it from beco

ove air quality by removing smoke, dust, and other

tions, and provides visual isolation and aesthetic enha

nts in combination with other outdoor landscape el

r organized events, casual meetings or simply ta

e and give the visitor or user a sense of communityabitat sometimes results in pleasant natural sounds.

e, framing vistas, introducing mystery, and creating y

armony, will create a lasting beauty. Thus summariz

affirm that these benefits include water quality p

er summer air temperatures, natural resource con

le value of property, natural attraction for birds and

ilt environment must be able to provide opportunity

ronment, pleasing and functional, attract developmen

at the same time remain viable for the future.

ria is the study area within which the selected estaf the country, as shown in figure 1, is a medium sized

2006; Ogunbodede, 2007) and has a population th

to 3.4 Million in 2006 (Olajuyigbe and Rotowa, 201

and longitude 50

14 East of the Greenwich Meridia

outhwest of Abuja, the federal capital of Nigeria (Ol

tres from Lagos, Nigerias former capital and lies

a, 2011). Peculiar to Akure as with many other citi

ation of both public and private housing estates (Aki

is to assess the extent to which landscaping element

ilised the qualitative method of data collection and

ing estates in Akure, the Ondo State capital, Nigeria.

ever, two were selected using the convenience sampli

of data collection, relevant materials were also sou

s amongst others. The primary source using the ca

pth understanding of the availability and the need o

by Zainal (2007) case study method enables a resear

Prior to the site visit, an intensive reconnaissance as

notable landscape elements used or absent within

raphic evidence and general observation, and anal

gs

Estate

kure managed by the Ondo State Housing Coopera

es were developed by private individuals (Olujimi

www.iiste.org

and absorbs heat from

he demand placed on

tural elements, such as

ho could only see built

g a stronger sense of

onment when residents

d encourages more use

ease with the Physical

m the works of Frank

ocking out surrounding

ming a source of water

pollutants from the air.

ncement

ements and plazas can

ing a break; also, the

cohesion. Furthermore,Also, Freeland (2009)

ar-round interest using

ing the benefits, Fillon

rotection, reduced soil

ervation, Stress relief,

ildlife and helps the

for landscaping which

t in order to be able to

es are situated. Akure,city which became the

at has grown from 2.6

1). Akure is located on

n; It occupies about 35

lujimi and Bello, 2009;

ithin the tropical rain

es are the processes of

bamijo, 2006).

have been used within

adopted the case study

lthough there are four

ing method.

ced from publications,

se study approach was

f landscaping elements

her to closely examine

essment to the selected

the estates. Data was

yzed using the simple

ion. It is a government

and Bello, 2009). The


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estate is basically a housing estate

include churches, market, schools, h

During the appraisal and obse

May 2012, the following were note

1. The road network was wellHowever, some of the road

2. Natural landscape elemenindividual properties, some

3. The only form of provisionhotels where people spend

4. Very few houses have varideciduous trees to create sh

5. Also noticed was the adequ6. Through the entire estate, n

Lighting features were als

Figures 1 to 6are pictures f

6.2 Case study 2- Federal Housi

Unlike Ijapo estate which is being

popularly called Shagari estate is mwhich residential properties mainly

estate has large expanse of land wh

with specific designs and specifica

facilities provided. The following w

1. Although there is good roa2. The only plants that exist in

for wildlife and few within

3. There is adequate open spa4. Very few residents planted5. There are no other forms o

estate. Figures 7 to 12 sho

7. Discussion of Findings

The study set out to investigate th

Shagari estate Akure, Nigeria and

two selected estates visited. The bu

created or modified by man to ser

beautification (Dimuna, 2011; Bartu

Although the environment is c

consequences within the built envir

of rapid urbanization, leading to

environment which can be tackled

Unfortunately, man, especially in d

landscaping brings not only to the

environment satisfies man socially,

that of the environment and not imp

In Nigeria, there is a gradual

capitals are being transformed in se

investigation within the two selecte

stated in the literature, a healthy hu

time help man to function well. As

Evidence from the two case s

elements within both estates, and s

the unawareness of residents on the

Both estates, though managed

owned by individuals. From investi

in both estates are good, however,element within both estates as othe

nline)

37

and has a general unifying characteristic that serve s

otels and a football field.

vation visits on the use of landscaping elements in t

.

l structured for ease of movement within the estate w

s were in bad state.

ts were used sparingly to landscape the immedia

well managed while others were left bushy.

for recreation is the football field within the estate; ho

time for relaxation in the evenings.

ties of landscaping elements, some used stone fencin

ades.

ate open spaces which can be landscaped to serve rec

o water features were noticed except for the stream tha

o absent, lawns, street furniture were all none existi

om the visit showing areas within the estate.

g Estate Shagari Village

anaged by the Ondo State Housing Cooperation, the

naged by the Federal Housing Authority. It is a federbungalows were developed by the government and

ich is sold to interested private individual, however o

tions. The estate has few religious buildings, scho

ere noted during a visit to the estate in the month of

network, however, most of the roads are in bad state

the estate are natural plants which surrounds the est

the estate

ce within the estate which can be landscaped for resid

flowers within their allocated compounds

f landscape elements such as water, lighting, street f

the state of the estate at the time of visit.

extent to which landscape elements were used wit

indings from the study are discussed based on the e

ilt environment as identified from the literature is th

ve human needs and includes buildings, spaces, co

ska, 2011; Shah, 2012).

reated by man to meet mans daily needs, with tim

onment. These problems as identified in the literatur

uncontrolled development, slum creation, unattra

and a healthy environment created through landsca

eveloping countries with reference to Nigeria are no

nvironment but also to the well being of the individ

environmentally and economically by improving on

act negatively on the present and that of the future.

wareness on the importance of beautification of the

gments. However, a lot of urban centers are still bei

d housing estates. Several benefits were highlighted i

an life can be achieved through a good quality envir

uch good landscaping contributes to quality of life.

tudies; Ijapo estates and Shagari estate visited sho

ows the extent of neglect from the concerned author

several benefits that landscaping brings or not.

by the state and federal government respectively, m

ation, only a few houses have scanty landscape elem

many of the roads are in bad shape. Trees were tlandscape elements were visibly absent. Similar to

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everal functions. These

e months of April and

ich has four entrances.

e environment of the

wever, there are several

g, others plants. But no

reational needs.

t flows across the estate.

ng at the time of visit.

Federal Housing Estate

al government estate inold to individuals. The

nly allowed bungalows

ls, but no recreational

ay, 2012:

.

te and serves as habitat

ents to benefit

rniture etc. Within the

in the Ijapo estate and

isting situations in the

e physical environment

nstructed elements and

bring with it negative

are created as a result

tive and unorganized

ing and beautification.

t aware of the benefits

ual. A sustainable built

mans well being and

environment; few state

g neglected; hence the

in the literature; also as

nment and at the same

the lack of landscape

ities. And also shows

st of the properties are

ents. The road network

he dominant landscapeoth estates were bushy


6/11



surroundings and open spaces that c

cohesion.

8. Conclusion and Recommendati

The study established from the cas

small number of properties have v

management, by creating a horticu

shrubs, hedges) and other landscape

Landscaping has so many ben

for attractive environment, there ne

beautification.

Furthermore, many of the ope

could carve out open spaces specifi

unity within the estates.

The paper has elaborated on th

and human well being. In order to

governments input in transforming

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Figure 1

Figures 1 and 2 showing a brick fen

Figure 3

Figures 3 and 4 showing a bushy pr

Figure 5

Figures 5 and 6 showing bad section

nline)

41

Figure 2

ce, drainage, un-tarred road, sparing landscape featur

Figure 4

perties, few trees and worn out tarred road

Figure 6

s of different roads due to erosion and few trees

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s


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Figure 7

Figures 7 and 8 showing the state o

Figure 9

Figures 9 and 10 showing the terrai

Figure11

Figures 11 and 12 showing the natu

nline)

42

Figure 8

the road and the estate setting

Figure 10

, the natural vegetation and state of the estate

Figure 12

al vegetation and spaces that can be landscaped

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