Emotion&Stress

8/8/2019 Emotion&Stress

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EMOTIONEMOTION



EmotionEmotion

An An emotionemotion is a mental and physiological stateis a mental and physiological stateassociated with a wide variety of associated with a wide variety of feelingsfeelings,,thoughtsthoughts , and, and behaviorbehavior..

A conscious mental reaction (as anger or fear) A conscious mental reaction (as anger or fear)subjectively experienced as strong feeling usually subjectively experienced as strong feeling usually

directed toward a specific object and typically directed toward a specific object and typically accompanied by physiological and behavioralaccompanied by physiological and behavioralchanges in the body.changes in the body.



PHYS IOLOGICAL C H ANGE S PHYS IOLOGICAL C H ANGE S



Internal ChangesInternal ChangesGalvanic skin response (polygraph instrument)Galvanic skin response (polygraph instrument)Glandular changes(adrenal gland)Glandular changes(adrenal gland)P upillometricsP upillometricsNeural(sympathetic& parasympathetic)Neural(sympathetic& parasympathetic)H eart and pulse rateH eart and pulse rate



External ChangesExternal Changes(Non(Non--Verbal Communication of Emotions) Verbal Communication of Emotions) Voice Quality Voice QualityFacial ExpressionsFacial ExpressionsBody P ostures:Body P ostures:Gestures and the way we move communicate ourGestures and the way we move communicate ouremotionsemotionsExplicit ActsExplicit ActsS uch as slamming doors, smiling etc«S uch as slamming doors, smiling etc«



Facial ExpressionsFacial Expressions



R OBE R T P LUTC H IK· s WheelR OBE R T P LUTC H IK· s Wheel

ModelModelP lutchik's model is based on an emotion wheel.P lutchik's model is based on an emotion wheel. This shows eight basic emotions. These are made This shows eight basic emotions. These are madeup of four pairs of opposites: joy and sadness,up of four pairs of opposites: joy and sadness,acceptance and disgust, fear and anger, andacceptance and disgust, fear and anger, andsurprise and anticipation. According to P lutchik surprise and anticipation. According to P lutchik

we cannot experience opposite emotions at the we cannot experience opposite emotions at thesame time. They are also positive (joy, acceptance,same time. They are also positive (joy, acceptance,anticipation and surprise) or negative (anger, fear,anticipation and surprise) or negative (anger, fear,disgust and sadness). P ositive emotions are seendisgust and sadness). P ositive emotions are seento have a positive impact on our health whileto have a positive impact on our health whilenegative emotions can make us ill.negative emotions can make us ill.





Two Dimensional approach Two Dimensional approach

Positive Affectivity/Negative Affectivity Positive Affectivity/Negative Affectivity pleasantness/unpleasantness andpleasantness/unpleasantness andattention/rejection, proposed by attention/rejection, proposed by Schlosberg1941, PA and NA are independentSchlosberg1941, PA and NA are independentdimensions i.e. person can be high on both atdimensions i.e. person can be high on both atthe same time e.g. enthusiastic yet angry also.the same time e.g. enthusiastic yet angry also.





T H EO R IE S OF EMOTION T H EO R IE S OF EMOTION

James James--Lange TheoryLange Theory

CannonCannon- -Bard TheoryBard TheoryS chachterS chachter- -S inger TheoryS inger TheoryLazarus TheoryLazarus Theory



The The James James--Lange theoryLange theory of emotion argues that anof emotion argues that anevent causes physiological arousal first and then weevent causes physiological arousal first and then weinterpret this arousal as an emotion.interpret this arousal as an emotion. If the arousal is notIf the arousal is notnoticed or is not given any thought, then we will notnoticed or is not given any thought, then we will notexperience any emotion based on this event.experience any emotion based on this event.

EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late atEXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late atnight.night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to You hear footsteps behind you and you begin totremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens.deepens. You notice these physiological changes and You notice these physiological changes andinterpret them as your body's preparation for a fearfulinterpret them as your body's preparation for a fearfulsituation.situation. You then experience fear. You then experience fear.

Event Arousal Interpretation EmotionEvent Arousal Interpretation Emotion



The The CannonCannon- -Bard theoryBard theory argues that weargues that we

experience physiological arousal and emotion atexperience physiological arousal and emotion atthe same time, but gives no attention to the rolethe same time, but gives no attention to the roleof thoughts or outward behavior.of thoughts or outward behavior.EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley You are walking down a dark alley late at night.late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and You hear footsteps behind you andyou begin to tremble, your heart beats faster,you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster,and your breathing deepens.and your breathing deepens. At the same time At the same time

as these physiological changes occur you alsoas these physiological changes occur you alsoexperience the emotion of fear.experience the emotion of fear.



S chachterS chachter- -S inger TheoryS inger Theory According to this theory, an event causes physiological According to this theory, an event causes physiologicalarousal first.arousal first. You must then identify a reason for this You must then identify a reason for thisarousal and then you are able to experience and labelarousal and then you are able to experience and labelthe emotion.the emotion.

EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at You are walking down a dark alley late atnight.night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to You hear footsteps behind you and you begin totremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens.deepens. Upon noticing this arousal you realize that isUpon noticing this arousal you realize that iscomes from the fact that you are walking down a dark comes from the fact that you are walking down a dark alley by yourself.alley by yourself. This behavior is dangerous and This behavior is dangerous andtherefore you feel the emotion of fear.therefore you feel the emotion of fear.

Event Arousal Thought EmotionEvent Arousal Thought Emotion



Lazarus TheoryLazarus Theory states that a thought muststates that a thought mustcome before any emotion or physiologicalcome before any emotion or physiological

arousal.arousal. In other words, you must first think In other words, you must first think about your situation before you can experienceabout your situation before you can experiencean emotion.an emotion.EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley You are walking down a dark alley late at night.late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and You hear footsteps behind you andyou think it may be a mugger so you begin toyou think it may be a mugger so you begin totremble, your heart beats faster, and yourtremble, your heart beats faster, and yourbreathing deepens and at the same timebreathing deepens and at the same timeexperience fear.experience fear.

Event Thought Emotion Arousal



S T R E SSS T R E SS

Á physical or psychological stimulus that can Á physical or psychological stimulus that can produce mental tension or physiological reactions produce mental tension or physiological reactions that may lead to illness.´ that may lead to illness.´





T YP E S OF S T R E SS T YP E S OF S T R E SS

EustressEustressDistressDistressHyper stressHyper stressHypo stressHypo stress



EustressEustressEustress is a type of shortEustress is a type of short--term stress thatterm stress thatprovides immediate strength. Eustress arises atprovides immediate strength. Eustress arises atpoints of increased physical activity, enthusiasm,points of increased physical activity, enthusiasm,

and creativity. Eustress is a positive stress thatand creativity. Eustress is a positive stress thatarises when motivation and inspiration arearises when motivation and inspiration areneeded. A gymnast experiences eustress before aneeded. A gymnast experiences eustress before acompetition.competition.



EustressEustressItIt isis thethe stressstress thatthat isis healthy healthy ororgivesgives oneone aa feeling feeling of of fulfillmentfulfillment..

Acing Acing youryour examsexamsGetting Getting aa promotionpromotion Vacations Vacations





DistressDistress

Distress is a negative stress brought about by Distress is a negative stress brought about by constant readjustments or alterations in aconstant readjustments or alterations in aroutine. Distress creates feelings of discomfortroutine. Distress creates feelings of discomfortand unfamiliarity. There are two types of and unfamiliarity. There are two types of distress. Acute stress is an intense stress thatdistress. Acute stress is an intense stress thatarrives and disappears quickly. Chronic stress isarrives and disappears quickly. Chronic stress isa prolonged stress that exists for weeks, months,a prolonged stress that exists for weeks, months,

or even years. Someone who is constantly or even years. Someone who is constantly relocating or changing jobs may experiencerelocating or changing jobs may experiencedistress.distress.





H yperstressH yperstressHyperstress occurs when an individual is pushedHyperstress occurs when an individual is pushedbeyond what he or she can handle. Hyperstressbeyond what he or she can handle. Hyperstressresults from being overloaded or overworked.results from being overloaded or overworked.

When someone is hyperstressed, even little When someone is hyperstressed, even little

things can trigger a strong emotional response.things can trigger a strong emotional response. A Wall Street trader is likely to experience A Wall Street trader is likely to experiencehyperstress.hyperstress.





H ypostressH ypostress

Hypostress is the opposite of hyperstress.Hypostress is the opposite of hyperstress.Hypostress occurs when an individual is boredHypostress occurs when an individual is boredor unchallenged. People who experienceor unchallenged. People who experiencehypostress are often restless and uninspired. Ahypostress are often restless and uninspired. Afactory worker who performs repetitive tasksfactory worker who performs repetitive tasksmight experience hypostress.might experience hypostress.







Causes of stressCauses of stress

1.1. Death of spouse, family, near relative or friend.Death of spouse, family, near relative or friend.2.2. Injury or illness of any family member.Injury or illness of any family member.3.3. Separation or divorce from partner.Separation or divorce from partner.4.4. Not sufficient money to raise your standard of Not sufficient money to raise your standard of

living etcliving etc5.5. Threats: physical threats, social threats, financial Threats: physical threats, social threats, financial

threat, other threats.threat, other threats.6.6. Uncertainty.Uncertainty.7.7. Lack of sleep.Lack of sleep.8.8. Somebody misunderstands you.Somebody misunderstands you.9.9. Setback to your position in society.Setback to your position in society.



S ymptoms of S tressS ymptoms of S tress

Memory problemsMemory problemsIndecisivenessIndecisivenessInability to concentrateInability to concentrate

Trouble thinking clearly Trouble thinking clearlyP oor judgmentP oor judgmentseeing only the negativeseeing only the negative

H eadaches or backachesH eadaches or backachesMuscle tension andMuscle tension andstiffnessstiffness

Diarrhea or constipationDiarrhea or constipationNausea, dizzinessNausea, dizzinessChest pain, rapid heartbeatChest pain, rapid heartbeat

Weight gain or loss Weight gain or lossS kin breakouts (hives,S kin breakouts (hives,eczema)eczema)Loss of sex driveLoss of sex driveFrequent coldsFrequent colds



MoodinessMoodiness Agitation AgitationR estlessnessR estlessnessshort tempershort temper

Irritability , impatienceIrritability , impatienceInability to relaxInability to relax

Feeling tense and ónFeeling tense and ónedgeµedgeµFeeling overwhelmedFeeling overwhelmedS ense of loneliness andS ense of loneliness andisolationisolationDepression or generalDepression or generalunhappinessunhappinessEating more or lessEating more or less

S leeping too much or toS leeping too much or tolittlelittle

Isolating yourself fromIsolating yourself fromothersothersP rocrastination ,P rocrastination ,neglecting responsibilitiesneglecting responsibilities

Using alcohol, cigarettes,Using alcohol, cigarettes,or drugs to relaxor drugs to relaxNervous habitsNervous habits

Teeth grinding Teeth grinding

Overdoing activitiesOverdoing activitiesoverreacting tooverreacting to

unexpected problemsunexpected problems



Effects of stressEffects of stress

MigrainesMigrainesUlcersUlcersH eartburnH eartburnH igh blood pressureH igh blood pressureH eart diseaseH eart diseaseDiabetesDiabetes

Asthma AsthmaS kin problemsS kin problemsChronic head acheChronic head acheMood swingsMood swingsS ubstance abuseS ubstance abuseMemory disturbancesMemory disturbancesH eart attack due to increasedH eart attack due to increasedblood pressure, sugar andblood pressure, sugar andcholesterolcholesterolS troke due to similar reasonsS troke due to similar reasons

Weight loss Weight loss

Anxiety AnxietyDepressionDepressionEating disordersEating disordersS ubstance abuse.S ubstance abuse.Chest painChest painCold clammy skin withCold clammy skin withgoosefleshgoosefleshFlushing and feeling of warmthFlushing and feeling of warmthBreathlessnessBreathlessnessDry mouth with difficulty inDry mouth with difficulty inspeaking and swallowingspeaking and swallowing

Abdominal discomfort Abdominal discomfort Aggravation of P eptic Ulcer Aggravation of P eptic Ulcer



H ealthy ways of coping S tressH ealthy ways of coping S tress

Learn how to say ńoµLearn how to say ńoµ Avoid people who stress you out Avoid people who stress you out Take control of your environment Take control of your environment

Avoid hot Avoid hot- -button topicsbutton topicsP are down your toP are down your to- -do listdo listExpress your feelings instead of bottling them up.Express your feelings instead of bottling them up.Be willing to compromise.Be willing to compromise.

Be more assertive.Be more assertive.Manage your time better.Manage your time better.R eframe problems.R eframe problems. Look at the big picture.Look at the big picture.

Adjust your standards. Adjust your standards.



S et aside relaxation time.S et aside relaxation time.Connect with others.Connect with others.

Do something you enjoy every day.Do something you enjoy every day.Keep your sense of humor.Keep your sense of humor.Exercise regularly.Exercise regularly.Eat a healthy diet.Eat a healthy diet.R educe caffeine and sugar.R educe caffeine and sugar.

Avoid alcohol, cigarettes, and drugs. Avoid alcohol, cigarettes, and drugs.Get enough sleep.Get enough sleep.Focus on the positive.Focus on the positive.

Don·t try to control the uncontrollable.Don·t try to control the uncontrollable.Look for the upside.Look for the upside.

S hare your feelings.S hare your feelings.Learn to forgive.Learn to forgive.



How to cope with stress?How to cope with stress?

Coping refer to the specific efforts, bothCoping refer to the specific efforts, bothbehavioral and psychological, that peoplebehavioral and psychological, that peopleemploy to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimizeemploy to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimizestressful events.stressful events.

Two Strategies for coping Two Strategies for coping EmotionEmotion--focused coping strategiesfocused coping strategiesProblemProblem--solving strategiessolving strategies



EmotionEmotion--focused coping strategiesfocused coping strategies

Emotion focused strategies involve releasing Emotion focused strategies involve releasing pentpent--up emotions, distracting oneup emotions, distracting one--self,self,managing hostile feelings, meditating, using managing hostile feelings, meditating, using systematic relaxation procedures, etcsystematic relaxation procedures, etc

Strategies aimed at changing the way one thinksStrategies aimed at changing the way one thinksor feels about a stressful situation.or feels about a stressful situation.



R elaxation TechniquesR elaxation Techniques Autogenic relaxation: Autogenic relaxation:

² ² Autogenic means something that comes from within you Autogenic means something that comes from within you ..P rogressive muscle relaxation:P rogressive muscle relaxation:

² ² In this technique, you focus on slowly tensing and then relaxing In this technique, you focus on slowly tensing and then relaxing each muscle group. This helps you focus on the difference betweeneach muscle group. This helps you focus on the difference betweenmuscle tension and relaxationmuscle tension and relaxation

Other Techniques includeOther Techniques include ² ² Yoga Yoga

² ² Tai chi Tai chi ² ² MusicMusic ² ² ExerciseExercise ² ² MeditationMeditation ² ² HypnosisHypnosis



Unhealthy ways of coping with stressUnhealthy ways of coping with stress

S mokingS mokingDrinking too muchDrinking too muchOvereating or undereatingOvereating or undereatingZoning out for hours in front of the TV orZoning out for hours in front of the TV orcomputercomputer

Withdrawing from friends, family, and activities Withdrawing from friends, family, and activitiesUsing pills or drugs to relaxUsing pills or drugs to relaxS leeping too muchS leeping too much

P rocrastinatingP rocrastinatingFilling up every minute of the day to avoid facingFilling up every minute of the day to avoid facing

problems problems Taking out your stress on others (lashing out, Taking out your stress on others (lashing out,angry outbursts, physical violence)angry outbursts, physical violence)





ConclusionConclusionStress is always present in one form orStress is always present in one form oranother. Its up to an individual how he/sheanother. Its up to an individual how he/shecopes and alleviates stress.copes and alleviates stress.

Coping strategies are not always going toCoping strategies are not always going tosolve stress they are dynamic; every solve stress they are dynamic; every

individual has different strategies to dealindividual has different strategies to deal with stress. with stress.



STRESS QUESTIONAIREAnswer Yes or No to each of the following questions:1. Do you have a feeling of continuous anxiety and sometimes of

panic?2. Do you feel tired all the time and find that you complain more

and more of notgetting enough sleep?3. Are you always worrying about your health? Do you feel your

work is suffering?4. Do you often feel depressed for no good reason?5. Are you tense and restless and unable to relax?6. Do you get sudden tremors ± ³the shakes´?7. Are you afraid of being alone?8. Do you ever want to end it all?9. Do you sometimes wonder if you are losing your mind?10. Do you take other people¶s criticisms as personal threats or

rejections?



11. Do you lose your temper more often and find it harder to get along with others?12. Do you find it hard to concentrate these days?13. Do you feel remote from people who were close to you and things you love like

friends, sports, books?14. Have you started to let your appearance run down ± are you careless about your

clothes?15. Are you worrying a great deal, taking life more seriously, enjoying it less?16. Are you dependent on tranquilizers to carry you through the day?17. Is it becoming harder for you to make small decisions, such as what to have for

dinner, what to do next?18. Do you dread ordinary everyday situations caring for your children or even going

to the store?19. Has your attitude toward food changed do you find it tasteless, hard to care if you

eat or not?20. Do you find yourself living more and more in the past?

If you answered yes to three or four questions, you are not coping well and areheaded for trouble.

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Emotion&Stress