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Emotional Intelligence and Beyond: Looking Toward the Future
John D. Mayer
Acknowledgementsand Disclosure of Interests
In Spain
Mr. Emilio Botín
President of the Fundación M. Botín
Mr. Rafael Benjumea
General Director of the Fundación M. Botín
Ms. Fátima Sánchez
Director of the Education Programmeof the Fundación M. Botín
Ms. Arrate Martín
Organizing Committee IE2009
My Collaborators
And also including– Marc Brackett
– Richard Roberts
– Sigal Barsade
Peter Salovey
DavidCaruso
Disclosures: The presenter is a coauthor of the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Scale and receives royalties from its use
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Publications
Publications
Research in Emotional Intelligence (EI): Risingadapted and expanded from Matthews, Zeidner, & Roberts, “Emotional Intelligence” 2002
The Three Big Reviews of EI in 2008European PsychologistThe Science of Emotional Intelligence: Current Consensus andControversies
– Zeidner, – Roberts – Matthews
Annual Review of Psychology
Human Abilities: Emotional Intelligence– Mayer,
– Roberts,
– & Barsade
American PsychologistEmotional Intelligence: Unitary Ability or Eclectic Traits?
– Mayer,– Salovey – & Caruso
The Three Big Reviews of EI in 2008
These are big, widely respected journals
Emotional Intelligence has finally matured in the scientific world
But what did the reviews say?
Drawing on those ReviewsMy Talk Today Will Examine:
Emotional Intelligence:
• Issues of the Past
• Issues of the Present
• Issues of the Future
• Forecasts and Conclusions
ISSUES OF THE PAST: 1. THE INITIAL IDEA
Traditional Models of Intelligence Weren’t Enough To Describe
Human Abilities
Did We Need an Emotional Intelligence?
…the ability to reason about emotions and emotional information and of emotions to enhance thought.
Emotional Intelligence
Emotions are Evolved Signals as to Relationships
The Evolution of Mouth Feeding
Source(s): Darwin (1873/1965); Ekman (1973)
Emotions are Evolved Signals as to Relationships
The Evolution of Anger Expressions
Source(s): Darwin (1873/1965); Ekman (1973)
Intelligence
Accessing information sources
Abstract reasoning with information
Managing information
Source(s): Sternberg & Detterman, 1982
EI Initially Was Measured as an Ability
• Pictures: articles, or the test…
…accurately identify emotions in visual stimuli…(Mayer, DiPaolo, & Salovey, 1990)
The Four Branch Model of Emotional Intelligence
Mayer & Salovey, 1997;
Salovey & Mayer, 1990
An emotional intelligence seemed plausible
ISSUES OF THE PAST:2. JOURNALISTIC INFLUENCES AND ADDITIONS
1995 Journalistic Account
• Dan Goleman’s lively book was based in part on our first EI models, but– dramatically broadened EI’s
definition (1995; 1998)
• persistence• character• optimism• trustworthiness• adaptability• communication• team capabilities• etc.
– and made claims we never made
Psychological Models SometimesFollowed the Journalism, Not the Science
Examples
• One 1997 model included:– assertiveness
– optimism
– self-actualization
– self-regard
– adaptability
– etc.
• Another 2003 model had: – assertiveness
– (lack of) impulsivity
– creativity
– etc.
Reactions to such models
• “Preposterously all-encompassing” (Locke, 2005, p. 428)
• “These models have done more harm than good regarding establishing emotional intelligence as a legitimate, empirical construct…” (Daus & Ashkenazy, 2003)
ISSUES OF THE PRESENT1. QUICK SUMMARIES OF THE THREE REVIEWS
Quick Summaries
European Psychologist• Probably the earliest-written of
the three (developed from a 2006 conference proceeding).
• It concludes (note: my summary)– All approaches to emotional
intelligence have their good sides and bad sides,
– If all these approaches are emotional intelligence, the area makes no sense!
Quick Summaries
The American Psychologist
• Psychologists must choose: Either EI is eclectic traits, or a coherent ability
• There are myriad advantages to choosing the ability approach; few to the eclectic approach
Quick Summaries
Annual Review of Psychology• A cross-laboratory collaboration
between my team and the Matthews/Zeidner/Roberts team.
• Attempt to create a joint statement of what the EI field is.
• Concludes that empirically, there exist a number of valid ability scales
• And empirically, EI predicts a number of important things.
ISSUES OF THE PRESENT2. EI AS ABILITY V. ECLECTIC TRAITS
Naming What EI Is and Is Not
From the European Psychologist:We also see a need for weeding out those
constructs that are not well-supported by research or lack a sound theoretical base (p. 74).
From the American Psychologist:We recommend that groups of widely studied
personality traits, including…the need for achievement, happiness, and assertiveness should be called what they are…*personality traits and/or qualities and not emotional intelligence] (p. 514).
ISSUES OF THE PRESENT3. MEASUREMENT
Ability Scales v. Self-Report
From the European Psychologist:[Although self-report can yield other insights:] Given the
choice to assess intelligence with a question that is factually verifiable or a subjective rating, even the staunchest advocate of the latter approach is forced to concede this is a no-brainer… (p. 70).
From the European Psychologist:There is a growing body of evidence that self-report
assessments…have questionable discriminant validity… (pp. 69-70).
From the Annual Review of Psychology:Measures of EI based on Mixed Model [broad-definition, self-
judgment] approaches do not provide valid assessments in the area
EI measures based on Specific Ability and Integrative [Ability] Models exhibit test validity as a group... (p. 527)
Valid Scales of Emotional Intelligence
Specific Ability Models
e.g., Emotional Expression
Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy 2 (DANVA 2 – AF, AP, POS)-- Nowicki et al.
Japanese and Caucasion Brief Affect Recognition Test (JACBART)-- Matsumoto, Ekman et al.
Integrative Ability Models
e.g., Emotional Understanding
Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale (LEAS) – Lane et al.
Situational Test of Emotional Understanding (STEU) --MacCann & Roberts
Multiple Areas (e.g., two or more areas)
Emotional Knowledge Test (EKT) – Izard et al.
Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Scale (MSCEIT)-- Mayer, Salovey, & Caruso
ISSUES OF THE PRESENT:4. WHAT EI PREDICTS
Methodolgy
Annual Review of Psychology
• After a conceptual review, ability scales were identified as valid
• A literature review of all ability scales measuring emotional intelligence and their findings
• Literature from 1990 forward was gone through carefully
Correlates of EI (Valid Scales Only) from the 2008 Annual Review in Psychology
Higher EI correlates with:
1. Better social relations for children
2. …and adults.
3. Others’ positive perceptions of the person
4. …and better academic achievement (but often notafter partialling out IQ).
5. Better family and intimate relationships
6. …and better social relations at work and during negotiations.
7. Better overall psychological well-being.
ISSUES OF THE FUTURE1. THE CHALLENGE AHEAD
Dilemma
• My research advisor told me I must choose between models of emotional intelligence.
• Either I study the Four-Branch Ability model, or one of the broader models
• I understand the scientific value of ability models
• …but all those other concepts (e.g., assertiveness, optimism, competencies, skills) are interesting too.
Many people, I understand, feel like certain graduate students interested in researching emotional intelligence.
Remember We Needed an Emotional
Intelligence
But We Need Social Intelligence, Too
…And We Need Non-Intelligence
Socio-Emotional Traits As Well
Things become confused…
ISSUES OF THE FUTURE:2. THERE IS A WAY FORWARD
The Issue
• To keep everything, I believe we must move to the level of analyzing personality
• Personality can be defined as:
The organization of the major psychological systems of the individual
• Major systems: motives, emotions, cognition etc.
• Personality includes both intelligences and socio-emotional traits
Fortunately, Contemporary Models of Personality…
• Employ coherent views of personality
• Call personality traits and related qualities what they are
• Include emotional intelligence
• Models by McAdams, Mischel, and others.
(picture adapted from the article “A Tale of Two Visions…” from the American Psychologist, September, 2005).
Contemporary Models of Personality
• The model to the left is one example of the new models of personality
• We could use any of several
• I think this one is particularly good (disclosure – it comes from my lab)
• What is the model and its four parts?
(picture adapted from the article “A Tale of Two Visions…” from the American Psychologist, September, 2005).
Energy Development
Personality must be self-motivated and employ emotions for energy.
Knowledge Guidance
Personality is also guided by knowledge and intelligence, as with emotional intelligence
Action Implementation
Personality must create and carry out plans to express and assert itself in the surrounding world.
Executive Management
Personality must govern itself and exert self management
Bases for this Division…
• In a study employing experienced psychological judges, the model to the left organized 98% of 70 personality traits (including intelligences) in a way judges can agree on (Mayer, 2003).
• This was better than any comparable model.
Energy Development Traits and Qualities
Knowledge GuidanceTraits and Qualities
Action ImplementationTraits and Qualities
Executive ManagementTraits and Qualities
Energy
Development
Knowledge Guidance
Executive Management
Action Implementation
ISSUES OF THE FUTURE:3. TRAINING
Energy
Development
Knowledge Guidance
Executive Management
Action Implementation
Energy Development
Retraining emotions
Habituation
Conditioning
Knowledge Guidance
Teaching emotional
information
Reframing situations
Executive Management
Mindfulness
Reducing defenses
Coping strategies
Action Implementation
Role playing
“I statements”
Tact
Social Skills
What this Means Going Forward…• We can have both a
valid emotional intelligence…
• And talk about what it means to be a whole, well-round person
• We can call things by their right names
• And educate character – using good terminology
FORECASTS AND CONCLUSIONS
My Forecasts…
1. Quality research in emotional intelligence (in blue, to the right) will continue to rise
2. Overall research “under the name” of emotional intelligence will level off and perhaps decline slightly.
This already is happening…
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Overall Pubs
Quality Pubs
3. Emotional Intelligence Will Take Its Place
Among Other Intelligences
Forecasts (Continued)
4. Researchers will increasingly use models of personality to organize multiple variables Including:
a. emotional intelligence
b. traits related to emotional intelligence, such as happiness, sociability, etc..
Energy Development
Happiness
Motivation
Fear
Knowledge Guidance
Emotional Intelligence
Verbal Intelligence
Expertise in Given Areas
Executive Management
Self-Control
Openness
Good Coping
Action Implementation
Tact
Good Attachment
Social Skill
The range and breadth of personality
Forecasts (Continued)
5. Educators will increasingly train recognizing they are engaged in overall character development
They will better label their variables:
a. emotional intelligence
b. traits related to emotional intelligence, such as happiness, sociability, etc..
Conclusions (Continued)
• That is how I would like to see it anyway
• I think it could lead to a much strengthened field
• And it would direct a lot of positive energy around emotional intelligence today in a very promising direction
• That is my read of emotional intelligence past, present and future…
THANK YOU, IT HAS BEEN A PLEASURE!
My Thanks… It Has Been A Pleasure!To Learn More:
• Emotional Intelligence: – Mayer, J. D., Roberts, R. D., & Barsade, S. G. (2008).
Human abilities: Emotional intelligence. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 507-536.
• Personality:– Mayer, J. D. (2005). A tale of two visions: Can a new
view of personality help integrate psychology? American Psychologist, 60, 294-307.
• Contact– [email protected]– www.unh.edu/personalitylab