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EMOTIONAL HEALTH, MEMORY, ATTENTION AND SLEEP PATTERN
THEORETICAL PART
Relationships between emotional health, cognitive function and rest
Relationships between emotional health, cognitive function and rest
Sleep pattern and restSleep pattern and rest
Memory and attention Memory and attention
Emotions and healthEmotions and healthEmotions and healthEmotions and health
INTRODUCTION
TABLE OF CONTENTS Emotions and Health
Emotional Health and its importance Objectives of Emotional Health Emotional control and coping strategies Patterns and recommendations
Memory Functions of Memory Stages of the memorising process
Attention Influence of attention on memory Individual characteristics of attention Factors impacting on attention Types of attention Benefits of increased attention
Sleep and rest in healthy aging
► Emotional inhibition provokes disorders and diseases.► Anxiety is an element which aggravates disease.► Optimism increases the response of the immune system.► Anger (retained or expressed) (Permanent hostility) as a heart risk element.► Depression after a heart attack multiplies the risk of complications in the
following year.► Connection between stress (feeling of impotence/helplessness) and risk of
developing high-blood pressure.► Cicatrisation speed decreases in stressful situations.► Depression in young individuals is a risk factor for later hypertension.► Sadness and anxiety affect the immune system.► Social support in seropositive patients improves their vital signs.
FOUNDATIONSImmune SystemEndocrine SystemNervous System
Relationships btw… MIND
EMOTIONS EXERT AN INFLUENCE ON BIOCHEMICAL REGULATION
EMOTIONAL HEALTHEMOTIONS AND HEALTH
The people who are EMOTIONALLY healthy have control over…
Their thoughtsTheir feelings Their behaviours
They have good interpersonal relationships
They feel well with themselves
LEARNING
How to achieve it
Living experience Training
I. PERCEPTION, EXPRESSION AND ASSESSMENT OF EMOTIONS
III. UNDERSTANDING OF EMOTIONS
IV. REGULATION – MANAGEMENT OF EMOTIONS
II. EMOTIONS AT THE SERVICE OF THINKING
EMOTIONAL HEALTH
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
What for?
Physical health improvement
Prevention of disease risks
Protection against depression
Handling anxiety
Strengthening the self-immune system
POSITIVE EMOTIONAL STATES
► FLOW► HUMOUR ► INTELLIGENT OPTIMISM► RESILIENCE► ‘GAUDIBILITY’ (ENJOYMENT)► ….
EMOTIONAL HEALTH
EMOTIONAL HEALTH
OBJECTIVES
• Perceiving emotional health as a lifestyle that can be developed through knowledge and coping strategies.
• Identifying the basic emotional phenomena (emotions, feelings and states of mind).
• Developing healthy emotional habits.
• Applying the knowledge acquired to a healthy daily life (in the intra- and interpersonal context).
People with more emotional intelligence (EI) have a better well-being.
People with more emotional intelligence (EI) have a better well-being.
Anxiety and depression are reduced in people with more EI. (Davis,Stankov y Roberts 1998)
Anxiety and depression are reduced in people with more EI. (Davis,Stankov y Roberts 1998)
Capacities and strategies
to develop
Capacities and strategies
to develop
EMOTIONAL CONTROL: TO PREVAIL PSYCHOPATHOLOGICAL
ALTERATIONS
1) Perceiving, feeling and being aware of our emotional state, without being overwhelmed or threatened by it.
2) Selecting the emotional thoughts to which attention is going to be paid with a view to act rationally.
3) Controlling the start of emotional alterations.4) Tolerating frustration.5) Showing serene attitudes before stress-inducing
situations. 6) Ensuring self-motivation to achieve feasible objectives,
regulating the state of mind
Characteristics of coping strategiesCharacteristics of coping strategies
Behavioural answers
Cognitive answers
Psyco-physiological answers
POSITIVE EMOTIONAL COPING STRATEGIES
1. Search for alternatives2. Emotional control3. Positive re-evaluation4. Search for social support5. Search for professional support6. Humour7. Suppression of distracting
activities8. Personal development
9. Religion10. Emotional expression11. Positive visualisation12. Emotional writing13. Behavioral avoidance14. Cognitive avoidance15. Holding back coping16. Waiting17. Mental disconnection
Some capacities suffer a continuous decline in the old age (Cabeza, 2001; Corral and Pardo, 2007)
The basic cognitive capacities which form the basis of most types of learning can be modified (Flavell, 1976; Feuerstein, 1980 and 1991).
Slowing down the deterioration of seniors’ cognitive capacities is a learning-for-health task that influences emotional well-being and favours health and quality of life among seniors.
Memory and attention are essential for everyday life.
Encouraging rest and refreshing sleep are key factors in this task.
IMPORTANCE OF MAINTAINING A GOOD COGNITIVE FUNCTION FOR
HEALTHY AGEING
Definition: Memory is the human capacity to store and retrieve information.
Functions of memory: Without it, we would be unable to cope in daily life because it takes care of:
Seeing Hearing Thinking Speaking What else can be done?
MEMORY
RECORDING STAGE
When information enters the brain; it is the entrance door through which information accesses our conscience.
The intervening processes are:
Attention Concentration Perception
STAGES OF THE MEMORISING PROCESS
CONSOLIDATION STAGE
We set in motion processes meant to consolidate or store information.
The intervening processes are:
Association of new/old information Categorisation Integration into previous information Memory is emotionally charged etc….
STAGES OF THE MEMORISING PROCESS
RECALL STAGE
When the stored information is retrieved
The intervening processes are:
Situational references Evocation Retrieval keys etc…
STAGES OF THE MEMORISING PROCESS
Definition:
“A system of limited capacity which performs information selection operations, the availability or alert state of which fluctuates considerably” (De Vega, 1993).
“Study of an individual’s capacities and limitations for the selection and processing of sensorial information about the environment” (Jahnke and Nowaczyk, 1998)
“It is a conscious attitude aimed at the observation of a thing” (Diccionario de Psicología, F Dorsch)
ATTENTION
The importance of memory processes:
It especially influences the recording stage. Therefore, it is one of the determining factors in the memory process.
Lack of attention prevents information from being registered, thus hindering consolidation and recall.
ATTENTION
Individual characteristics of attention:
Capacity: Extent to which the organism can pay attention to several tasks or processes simultaneously.
Attention-Conscience Connection: The extent to which the information to which we pay attention gets to our conscience.
Attentional filters: Ability to fix our attention before a number of predetermined stimuli.
ATTENTION
Factors impacting on attention: Overall psychological condition: it defines our state of mind
(worried, anxious, depressed…).
Activation level: how we are physically speaking (tired, awake...). Environment: it defines the place where we find ourselves (there is
a lot of noise or very little noise).
Motivation: it determines the degree of involvement in focalisation.
Habituation and fatigue: With the passing of time, attention decreases naturally. We cannot pay attention to something constantly without getting tired.
ATTENTION
Types of attention:
Selective attention: a process which gives priority to some piece of information over another.
Sustained attention: Persistence over time in the priority of observation for a piece of information.
Orientation reflex: Interest in the new information that is presented to us.
ATTENTION
Benefits of increased attention for our daily activities:
An increase in our capacity to remember, which implies an improved self-esteem and self-efficacy levels because we have more confidence in our memory.
An increase in the arrival of information from the world that surrounds us, which implies a stronger commitment to life because individuals are more aware of it.
ATTENTION
REST AND SLEEP WITHIN THE HEALTHY AGEING STRATEGY
Sleep: it is the state of uniform rest of an organism as opposed to the state of wakefulness.
Insomnia: Chronic absence of the ability required to be able to start or maintain sleep.
REM
Wakefulness
Phase I
Phase II
Phase III
Phase IV
Wakefulness
Hour
SLEEP PHASES
Sleep serves to refresh organisms after the wear suffered during the wakefulness period.
Its main objective is neurone restoration through the system of neurotrophins which promote neurone survival and restoration.
Sleep maintains and reorganises neural circuits, including the neuroformation of synapses that permit to modify the existing neural networks due to the effect of experience.
All this gives rise to adequate brain functioning and environmnental adaptation.
(Montes Rodríguez et al., Revista de Neurología. 2006)
REST AND SLEEP WITHIN THE HEALTHY AGEING STRATEGY
There is a relationship between the subjective quality of sleep and cortisol levels. A low quality correlates with high cortisol rates.
(Maldonado et al.C.Med.Psicosom.2004)
CORTISOL
CORTISOL CONNECTION
An abnormal cortisol secretion can lead the brain to increase its activity in two relevant areas:
The hippocampus and the amygdala.
In the case of the hippocampus, it can cause atrophy and permanent damage.
The hippocampus and the amygdala are crucial not only in stressful situations (fear, emotions, immunity) but also for their influence on superior functions of the brain such as memory.
(Fraser. 2007)
REST AND SLEEP WITHIN THE HEALTHY AGEING STRATEGY
HIPPOCAMPUS AND MEMORY
The hippocampus seems to be involved in the formation of memory, not in its storage.
It seems to play an essential role in the formation of new memories associated to autobiographical experience or memory.
HIPPOCAMPUS IN 3D
The hippocampus forms part of a more complex system, that of the medial temporal lobe which grasps declarative memory (different memories which can be invoked explicitly, like semantic memory, characterised by the storage of specific data such as proper names)
HIPPOCAMPUS AND MEMORY
Angle circumvolution
Callused body
Lateral ventricles
Hippocampus Cerebellum
Fourth ventricle
Third ventricle
The hippocampus stops having a crucial role in the passage from the memory formation period to the memory consolidation period.
Damaging the hippocampus causes difficulties in the formation of new memories and the processing of spatial information.
(O´Kane et al. Hippocampus. 2004)
HIPPOCAMPUS AND MEMORY
SLEEP: HIPPOCAMPUS-CEREBRAL CORTEX CONNECTION
CONSOLIDATION
NEURAL NETWORKS
Central fissure
Motor cortex
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Frontal lobe
Somatosensorialcortex
Lateral fissure
Temporal lobe
Visual recognition
Vision
Smell
Basic movements
Precise movements
Emotions, conduct
Knowledge, memory
Language(Broca’s area)
Hearing
Language (Wernicke’s area)
Muscle and balance coordination
Formix
Hippocampus
Amygdala
LATERAL VENTRAL
Amygdalae
Hippocampus
Formix
Emotional memories can be formed instantaneously, partly because the hippocampus acts comparing the outer world as it is collected by sensorial systems with the representation that the brain has of that same world.
A sudden change in a situation causes the hippocampus and amygdala to start working together to build conscious memories of the events. (Fraser. 2007)
HIPPOCAMPUS AND EMOTIONS
CORTISOL INCREASE AND MEMORY
The glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis suggests a significant relationship between the cumulative exposure to high levels of these substances (such as cortisol) and the deterioration in the functioning of memory due to atrophy of the hippocampus, an area that is essential for explicit memory as a conscious or voluntary recollection of previous information.
(Csernansky et al. Am.J. Psy.2006)(CORTISOL)
GLUCOCORTICOID CASCADE
HYPOTHALAMUS
HYPOPHYSIS
ADRENAL GLAND
GLUCOCORTICOIDS
CEREBRAL CORTEX
Both the increase in the activity of the hypothalamus adrenal hypophysary axis and the lack of sleep cause the same effect through the glucocorticoid cascade.
Therefore, lack of sleep, the same as emotional tension, impacts similarly on cognitive deterioration with effects such as the loss of certain types of memory and emotional health problems (among others).
(Lupien et al. Psychoneuroendocrinology.2005)
REST AND SLEEP WITHIN THE HEALTHY AGEING STRATEGY
CORTISOL CONNECTION IN SENIORS
In elderly people, cognitive deterioration is produced both by the long-term exposure to cortisol values and by current high levels, thus confirming the hypotheses of memory deterioration due to chronic exposure to these glucocorticoid rates.
Montes Rodríguez, C.M.; Rueda Orozco, P.E.; Arteaga Urías, E.; Aguilar Roblero, R.; Prospero García, O. : De la restauración neuronal a la reorganización de los circuitos neuronales: una aproximación a las funciones del sueño. Revista de neurología, ISSN 0210-0010. Vol. 43, No. 7, pp. 409-415. 2006
Maldonado, E.F.; Carranque, G. C. Med. Psicosom. No. 69/70. pp. 9-13. 2004
Lupien S.; Fiocco A.; Wan N. et al. Stress Hormones and Human Memory Function across the lifespan. Psychoneuroendocrinology 30(3): 225-242. 2005
Carskadon M. A;Brown E. D;Dement WC Sleep fragmentation in the elderly: relationship to daytime sleep tendency .Neurobiol.Aging. 321-7. 1982
Soler A. (2008) Una perspectiva psicosociobiológica aplicada a la Geriatría preventiva: salud, calidad de vida y edad biológica. Doctoral Thesis. 455-493
Greene G. (2008). Review of “Insomniac”. N.Engl.J.Med 359:13.1412-13 September 2008.
REST AND SLEEP WITHIN THE HEALTHY AGEING STRATEGY
THANKSFOR YOURATTENTION