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Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma
Technical University of Munich Department of Informatics
12.07.2019
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Outline
!2
1. Introduction
2. Workflow and Data illustration
3. Long-Short-Term-Memory
4. Experiments and Result
5. Robustness and Proposal
6. Conclusion
7. Reference
1. Introduction
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Introduction Autonomous Driving & Deep Learning
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There are in general four questions a car needs to be able to answer to achieve
the final goal of autonomy.
1) Where am I? →Localisation and Mapping
2) Where is everybody else? →Scene Understanding
3) How do I get from A to B? →Movement Planning
4) What’s the driver up to? →Driver State
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Introduction Autonomous Driving & Deep Learning
!5
• via semantic abstraction -where each task is executed in a separate network and afterwards combined with classical control & decision-making algorithms.
• end-to-end approach -where a single DNN takes all the car’s inputs and computes a final output in a single step.
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Classification Standard
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• Emotion classification
• Driving behavior classification
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019 !7
• Emotion classification - Basic (primary) emotions: Ekman’s Big 6[1]
Classification Standard
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019 !8
• Emotion classification - Basic (primary) emotions: Ekman’s Big 6[1] - Plutchik's wheel of emotions
Classification Standard
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019 !9
• Emotion classification - Basic (primary) emotions: Ekman’s Big 6[1] - Plutchik's wheel of emotions - PAD emotion representation model
Classification Standard
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019 !10
• Emotion classification - Basic (primary) emotions: Ekman’s Big 6[1] - Plutchik's wheel of emotions - PAD emotion representation model
• Driving States Classification - normal driving, aggressive driving or drowsy driving
Classification Standard
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019 !11
• Emotion classification - Basic (primary) emotions: Ekman’s Big 6[1] - Plutchik's wheel of emotions - PAD emotion representation model
• Driving States Classification - normal driving, aggressive driving or drowsy driving - driving style: dissociative, anxious, risky, angry, high-velocity, distress reduction, patient, and careful…… [2]
Classification Standard
2. Workflow
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Workflow
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• Traditional Machine Learning Workflow
Data Model Application
Hanyu Gao (TUM), Riya Sharma |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Workflow —— Data
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• Vehicle dynamics-based
• Driver dynamics-based
Hanyu Gao (TUM), Riya Sharma |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Workflow —— Data
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• Vehicle dynamics-based technique - Internal data collectors
e.g:Controller Area Network bus (CAN Bus)
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Workflow —— Data
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• Vehicle dynamics-based technique - Internal data collectors
e.g:Controller Area Network bus (CAN Bus)
Hanyu Gao (TUM), Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Workflow —— Data
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• Vehicle dynamics-based technique - Internal data collectors, e.g:Controller Area Network bus (CAN Bus) - External data collectors, e.g: Accelerometer, Gyroscope, Smartphone
AccelerometerGyroscope Smartphone
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Workflow —— Data
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• Vehicle dynamics-based data - vehicle orientation - speed - acceleration - braking events - throttle - altitude - engine and fuel consumption - ……
Ocslab Driving dataset [4]
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Workflow —— Data
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• Driver dynamics-based technique - Video based
Car camera
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma(TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Workflow —— Data
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• Driver dynamics-based technique - Video based - Bio-signal based[3]
EMG: muscle activity ECG: manifestation of contractile activity of the heart Respiration: breathing depth EDA: skin conductance activity
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma(TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Workflow —— Data
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• Driver dynamics-based Data - electrocardiogram(EMG) - Electrocardiography(ECG) - Respiration - electrodermal activity(EDA) - eye gaze - EEG activities - head and body pose - ……
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Workflow —— Data
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• Problem - In-cab lighting changes - Camera position - Statistical data extraction(mean, median, mode ……) - Acquisition difficulty - ……
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma(TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Workflow —— Data
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• Problem - In-cab lighting changes - Camera position - Statistical data extraction(mean, median, mode ……) - Acquisition difficulty - ……
Feature Selection !
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma(TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Workflow —— Model
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• Machine Learning Model
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma(TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Workflow —— Model
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• Machine Learning Model - Support Vector Machine (SVM) - Bayesian Logistic Regression(BLR) - Hidden Markov Model (HMM)[5]
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Workflow —— Model
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• Machine Learning Model - Support Vector Machine (SVM) - Bayesian Logistic Regression(BLR) - Hidden Markov Model (HMM)[5]
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma(TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Workflow —— Model
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• Machine Learning Model - Support Vector Machine (SVM) - Bayesian Logistic Regression(BLR) - Hidden Markov Model (HMM)[5] - K-means - Symbolic Aggregate Approximation (SAX) - Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM)
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Workflow —— Model
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• Deep Learning Model VS Machine Learning Model
- Advantages : No more Feature selection, a holistic data-driven approach
- Disadvantages: More Computation, huge amount data
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma(TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Workflow —— Model
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• Deep Learning Model - Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma(TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Workflow —— Model
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• Deep Learning Model - Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) - Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma(TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Workflow —— Model
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• Deep Learning Model - Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) - Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) - Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Workflow —— Model
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• Deep Learning Model - Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) - Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) - Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) - Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU)
3. Long Short-Term Memory
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Long Short-Term Memory
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• RNN
𝑠𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑈𝑥𝑡 + 𝑊𝑠𝑡−1)𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑉𝑠𝑡)
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma(TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Long Short-Term Memory
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• Vanishing Gradient Problem - Back-propagation through time - With multiple matrix multiplications, gradient values shrink exponentially - Gradient contributions from “far away” steps become zero
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Long Short-Term Memory
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• Long Short-Term Memory
memory block
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Long Short-Term Memory
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• Long Short-Term Memory - forget gate layer
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Long Short-Term Memory
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• Long Short-Term Memory - forget gate layer - input gate layer
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Long Short-Term Memory
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• Long Short-Term Memory - forget gate layer - input gate layer - current layer
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Long Short-Term Memory
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• Long Short-Term Memory - forget gate layer - input gate layer - current layer - output layer
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma(TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Long Short-Term Memory
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• Whole architecture of one LSTM cell
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma(TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Long Short-Term Memory
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• Limitations - Increase the number greatly of weights compared with RNN - Still unbalanced weight in time series (better than RNN)
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Long Short-Term Memory
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• Advantages[6] - LSTM can handle noise ,distributed representations and continuous values
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma(TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Long Short-Term Memory
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• Advantages[6] - LSTM can handle noise ,distributed representations and continuous values - Parameter fine tuning not really necessary, lstm works well over a broad
range of parameters
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma(TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Long Short-Term Memory
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• Advantages[6] - LSTM can handle noise ,distributed representations and continuous values - Parameter fine tuning not really necessary, lstm works well over a broad
range of parameters - Update complexity is O(1)
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma(TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Long Short-Term Memory
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• Advantages[6] - LSTM can handle noise ,distributed representations and continuous values - Parameter fine tuning not really necessary, lstm works well over a broad
range of parameters - Update complexity is O(1) - Able to deal with long time sequence
4. Experiment and Results
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Experiment and Results:Vehicle Based
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Classical Approaches
1) k-nearest neighbours classification algorithm:
- accelerometer sensor data
- classes(normal driving and aggressive driving)
- 177 features were extracted and fed to k-nearest classification model
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma(TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Experiment and Results:Vehicle Based
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2) k-mean clustering algorithm(unsupervised learning):
- accelerometer sensor data + vehicle dynamics data(braking and turning)
- classes(normal driving and aggressive driving)
- other statistical features were also
included(mean, max, variance) in feature vector
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma(TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Experiment and Results:Vehicle Based
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3) Support Vector Machine
- accelerometer sensor data + vehicle dynamics data(braking and turning)
- classes(normal driving and aggressive driving)
- other statistical features were
included(mean, max, variance) in feature vector
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Experiment and Results:Vehicle Based
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• Results
- For k-nearest neighbours , maximum(100%) classification precision can be reached by selecting certain features.
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Experiment and Results:Vehicle Based
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• Problems (Classical Approach)
- relies on hand crafting a set of features.
- requires a domain expert knowledge to determine feature selection.
- the separation happens between the feature extraction stage and the
learning algorithm stage which become a challenging task for deciding which
learning algorithm could be the best fit for the extracted features set.
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Experiment and Results:Vehicle Based
!53
• Problems (Classical Approach)
- relies on hand crafting a set of features.
- requires a domain expert knowledge to determine feature selection.
- the separation happens between the feature extraction stage and the
learning algorithm stage which become a challenging task for deciding which
learning algorithm could be the best fit for the extracted features set.
Solution:End to End Approach(RNN and LSTM)!
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Experiment and Results:Vehicle Based
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End to End Approaches
Dataset Used:UAH-DriveSet
- rich timestamped data with more than 500 minutes of driving sessions.
- two types of roads(motorway and secondary).
- 6 different drivers and vehicles.
- 3 types of driving behaviours (normal, aggressive and drowsy).
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma(TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Experiment and Results:Vehicle Based
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The 9 feature vectors of sensor data at each time step
Inertial measurement sensors: GPS sensors: Camera sensors:
1. Acceleration along x-axis & Vehicle Speed. Distance of vehicle
y-axis & z-axis -ahead.
2. Roll angle Number of-
3. Pitch angle detected vehicles
4. Yaw angle
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Experiment and Results:Vehicle Based
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1) RNNs
- time series classification (Many to one architecture)
- internal state h can capture the temporal dynamics
- input- a time-series window S of feature vectors
- outputs a classification scores vector Os .
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Experiment and Results:Vehicle Based
!57
• RNNs
Problems?
- memorising long sequence.
- also known as the “vanishing gradient” problem.
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma(TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Experiment and Results:Vehicle Based
!58
• RNNs
Problems?
- memorising long sequence.
- also known as the “vanishing gradient” problem.
Solution:LSTM!
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Experiment and Results:Vehicle Based
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2) Long Short Term Memory(2 layer)
- two LSTM memory cell layers.
- each layer have 100 hidden neurons.
- first layer input is a time-series window (64 feature vectors).
- second layer to output hidden feature vector.
- Finally, the last layer is a softmax layer.
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma(TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Experiment and Results:Vehicle Based
!60
• Results
• The LSTM clearly outperformed simple RNNs. • This may be because of the LSTM's greater ability to make use of long time
context.
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Experiment and Results: Driver based
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• Video Data Driven[10] • Dataset: EmotiW[11] —— AFEW 6.0 • 1.4K trimmed video clips from movies
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019 !62
• Model - LSTM - C3D – A Direct Spatio-Temporal Model - SVM
Experiment and Results: Driver based
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019 !63
• Result • Baseline —— 40.47%
Experiment and Results: Driver based
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019 !64
• Demo
Experiment and Results: Driver based
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019 !65
• Experiment II : Distraction Driving detection • 30 participants had driven at least 10.000 kilometres in 12 months • Data
Experiment and Results: Driver based
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019 !66
• Experiment II : Distraction Driving detection [8] • 30 participants had driven at least 10.000 kilometres in 12 months • Data(After correlation-based feature subset selection):
- speed (SP) - steering wheel angle (SA) - throttle position (TP) - heading angle (HA, angle between the longitudinal axis of the vehicle and
the tangent on the center line of the street) - lateral deviation (LD, deviation of the center of the car from the middle of
the traffic lane) - head rotation (HR, rotation around the vertical axis of the car)
Experiment and Results: Driver based
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019 !67
• Experiment II : Distraction Driving detection [8] • Model:
- Data collection - Statistical Processing - LSTM - Softmax
Experiment and Results: Driver based
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019 !68
• Experiment II : Distraction Driving detection [8] • Result
Experiment and Results: Driver based
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019 !69
• Experiment II : Distraction Driving detection [8] • Problems:
- Specific training condition - Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BLSTM) - examine hybrid fusion of the low-level data streams
Experiment and Results: Driver based
5. Robustness and Proposal
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Robustness and Proposal
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• Fusion-RNN: Sensory Fusion RNN with LSTM units
- LSTM to solve vanishing gradient
- by concatenating the streams - Performs poorly as does not
capture the rich context for modelling
Solution ? Sensory Fusion Layer
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Robustness and Proposal
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- sensory fusion layer combines the high-level representations of sensor data. - passes two sensory streams {(x1,…..,xT),(z1,…..,zT)} through separate RNNs.
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Robustness and Proposal
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• Visual Feature Extraction • baseline video feature extractor
- Local Binary Patterns(LBP)
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Robustness and Proposal
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• Visual Feature Extraction • baseline video feature extractor
- Local Binary Patterns(LBP) • Proposed video feature extractor[12]
- Optical flow
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Robustness and Proposal
!75
• Visual Feature Extraction • baseline video feature extractor
- Local Binary Patterns(LBP) • Proposed video feature extractor[12]
- Optical flow
Baseline
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Robustness and Proposal
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• Multimodal • RECOLA dataset [13]:audio, video, electro-cardiogram (ECG) and electro-
dermal activity (EDA) modalities • Model
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Robustness and Proposal
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• Multimodal • RECOLA dataset [13]:audio, video, electro-cardiogram (ECG) and electro-
dermal activity (EDA) modalities • Model:
- Fusion layer
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Robustness and Proposal
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• Multimodal • RECOLA dataset [13]:audio, video, electro-cardiogram (ECG) and electro-
dermal activity (EDA) modalities • Model:
- Fusion layer
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Robustness and Proposal
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• Multimodal • RECOLA dataset [13]:audio, video, electro-cardiogram (ECG) and electro-
dermal activity (EDA) modalities • Result
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Robustness and Proposal
!80
• Attention-based Model • A neural attention mechanism equips a neural network with the ability to focus
on a subset of its inputs
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Robustness and Proposal
!81
• Attention-based Model • A neural attention mechanism equips a neural network with the ability to focus
on a subset of its inputs • Apply in NLP a lot
• Attention-based Model • A neural attention mechanism equips a neural network with the ability to focus
on a subset of its inputs • Apply in NLP a lot
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Robustness and Proposal
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• Attention-based Model • Example in Driving behavior and LSTM[14]
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Robustness and Proposal
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• Attention-based Model • Example in Driving behavior and LSTM
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Robustness and Proposal
!84
6.Conclusion
Hanyu Gao (TUM) , Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Conclusion
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• Conclusion: - LSTM outperforms in the Driving behavior temporal sequence analysis - Driving emotion recognition rely on a lot of factors and deep learning make
it possible to combine
• Future Work - Attention - Biosignal+video+vehicle data - Variants of LSTM, e.g Bilstm, conv-lstm……
Hanyu Gao, Riya Sharma (TUM) |Emotion Classification using LSTM Based on Driving Behavior , July 12, 2019
Reference
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[1] Ekman, Paul (1992). "An Argument for Basic Emotions". Cognition and Emotion. 6 (3/4): 169–200.
[2]Orit Taubman-Ben-Ari a,∗
, Mario Mikulincer b
, Omri Gillath “The multidimensional driving style inventory—scale construct and validation “ [3]R. Zheng, S. Yamabe, K. Nakano, and Y. Suda. 2015. Biosignal analysis to assess mental stress in automatic driving of trucks: Palmar perspiration and masseter electromyography. Sensors 15, 3 (2015), 5136–5150. [4] Kwak, B.I.; Woo, J.; Kim, H.K. Huy Kang. Know your master: Driver profiling-based anti-theft method. In Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust, Auckland, New Zealand, 1214 December 2016. [5]Lee, C. C., Mower, E., Busso, C., et al. (2009). Emotion recognition using a hierarchical binary Decisi-on tree approach. INTERSPEECH, 53(9), 1162–1171. [6]Sepp Hochreiter and Ju ̈rgen Schmidhuber. 1997. Long short-term memory. Neural computation, 9(8):1735–1780. [7]C.Katsis,N.Katertsidis,G.Ganiatsas,andD.Fotiadis,“Towardemotion recognition in car-racing drivers: A biosignal processing approach,” IEEE Trans. Syst., Man, Cybern. A, Syst., Humans, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 502–512, May 2008. [8]On-line Driver Distraction Detection using Long Short-Term Memory [9]Goldberger AL, Amaral LA, Glass L, Hausdorff JM, Ivanov PC, Mark RG, Mietus JE, Moody GB, Peng C-K, Stanley HE. Physiobank, physiotoolkit, and physionet components of a new research resource for complex physiologic signals. Circulation. 2000;101(23):215–20. [11]Dhall, A., Goecke, R., Joshi, J., Hoey, J. and Gedeon, T. 2016. EmotiW 2016: Video and Group -level Emotion Recognition Challenges, ACM ICMI 2016. [12]Martin W¨ollmer, Moritz Kaiser, Florian Eyben, Bj¨orn Schuller, Gerhard Rigoll,LSTM-Modeling of Continuous Emotions in an Audiovisual Affect Recognition Framework [13]Ringeval, F., Sonderegger, A., Sauer, J., & Lalanne, D.(2013, April). Introducing the RECOLA multimodal corpus of remote collaborative and affective interactions.In Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG), 2013 10th IEEE International Conference and Workshops on (pp. 1-8). IEEE. [14]A Deep Learning Framework for Driving Behavior Identification on In-Vehicle CAN-BUS Sensor Data