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EmotionEmotion

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EmotionEmotion

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EmotionEmotionEmotions are a mix of 1) physiological Emotions are a mix of 1) physiological activation, 2) expressive behaviors, and activation, 2) expressive behaviors, and

3) conscious experience.3) conscious experience.

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ControversyControversy1)1) Does physiological arousal precede or Does physiological arousal precede or

follow your emotional experience?follow your emotional experience?

2)2) Does cognition (thinking) precede Does cognition (thinking) precede emotion (feeling)?emotion (feeling)?

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Commonsense ViewCommonsense ViewWhen you become happy, your heart starts When you become happy, your heart starts

beating faster. First comes conscious beating faster. First comes conscious awareness, then comes physiological activity.awareness, then comes physiological activity.

Bob Sacha

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James-Lange TheoryJames-Lange TheoryWilliam James and William James and

Carl Lange proposed Carl Lange proposed an idea that was an idea that was

diametrically opposed diametrically opposed to the common-sense to the common-sense

view. The James-view. The James-Lange Theory Lange Theory proposes that proposes that

physiological activity physiological activity precedes the precedes the

emotional experience.emotional experience.

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Cannon-Bard TheoryCannon-Bard TheoryWalter Cannon and Walter Cannon and

Phillip Bard Phillip Bard questioned the questioned the

James-Lange Theory James-Lange Theory and proposed that and proposed that

an emotion-an emotion-triggering stimulus triggering stimulus

and the body's and the body's arousal take place arousal take place

simultaneously.simultaneously.

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Two-Factor TheoryTwo-Factor TheoryStanley Schachter Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer and Jerome Singer

proposed yet proposed yet another theory another theory

which suggests our which suggests our physiology and physiology and

cognitions create cognitions create emotions. Emotions emotions. Emotions have two factors–have two factors–physical arousal physical arousal

and cognitive label.and cognitive label.

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Schachter & Singer studySchachter & Singer study

epinephrine injectionepinephrine injection confederate acting irritable or euphoricconfederate acting irritable or euphoric

if told about the epinephrine > no emotionif told about the epinephrine > no emotion if not told > experience the emotion if not told > experience the emotion

consistent with the confederateconsistent with the confederate

*take home point: the interpretation of the *take home point: the interpretation of the bodily arousal determines the emotional bodily arousal determines the emotional experience experience

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Cognition and EmotionCognition and EmotionWhat is the connection between how we What is the connection between how we thinkthink

(cognition) and how we (cognition) and how we feelfeel (emotion)? (emotion)?

Can we change our emotions by changing our Can we change our emotions by changing our thinking?thinking?

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Cognition Can Define Cognition Can Define EmotionEmotion

An arousal response to one event spills An arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the next event.over into our response to the next event.

Arousal from a soccer match can fuel anger, which may lead to rioting.

AP Photo/ N

ati Harnik

Reuters/ C

orbis

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Cognition Does Not Always Cognition Does Not Always Precede EmotionPrecede Emotion

When fearful eyes were subliminally When fearful eyes were subliminally presented to subjects, fMRI scans revealed presented to subjects, fMRI scans revealed

higher levels of activity in the amygdala higher levels of activity in the amygdala (Whalen et al. 2004).(Whalen et al. 2004).

Courtesy of Paul J. W

halen, PhD, D

artmouth

College, w

ww

.whalenlab.info

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Embodied EmotionEmbodied EmotionWe know that emotions involve bodily We know that emotions involve bodily

responses. Some of these responses are very responses. Some of these responses are very noticeable (butterflies in our stomach when noticeable (butterflies in our stomach when fear arises), but others are more difficult to fear arises), but others are more difficult to

discern (neurons activated in the brain).discern (neurons activated in the brain).

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Emotions and Autonomic Emotions and Autonomic Nervous SystemNervous System

During an emotional experience, our During an emotional experience, our autonomic nervous system mobilizes autonomic nervous system mobilizes energy in the body that arouses us.energy in the body that arouses us.

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Physiological SimilaritiesPhysiological SimilaritiesPhysiological responses related to the Physiological responses related to the

emotions of fear, anger, love, and emotions of fear, anger, love, and boredom are very similar.boredom are very similar.

Excitement and fear involve a similarphysiological arousal.

M. G

recco/ Stock Boston

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Physiological DifferencesPhysiological Differences

The amygdala shows differences in activation during the emotions of anger and rage. Activity of the left hemisphere (happy) is different from

the right (depressed) for emotions.

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Two Routes to EmotionTwo Routes to Emotion

Zajonc and LeDoux (1984) emphasize that some Zajonc and LeDoux (1984) emphasize that some emotions are immediate, without conscious emotions are immediate, without conscious

appraisal. Lazarus, Schachter, and Singer (1998) appraisal. Lazarus, Schachter, and Singer (1998) emphasize that appraisal also determines emotions.emphasize that appraisal also determines emotions.

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Expressed EmotionExpressed EmotionEmotions are expressed on the face, by the Emotions are expressed on the face, by the body, and by the intonation of voice. Is this body, and by the intonation of voice. Is this non-verbal language of emotion universal?non-verbal language of emotion universal?

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Nonverbal Nonverbal CommunicationCommunication

Most of us are good at deciphering Most of us are good at deciphering emotions through non-verbal emotions through non-verbal

communication. communication.

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Emotional ExpressionEmotional ExpressionWhen culturally diverse people were shown When culturally diverse people were shown

basic basic facial expressionsfacial expressions, they did fairly well at , they did fairly well at recognizing them (Ekman & Matsumoto, 1989).recognizing them (Ekman & Matsumoto, 1989).

Elkman &

Matsum

oto, Japanese and C

aucasian Facial Expression of Emotion

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Experienced EmotionExperienced EmotionIzard (1977) isolated 10 emotions. Most of

them are present in infancy, except for contempt,shame, and guilt.

Even blind children display these facial expressions.

Lew M

errim/ Photo R

esearchers, Inc.

Nancy B

rown/ The Im

age Bank

Tom M

cCarthy/ R

ainbow

Patrick Donehue/ Photo R

esearchers, Inc.M

arc Grim

berg/ The Image B

ank

Bob D

aemm

rich/ The Image W

orksM

ichael New

man/ PhotoEdit

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The Effects of Facial The Effects of Facial ExpressionExpression

If facial expressions are manipulated, like furrowingbrows, people feel sad while looking at sad pictures.

Attaching two golf tees to the face and making Attaching two golf tees to the face and making their tips touch causes the brow to furrow.their tips touch causes the brow to furrow.

Courtesy of Louis Schake/ M

ichael Kausm

an/ The N

ew Y

ork Times Pictures

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Gestures and Cultural Gestures and Cultural DifferencesDifferences

Cultural differences in the use and Cultural differences in the use and meaning of gesturesmeaning of gestures

Cultural differences in the display of Cultural differences in the display of emotion emotion

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Dimensions of EmotionDimensions of EmotionPeople generally divide emotions into

two dimensions.

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FearFearFear can torment us, rob us of sleep, and

preoccupy our thinking. However, fear can be adaptive – it makes us run away from

danger, it brings us closer as groups, and it protects us frominjury and harm.

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The Biology of FearThe Biology of FearSome fears are easier to learn than others.

The amygdala in the brain associates emotions like fear with certain situations.

Courtesy of N

ational Geographic M

agazine and Laboratory of Neuro Im

aging (LO

NI) at U

CLA

. Art and brain m

odeling by Am

anda Ham

mond, Jacopo

Annese, and A

uthur Toga, LON

I; spider art by Joon-Hyuck K

im

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AngerAngerAnger “carries the mind away,” (Virgil,

70-19 B.C.), but “makes any coward brave,” (Cato 234-149 B.C.).

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Causes of AngerCauses of Anger1. People generally become angry with

friends and loved ones who commit wrongdoings, especially if they are willful, unjustified, and avoidable.

2. People are also angered by foul odors, high temperatures, traffic jams, and aches and pains.

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Catharsis HypothesisCatharsis HypothesisVenting anger through action or fantasy Venting anger through action or fantasy

achieves an emotional release or achieves an emotional release or “catharsis.”“catharsis.”

Expressing anger breeds more anger, and Expressing anger breeds more anger, and through reinforcement it is habit-forming.through reinforcement it is habit-forming.

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Cultural & Gender Cultural & Gender DifferencesDifferences

1.1. Boys respond to anger by moving away from Boys respond to anger by moving away from that situation, while girls talk to their friends or that situation, while girls talk to their friends or listen to music.listen to music.

2.2. The expression of anger is more encouraged in The expression of anger is more encouraged in cultures that do not promote group behavior cultures that do not promote group behavior than in cultures that do promote group than in cultures that do promote group behavior.behavior.

Wolfgang K

aehler

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Subjective Well-BeingSubjective Well-BeingSubjective well-being is the self-perceived feeling Subjective well-being is the self-perceived feeling

of happiness or satisfaction with life. Research of happiness or satisfaction with life. Research on new positive psychology is on the rise.on new positive psychology is on the rise.

http://web.fineliving.com

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Wealth and Well-beingWealth and Well-beingMany people in the West believe that if Many people in the West believe that if

they were wealthier, they would be they were wealthier, they would be happier. However, data suggests that they happier. However, data suggests that they

would only be happy temporarily.would only be happy temporarily.

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Does Money Buy Does Money Buy Happiness?Happiness?

Wealth is like health: Its utter absence can

breed misery, yet having it is no guarantee of happiness.

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Values & Life SatisfactionValues & Life SatisfactionStudents who value love more than money

report higher life satisfaction.

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Predictors of HappinessPredictors of HappinessWhy are some people generally more Why are some people generally more

happy than others?happy than others?