emission factors from small scale biomass combustion

8/14/2019 emission factors from small scale biomass combustion

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TITEL-FOLIE

Thomas Nussbaumer, Switzerland

Lucerne University of App. Sciences & Verenum Zurich

Linda Johansson, SP Sweden (Part II)

IEA Expert workshop on Next generation small scale biomass

combustion technologiesAmsterdam, 20 October 2008

Characterisation of PM

andResults on emission factors from small

scale biomass combustion in IEA countries


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INHALT Kapitel 1

1. Introduction

2. Methodology of PM measurement

3. Comparison of PM measurement

4. Results on emission factors

5. Conclusions


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Air Pollution and Mortality in Six U.S. Cities

Dockery et al. New England J. Med. Vol 329 (1993): 1753-1759

P = Portage, T = Topeka, W = Watertown, L = St. Louis, H = Harriman, S = Steubenville.

RelativeMo

rtality

[

]

Po

rtage=1

PM 2.5 [g/m3]


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Source of Carcinogenic PM2.5 in New York State:

[NESCAUM 2008]

65% from Residential Fuel Combustion


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Contribution of Wood Combustion

[Prvt et al., Conf. Comb. Nanop. 2006]

PSI, 20. January 2006:

7080% of soot close to highway in Misox (alpine valley) inwinter originates from wood combustion

Bild: PSI


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Background

1. IEA Bioenergy Task 32 Biomass Combustion and Co-Firingpromotes biomass combustion to substitute fossil fuels

2. PM is most relevant for ambient air quality

3. Biomass combustion exhibits high PM emissionswhich can hinder a further propagation

Objective Collect emission factors from wood combustion

1. to identifiy relevant sources and reasons and

2. to deduce strategies for PM reduction as abasis for decisions and activites


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IEA Bioenergy Task 32

11 United Kingdom

10 Finland9 Canada

8 Belgium

CATSE, Verenum, Vock7 Switzerland

SP Tech, Ume, VXU6 Sweden

SINTEF5 Norway

TNO4 The Netherlands

IE, TFZ, Uni Stuttgart, ZAE3 Germany

Force2 Denmark

BLT, Bios, Joanneum, KOV1 Austria

Participating Institutions (17)IEA Country


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INHALT Kapitel 1

1. Introduction




5. Conclusions


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CO2

AshCaO, KCl

C

Ca, K, Cl, N

h

EC, OC

CO, VOCPM10

Cfix

Salts

NOx

Primary org. Aerosols POA

Secondary org. Aerosols SOA

PIA

SIA


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Primary Aerosols (PA) andSecundary Aerosols (SA)

1160

SP SP + C PA1=

20

32

2 232

20

PA2=DT

PM10

20 ... +35

3 PA SA= 3 +

h

OH, O3 , NOX > 0

In der Regel gilt: PA2 PA1, PA3 PA1

[T. Nussbaumer, 10. Holzenergie-Symposium, 2008]

C1*

5


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Re-Evaporation of Hydrocarbons

1160

SP

1* 5 C

SP + C PA1=

20

32

2 232

20

PA2=DT

PM10

20 ... +35

3 PA SA= 3 +

h

OH, O3 , NOX > 0

[T. Nussbaumer, 10. Holzenergie-Symposium, 2008]

[A. Robinson, EMEP, Albany 2007]


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Conversion of Aerosols from Source to Ambient

[A. Robinson, EMEP, Albany 2007]

Emissionfactoron

PO

A


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SOA

VOC

volatile

at 160C

VOC VOC VOC

Filter 160C Filter + Impinger Dilution Tunnel

CCondensables

undilutedat 0C

SPSP

Solid particles

sampledon filterat 160C

DT

Dilution Tunnel

= Solid particlessampled in coldsligthly diluted

flue gas

DT = SPC + f C(f 1)

SP SPC DT Ambient

C as SOACondensables

at ambient

SP= PrimarySolid Particles

TotalSOA

PM10

FID

FID

FID

FID

PM sampling from flue gases Ambient


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Test Procedure for Wood Stoves

t

Batch 1

Measurementwith cold start

Batch 2

Measurementwith warm start

Batch 3

Measurementwith part load(throttled air inlet)

t

CO

HCSoot

[mg/m3]

Q[kW] Build-

up ofglow

bed

Burn out:

CO high

HC & EC low

CO

HC

M1* M2* M3* Stove specifictime scale!


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INHALT Kapitel 2

1. Introduction




5. Conclusions


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Text

Solid Particles on hot filter: SP

Particles in Dilution Tunnel: DT

Solid Particles + Condensables: SPC

Stove 1 Stove 2

PM[

mg

/MJ]based

onLHV

1.16.12.89.32.52.76.16.04.33.54.2DT/SP

SPC/SP

SP Tech. SWE Verenum SWI


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Condensables as Function of CO content

[Johansson et al., World Bioenergy 2008]


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1. Condensables C can increase the mass of total PM

compared to Solid Particles SP by a factor of 2 10

with 4 as average for wood stoves,

while C = 0 for complete combustion

2. Dilution Tunnel is likely to result in similar PM as quenching,hence condensables are likely to be trapped in DT

3. Filter & quenching in impingers enables separate SP and C

Consequences for PM measurements


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1. Data measured as Solid Particles on hot filter (SP) and

data from Dilution Tunnel (DT) need to be distinguished

2. SP can highly under-estimate PM in the ambient air due

to the formation of Secondary Organic Aerosols (SOA)

a) from condensation of organic condensables andb) from photochemical oxidation of (VOC)

3. DT can over-estimate PM due to re-evaporation of VOCfrom the particles by consecutive dilution

Consequences for data interpretations


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INHALT Kapitel 1

1. Introduction




5. Conclusions


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Wood stoves: PM as SP on hot filter

PM

[mg/MJ]

bas

edonLHV


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[www.bfe.admin.ch] oder [www.holzenergie.ch]

Correct Ignition of Wood Stoves:

From the Top


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Downdraft log wood boilers: PM as SP

PM

[mg/MJ]

bas

edonLHV


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Log wood boilers

with heat storage w/o heat storage

PM

[mg/MJ]

bas

edonLHV


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Wood stoves: PM as DT or SPC

PM

[mg/MJ]

basedonLHV


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Pellets Boilers Stoves

PM[

mg/MJ]onLHV


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INHALT Kapitel 1

1. Introduction




5. Conclusions


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1. Manual wood combustion reveals ranges of PM from

> 500 mg/MJ as SP2. Operation is crucial: Ignition from top, dry wood, no air

throttling,...

3. Heat storage tank is crucial for log wood boilers

4. Pellets exhibit smaller variation from 10 to 50 mg/MJ

5. Condensables may significantly contribute to total PM

emissions and need to be considered together with VOC

to assess the impact on ambient air quality due to the

formation of Secondary Organic Aerosols (SOA)

Conclusions


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INHALT Kapitel 1Acknowledments

International Energy Agency IEA

Swiss Agency of the Environment

Institutions which contributed to the survey:

CATSE, Verenum, Vock7 Switzerland

SP Tech, Ume, VXU6 Sweden

SINTEF5 Norway

TNO4 The Netherlands

IE, TFZ, Uni Stuttgart, ZAE3 Germany

Force2 Denmark

BLT, Bios, Joanneum, KOV1 Austria

Participating Institutions (17)IEA Country


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INHALT Kapitel 1Full Report:

Nussbaumer, T.; Czasch, C.; Klippel, N.; Johansson, L.; Tullin, C.: Particulate

Emissions from Biomass Combustion in IEA Countries, IEA Bioenergy Task 32

and Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE), Zrich 2008, ISBN 3-908705-18-5

Download www.ieabioenergytask32.com or www.verenum.ch

Further information on part I of presentation (including cited literature):

Nussbaumer, Th.: Feinstaub-Emissionsfaktoren von Holzheizungen, 10.

Holzenergie-Symposium, 12. September 2008, ETH Zrich, 2008, ISBN 3-

908705-19-3, 129156

Info: www.holzenergie-symposium.ch

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emission factors from small scale biomass combustion