EMF exposure

7/29/2019 EMF exposure

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UNIVERSITI OF MALAYA

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

KEEE 3213: ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

Group Members:

Adrian Dandot Anak Phillip Tonis KEW 100001

Ku Muhammad Hilmi Bin Ku Halim KEE 100014

Mohd Faris Bin Tarmizi KEE 100025Muhammad Akmal Bin Zainal KEE 100032

Nur Syahida Binti Zamri KEE 100042

Investigation the Effects of the EMF

Exposure on Railway Operations


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INTRODUCTION

EMF stands for Electromagnetic fields, which are often called EMFs, and invisible

electrical and magnetic forces. EMFs are a type of radiation that takes the form of waves.

Natural EMFs - The earth produces an electromagnetic field (EMF), and so does the humanbody. Also known as or extremely low frequency ELFs. In fact, scientific research has

demonstrated that every cell in your body may have its own EMF, helping to regulate important

functions and keep you healthy. Natural EMFs or ELFs are low in intensity; for example, a

healthy human body resonates with the earth's magnetic field at around 10 hertz.

EMFs are a form of non-ionising radiation that are produced by electricity. An EMF is

made up of an electric field (measured in Volts per metre) and a magnetic field (measured in

Tesla or Amperes per metre).

Electric fields occur wherever there is a voltage. The electric field between two infinitely

large parallel plates with a potential difference V separated by a distance d is equal to V/d. Thus

the higher the voltage or the smaller the separation distance, the more intense is the electric

field.

Magnetic fields occur where there is a current; the higher the current, the stronger the

magnetic field. The magnetic flux lines around an infinitely long single wire in free space takes

the form of concentric circles. The flux lines would be distorted if a magnetic material was

introduced into the free space, resulting in intensification of the magnetic fields in certain

areas.

Both electric and magnetic fields become weaker the further away from the source. Thefrequency of the radiation (the rate at which the waves oscillate) as well as the strength of the

fields are factors in determining the effects on health.

At present, the risk of exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) is controlled by the

general provisions of the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and the Management of Health

and Safety at Work Regulations 1999. However, by April 2008 European Directive 2004/40/EC

on Physical Agents (Electromagnetic Fields) will place a statutory duty on employers to protect

employees from exposure to EMFs that exceed defined limits.

This report is to investigate the effect of the Physical Agents (Electromagnetic Fields)Directive on railway operations.

The direct effects of electric shock have been know about and studied since the dawn of

the electric age. Since the beginning of the 20th century, equipment and practices have been

developed to manage the danger of injury or death due to electric shock from direct contact

with conductors. Since the early 1970s2, a number of scientific bodies have being studying the

possible health effects of exposure to EMFs.


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METHODOLOGY

The methodology that has been adopted to investigate the effects of the EMF Exposure on

railway operations has involved the following:

Review the background to EMFs, Understanding action levels and exposure limits. Identify types of EMF and the groups of people at risk. Identify circumstances in which

groups at risk could be exposed to excessive EMFs. Identify when/how action levels will be approached. Review how scenarios that exceed the action levels can be assessed against the

exposure limits.

Identify assessment methods in the absenceRisks associated with EMFs

The principal risks that have been identified are:

Direct effects, which involve an EMF impinging directly on the human body:

Exposure to EMFs results in internal body currents and energy absorption in tissues. The limitsassociated with direct effects have been developed based on short-term, immediate health

effects such as stimulation of nerves and muscles, and increased tissue temperatures. Research

into potential long-term effects such as an increased risk of cancer continues.

Indirect effects, which involve an object at a different potential to the human body:

This can lead to shocks and burns caused by touching conducting objects at a differentpotential (i.e. when either the body or the object has been charged by an EMF).

For example, a person walking through a substation in insulated boots may receive a

50Hz electric shock when an earthed handrail is touched. The discomfort of static

electric shocks is a common experience. The difference with EMFs is that the supply of

current is continuous and potentially high enough to cause cardiac fibrillation leading to

death.

The limits in relation to indirect effects have been developed based on the perceptionlevel when touching conducting objects.

Other indirect effects relate to the impact on medical devices, which may lead to theirmalfunction. No mandatory limits have been developed for this mechanism.

Understanding Exposure Limits

The exposure limits are stated in terms of the underlying mechanisms, being either induced

current or absorbed energy:

Induced Current:

Contact current (IC) between a person and an object is expressed in amperes (A). Current density (J) is defined as the current flowing through a unit cross section

perpendicular to its direction in a volume conductor such as the human body or part of

it, expressed in amperes per square meter (Am-2).


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Absorbed Energy

Specific energy absorption rate (SAR) averaged over the whole body or over parts of thebody, is defined as the rate at which energy is absorbed per unit mass of body tissue

and is expressed in watts per kilogram (Wkg-1).

Power density (S) is the appropriate quantity used for very high frequencies, where thedepth of penetration in the body is low. It is the radiant power incident perpendicular toa surface, divided by the area of the surface and is expressed in watts per square meter

(Wm-2).

Whilst current flow in the limbs can be measured, circulating currents in the trunk and head

cannot. Similar to current flows, thermal effects cannot be measured directly. The evaluation

therefore must be by compliance with the action levels or evaluation by use of analytical

methods, numerical techniques or phantom models.

Approach to Identify Types of EMF and Groups at Risk

The types of EMF to which people who work in the railway environment may be exposed

depend on two factors:

The sources of EMF in the railway environment; and The duties of the staff involved (this affects the level of exposure to such sources).

The principal difference between the railways and other industrial applications is the use of

electric traction. In the UK 25kV AC and 750V DC systems are in use. These systems use an

overhead contact system (OCS) and a conductor rail respectively.

Following an initial assessment of the likely sources of EMF that could be present, a

brainstorming meeting based on a HAZID format was held on 26th April 2005 to: Provide project stakeholders with the opportunity to communicate any

comments/issues that they wished to raise and to confirm that the areas proposed for

investigation were appropriate.

Review the most significant railway specific sources of EMF that might be encounteredby railway staff and in doing so identify:

the types and locations of such sources of EMF in the railway environment; the characteristics of the sources of EMF; and Whether the duties of staff bring them within the zone of influence of the

sources (this affects the level and duration of exposure).

Types of EMF in the Railway Environment

The application of electrical energy can be categorized as power or information transmission.

The majority of power transmission uses 50Hz AC although there are some examples of DC

(particularly in railway applications).

EMFs can broadly be divided into the frequency bands shown in Table 1:


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ITU

Band

Designation Frequency Wavelength

--- TLF Tremendously low

frequency

100,000km

1 ELF ELF Extremely low

frequency

3Hz to 30Hz 100,000km to

10,000km

2 SLF Superlow frequency 30Hz to 300Hz 10,000km to

1,000km

3 ULF Ultralow frequency 300Hz to

3000Hz

1,000km to 100km

4 VLF Very low frequency 3kHz to 30kHz 100km to 10km

5 LF low frequency 30kHz to

300kHz

10km to 1km

6 MF Medium frequency 300kHz to3MHz

1km to 100m

7 HF High frequency 3MHz to 30MHz 100m to 10m

8 VHF Very high frequency 30MHz to

300MHz

10m to 1m

9 UHF Ultrahigh frequency 300MHz to

3000MHz

1m to 10cm

10 SHF Superhigh

frequency

3GHz to 30GHz 10cm to 1cm

11 EHF Extremely high

frequency

30GHz to

300GHz

1cm to 1mm

12

THF

Tremendously high

frequency

300GHz to 3THz


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Train Crew Exposure distance to traction

supply equipment limited by

rules for safe working and

rules for minimum

heights/clearances. Rolling

stock traction sources likely tobe relatively remote (metres)

and located in metallic

equipment cases.

Public exposure similar.

Maintenance Staff

Potential for frequent and

close exposure to trainborne

traction supply equipment,

auxiliary equipment and radio

transmitters (e.g. shoegear,25kV transformers, high

voltage cubicles protected by

plastic covers, radio antennas

etc.).

Infrastructure

Controller

Station Staff As TOC station staff.

Train Crew As TOC train crew.

Operational Control

Centre:

-Signalling,

-Telecommunications--

-Electrical

As TOC station staff. Exposure

mainly arises from access and

egress to workplace.

Controller

Maintainers:

-Permanent Way

-Signalling

-Telecommunications

-Electrification

Potential for frequent and

close exposure to traction

supply, plant & equipment

(e.g. crossing over tracks, live

working on 750V DC lines with

insulated conductor rail

troughs, working in feeder

stations, maintenance ofantennas etc.).

Table 2: Identification of Employee Groups at Risk.


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Approach

A combination of modelling, calculation and testing has been used to assess those scenarios

with the greatest potential to exceed the action levels as follows:

System modelling using computer based tools to assess the electric and magnetic fieldsproduced by components of the 25kV AC and 750V DC electrification system.

Calculations to estimate the EMFs produced by RF transmitters and other miscellaneoussources and systems.

Additional analysis was carried out using Mathcad Version 11.

Electromagnetic fields may either be quasistatic or radiative. Quasistatic applies when the time

variations are so slow that the corresponding wavelength ( = c /f) is large compared to the

device dimensions of interest. In this case the solutions are the same as the electrostatic or

magneto static solutions, plus small perturbation fields due to time variation effects such as

eddy currents.

Assessment of Scenarios against Exposure LimitsThere are various techniques that could be used to establish if the exposure limit values have

been exceeded in such circumstances:

Site measurements of induced currents (possible for limbs). Numerical models using Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) and Method of Moments

techniques.

Methods described in standards Analytical models

Methods in Standards

To date standards relating to EMFs have been developed for:

Household appliances. Electronic article surveillance devices. Generic electrical & electronic equipment. Telecommunications base stations. Cellular handsets.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Background

The study of the interaction between electromagnetic energy and living things involves aspectsof both physical and biological science that are less than perfectly understood. Electromagnetic

energy, one of the four basic forces of the universe, is neither quite particulate nor quite wave-

like in nature but displays properties of both simultaneously. Biological effects produced by the

electromagnetic waves may sometimes, but not always lead to adverse health effects.


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Literature

This literature is based from 51 original investigations or references and this literature is found

from website title Cytogenetic Studies on Railway Engine Drivers Exposed to Extremely Low

Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (ELF-EMF)

FindingFrom the article, we can find that Electric train engine drivers are occupationally exposed to

relatively high magnetic field flux densities, while exposure to the other genotoxic agents is

considered to be low or nonexistent.

To find out if magnetic field exposure has any genotoxic potentials, Nordenson et al .(2001) first

performed a pilot study on 18 non smoking Swedish male engine drivers . Results showed an

increase in the frequency of cells with chromosome type aberrations (gaps excluded) .The

authors concluded that exposure to the magnetic field at mean intensities of 215 T can induce

chromosomal damages.

To investigate the relationship between extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF)

exposure and mortality from leukaemia and brain tumor in a cohort of Swiss railway workers,

recently, Rsli et al .(2007) carried out a study on 20141 Swiss railway employees with 464129

person years of follow-up between 1972 and 2002. Mortality rates for leukemia and brain

tumor of highly exposed train drivers (21 mT average annual exposure) were compared with

medium and low exposed occupational groups (i.e. station masters with an average exposure of

1 mT). The authors concluded that Some evidence of an exposureresponse association was

found for myeloid leukemia and Hodgkins disease, but not for other haematopoietic and

lymphatic malignancies and brain tumors.

Background

The effects of chronic exposure to environmental electric and magnetic fields (EMF) have beenthe subject of intensive research leading to no definitive answers. Possible risks for childhood

and adult leukemia have been acknowledged, but many other health outcomes are still under

study. Among them are breast cancer, neuropsychological disorders, and reproductive

outcomes. An underlying mechanism that could explain all of these potential effects is

alteration of melatonin secretion as a result of EMF exposure. Melatonin secretion is important

in the regulation of circadian rhythms and sleep but could also be involved in the aging process,

carcinogenesis, and reproduction.

Literature


from website title Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields from High-power Lines on Female

Urinary Excretion of 6-Sulfatoxymelatonin.

Finding

From the article, we can find that recent epidemiologic studies have suggested an effect of

chronic EMF exposure on melatonin secretion. It was carried out in Seattle, Washington, among

women exposed to mean levels of 0.1 T (18). This study found an effect of nocturnal magnetic


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field exposure on morning 6-OHMS excretion among women using beta blockers and other

related drugs, leading to the hypothesis of a particular vulnerability among these persons.

Other than that, people living near high-voltage power lines are particularly exposed to power-

frequency EMF. In this paper, we present the results of an epidemiologic study in which we

tested the hypothesis that chronic exposure to 60-Hz EMF emanating from power lines is

associated with reduced 6-OHMS urinary excretion in women aged 2074 years.

Data from table 2 shows the variable that has been taken into account, number of people,

percentages of people living near the power line, adjusted geometric mean and comparison

between exposure levels. The data shown variable that have been taken into account relating

to the exposure of the EMF.

Background

Human neuronal-like cells were exposed to static and 50 Hz electromagnetic fields at the

intensities of 2 mT and 1 mT, respectively. The effects of exposure were investigated in the mid-

infrared region by means of Fourier self deconvolution spectroscopic analysis.


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In particular, exposure of 3 hours to 50 Hz electromagnetic fields can be related to unfolding

processes of proteins structure and cells death. Further exposure up to 18 hours to static

magnetic field produced an increase in -sheet contents as to -helix components of amide I

region.

LiteratureThis literature is based from 43 references and this literature is found from website title Static

and 50 Hz Electromagnetic Fields Effects on Human Neuronal-Like Cells Vibration Bands in the

Mid-Infrared Region.

Finding

From the article, we can find In the vicinity of certain home appliances, the magnetic-field

intensities due to ELF-EMFs can be as much as a few hundred microtesla (mT), whereas in some

workplaces can reach 10 mT. Exposure to ELF-EMFs from transmission and distribution lines has

been proposed as a possible explanation for the association with childhood leukaemia.

From the experiment conducted, increased in cell proliferation, changes in cell cycle and

increased DNA damage, in HL-60 leukaemia cells exposed to 50 Hz magnetic fields at 0.5-1 mT

up to 72 hours.

Other than that, Effect of 1 hour or 24 hours exposure of Jurkat cells to a 5 mT, 50 Hz EMF,

either alone, or with two genotoxic metabolites and there will be no effect of 1 hour exposure

to magnetic fields was observed, whereas exposure for 24 hours caused increases in

micronuclei. In further studies it was found that the maximum of damage was obtained in

fibroblasts after (15-19) hours of exposure to ELF-EMFs. After the peak of the damage, the

effect declined within the next hours.

Effects of exposure of human neuroblastoma cells to a 50 Hz EMF at 1 mT were investigatedand it proved that a 24 hours exposure significantly increased cell proliferation by (+10%) and a

72 hours exposure delayed the retinoic-acid-induced differentiation through increased cell

proliferation and decreased expression of the B-myb protein.

Based from Reference from A. A. Marino, O. V. Kolomytkin and C. Frilot studied the effects of

ELF-EMF in synovial fibroblasts and neuroblastoma cells. No effects were found in nerve cells,

but a decrease in the conductance of gap junction channels under exposure to 20 mA/m2 at 60

Hz and a significant increase in intracellular Ca2+ at current densities of more than 10 mA/m2

were found.

Other reference by R. R. Raylman, A. C. Clavo and R. L. Wahl; exposed three malignant human

cell lines (melanoma, ovarian carcinoma and lymphoma) to a 7 T uniform magnetic field for 64

hours and the effect from the exposure reduced the number of viable cells in each cell line by

20% to 40%.


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Background

Time-varying electric and magnetic fields (EMFs) with a frequency below 300 Hz are defined as

being extremely low frequency (ELF). Electric trains are operated at 16.7 Hz in some EU

countries, so public exposures at this frequency also have to be taken into account. The main

sources of exposure for the general public are from household and similar electric appliances,

transmission power lines, transformer stations, the wiring of buildings and from electrictransportation systems.

Literature


from website title European Health Risk Assessment Network on Electromagnetic Fields

Exposure

Finding

Residential and indoor exposure assessments

For residential exposure, the major sources of magnetic fields are household appliances, nearby

power and high-voltage transmission lines, and domestic installations. Long-term exposures are

mainly caused by power lines, transformer stations and domestic electrical wiring installations.

In some cases exposures form electric trains also need to be considered.

Exposure measurements of electric devices

For members of the public, the highest ELF fields are found in close vicinity of household and

similar appliances, and these fields may reach up to few mT. However, these high fields are very

localized and are limited to very short distances (less than some centimetres) from the surface

of the equipment. Additionally, the exposure times are usually also limited for short-term use.

The highest exposures in the ELF range occur during the use of electrical appliances that are

held in close proximity to the body; for example, the use of electric razors or hair dryers.

Exposure from transport systems

Relatively few studies have been conducted within the EU on the ELF exposure levels from

transport systems such as trains, trams and hybrid cars. The maximum levels of recorded

magnetic field strength are emitted at 50 Hz in a tram, 15.2516.50 Hz in a train, and 12 Hz in a

hybrid car. According to WHO (2007), peak magnetic fields of up to a few tens of T have

beenrecorded on the platform of a local city railway line.

The measurements of magnetic field strength in the front of a train at floor level were in the

range of 3.48.7 T. In a tram, the peak magnetic field strength of 7.6 T was recorded in themiddle of the tram on the floor level when another tram passed in close proximity. The

magnetic field strength near the floor on the outside of the tram reached up to 3.5 T when a

tram passed on the rail. Most of the field strength was in the range of 0.015.5 T.


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Typical ELF exposures in the ambient outdoor and indoor environment of the population

The highest magnetic fields can be found close to several domestic appliances that incorporate

motors, transformers, and heaters. Such exposure levels are very local and decrease rapidly

with distance from the appliance, plus exposure form these sources is not constant.

In pooled analyses of childhood leukemia studies, magnetic fields of 0.4 T have been used as ahigh exposure category, but these differ by factors of only 2 or 4 from those in a lower exposure

category, and ideally these categories should be higher by at least one order of magnitude.

We can conclude that the general ELF exposure level of the population is very low, between

0.01 and 0.1 T. Approximately 0.5 % of general populations are exposed continuously to levels

above 0.2 T from the fixed outdoor ELF sources (i.e. high-voltage power lines, lines of

transport systems). Elevated ELF exposure (up to a few T) can be seen in apartments above

built-in line transformers.

Background

This study is a re-examination of the possibility that exposure to extremely low frequency

alternating magnetic field (ELF-MF) may influence heart rate (HR) or its variability (HRV) in

humans. In a wooden room (cube with 2.7-m sides) surrounded with wire, three series of

experiments were performed on 50 healthy volunteers, who were exposed to MFs at

frequencies ranging from 50 to 1000 Hz and with flux densities ranging from 20 to 100 AT for

periods ranging from 2 min to 12 h. In each experiment, six indices of HR/HRV were calculated

from the RR intervals (RRIs): average RRI, standard deviation of RRIs, power spectral

components in three frequency ranges (pVLF, pLF and pHF), and the ratio of pLF to pHF.

A group in the Midwest Research Institute (Kansas City, MO) conducted an extensive series of

human experiments on the possible relationship between exposure to ELF-EMF and HR/HRV,and they observed a significant decrease in both HR and the low frequency component of the

HRV power spectrum following the exposure. If indeed ELF-EMF has such an effect, this will not

only be of interest in the field of cardiophysiology but also an issue of health science because

the majority of humans are almost always exposed to ELF-EMF from surrounding highly

electrified environment.

Literature


from website title Can extremely low frequency alternating magnetic fields modulate

heart rate or its variability in humans?

Finding

In Experiment 1, all fields were 50 Hz and circularly polarized and had 20 kinds of modes: a

combination of two modes of polarity, two modes of continuity (continuous and intermittent),

and five modes of intensity (20, 40, 60, 80,and 100 AT). In Experiment 1, the subjects were

carefully set under conditions in which their physical and mental states were stable, and a pair


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of 2-min data obtained both immediately before and during the exposure was collected from

each session. Consequently, the statistical test demonstrated that short-term exposure to MF

does not alter HR/HRV acutely, and this finding suggests the absence of a direct action of MFs

on ANS.

Experiment 2, the generated field was identical to one of those used in Experiment 1: 50 Hz/20AT circularly polarized MF with vertical axis. Experiments 2 were conducted to examine

whether MF exposure for periods ranging from 1 to 6 h influenced cognitive performance tests.

In Experiments 2 and 3, the subjects were exposed to ELF-MF for longer periods than in

Experiment 1, and the results showed no influence.

In Experiment 3, the generated field was based on a 50 Hz, 20 AT sinusoidal MF, in which three

components were superimposed: third harmonics with 30% intensity of the base field, fifth

harmonics with 10% intensity of the base field, and a 1-kHz, 100-AT (at the peak) field that

occurred at 1-s intervals and attenuated exponentially over a duration of 50 ms. results of

Experiment 3 demonstrated that exposure to ELF-MFs during nighttime sleep does not

influence HR/HRV.

CONCLUSION

From the finding in Literature Review 1, it can be concluded that the low frequency

magnetic field can affect the health of a person when the person continuously exposed to it.

The chromosome can be damaged and could cause leukemia and brain tumor.

From Literature Review 2, it can be concluded that the person that live far from the

power lines will have less effect from the magnetic field induced by the power lines. On the

other hand, the person that live near the power lines will have his/her urinary excretion be

reduced.

From Literature Review 3, the low frequency of magnetic field by the home appliances

can cause the children to have leukemia. There will be some changes on the DNA. Severe case

will likely occur when the children exposed to the magnetic field for too long around 15-19

hours. However, when exposed to the magnetic field for about an hour, there will be no effect

on the DNA.

In Literature Review 4, all the magnetic field induced devices ranging from household

appliances to electric transportation system can affect the health of a person. This is regardless

how low or how high the frequency of the magnetic field. However, the person exposed to the

low frequency magnetic field will less likely to have severe effect.

Based on the Literature Review 5, when exposed to the 50Hz magnetic field for a short

duration, the heart rate will not be affected. The same results occur when the subject is


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exposed to the magnetic field for a longer period. Therefore, it is concluded that neither low

frequency nor high frequency will change the heart rate.

Through out the whole reviews, it may be conclude that the magnetic field can be very

cancerous to the person under any forms of exposure under various period of time. The

significant effects may be seen on the person under the long-term exposure to the magnetic

field. On the contrary, the heart rate of a person will not show any sign of change whether

under low frequency or high frequency of magnetic field.

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Epidemiology. Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields from High-power Lines on FemaleUrinary Excretion of 6-Sulfatoxymelatonin.

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Electromagnetic Fields Effects on Human Neuronal-Like Cells Vibration Bands in the

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