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Expert medical information about the various types and effects of EMF pollution, the most severe sources of electrical pollution and the technologies or actions that address them.
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Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
EMF Pollution EMF Pollution
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
What is EMF Pollution?What is EMF Pollution? Electromotive force or “emf” is the rate at which energy is
drawn from a source that produces a flow of electricity in a circuit; expressed in volts. [syn: voltage]
A change in the magnetic flux through a circuit produces an electromotive force around the circuit.
EMF pollution includes all electromotive force phenomena; whether causing a static field or radiation.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
The Nature of PhysicsThe Nature of Physics The laws of Physics govern a vast range of phenomena in
our universe.
Physics is a science; seeking to understand reality in terms of basic principles.
The principles that exist today resulted from a process of observation, experimentation, and reformulation that has been continuous since the dawn of civilization.
The validity of a basic principle is determined by the evidence-observational and experimental data.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
The Nature of PhysicsThe Nature of Physics
The proven basic principles of Physics provide a prescription for measuring fundamental quantities.
Electric charge, magnetic pole, and electric current have all been fundamental quantities in Electromagnetic Physics.
Problems based in Engineering and Physics require solutions based upon the laws and basic principles of the respective discipline.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Electrostatics-The Science of Electrostatics-The Science of Electric Charge at RestElectric Charge at Rest
Electric charge occurs in two species-positive and negative. The smallest known negative charge is the charge on the electron, and the smallest known positive charge is that on the proton. They are of equal magnitude but opposite sign.
The electrostatic field at a point is the force that unit positive test charge would experience if placed at that point.
The electrostatic potential difference between two points is the work required to move unit positive test charge from one point to
another.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Electrostatics-The Science of the Electrostatics-The Science of the Electric Charge at RestElectric Charge at Rest The capacitance of a pair of conductors is the
ratio of the charge on them to the potential difference that the charge causes.
A dielectric is an insulating medium that increases the capacitance of a pair of conductors significantly.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Direct Current CircuitsDirect Current Circuits Electric current is the flow of electric charge from one place
to another.
An ohmic circuit element is one whose resistance is independent of the current. A resistor is an ohmic circuit element.
-For resistors in Series the current in each resistor is the same. The total voltage is the sum of the voltages across each resistor separately.
-For resistors in parallel the voltage across each resistor is the same. The total current is the sum of the currents through each resistor separately.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Direct Current CircuitsDirect Current Circuits Resistivity is a property of substances that allows
resistance to be calculated from geometrical dimensions.
A direct current (dc) Circuit is a form of continuing charge flow that is steady and persistent in one direction.
Kirchhoff’s Laws: 1. The sum of the currents entering any junction equals the
sum of the currents leaving the junction.
2. The sum of the battery emf’s around any loop equals the sum of the potential differences across the resistors around the loop.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Electromagnetism-Magnetic FieldsElectromagnetism-Magnetic Fields
Electromagnetism is magnetism arising from electric charge in motion.
A current produces a magnetic field, which is comprised of closed looping lines that form around that current; the field of force associated with electric charge in motion.
-For example, the lines of a magnetic field around a long strait wire carrying a current form concentric circles.
Magnetic field strength is defined in terms of the magnetic force on a current-carrying wire or on a moving charge. The magnetic force is perpendicular to the magnetic field and the direction of current flow.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Electromagnetism-Electromagnetic Electromagnetism-Electromagnetic InductionInduction Induction is the process by which objects are charged by contact
with other charged bodies.
Conduction is the transmission of electric charge or heat through a conducting medium without perceptible motion of the medium itself.
Conductors are substances that readily conduct electric charge.
Inductance:-The self inductance of a coil is a measure of the emf induced in it by a given rate of current change.
-The mutual inductance between two coils is a measure of the emf induced in one of them by a given rate of current change in the other.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Electromagnetism-Electromagnetic Electromagnetism-Electromagnetic InductionInduction An electromagnetic wave consists of a magnetic wave conjoined
with an electric wave.-The velocity of an electromagnetic wave in empty space
is equal to the square root of the reciprocal of the product of the permittivity and permeability.
Radiation is the emission and propagation of waves or particles such as radiant heat or particles emitted by radioactivity.
A microwave is any electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength in the approximate range from one millimeter to one meter, the region between infrared and short-wave radio wavelengths.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Alternating Current CircuitsAlternating Current Circuits An alternating current (ac) Circuit is a form of continuing charge flow that continually
reverses direction.-Most household devices operate on ac rather than dc as a technique for transferring large amounts of electricity over long distances.
-Less power is lost in transmission if very high voltage is used; necessitating a transformer to change it into low household voltages.
A rms value is the peak value of a current or voltage.
Inductors and capacitors as ac circuit elements-The ac through an inductor lags the voltage drop across it by one quarter
of a cycle.-The current in an inductor is related to the voltage across it by the
inductive reactance.
-The ac through a capacitor leads the voltage drop across it by one quarter of a cycle.
-The current in a capacitor is related to the voltage across it by the capacitive reactance.
-There is no power dissipation in an inductor or in a capacitor.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Alternating Current CircuitsAlternating Current Circuits Resonance is angular frequency.
A transformer is a mutual inductor with a primary and secondary coil that are usually wound on a common continuous iron core. It is a device that changes the voltage of an ac power supply without changing its frequency.
The average power dissipation in a resistor is conveniently calculated using root-mean-square values of alternating current and voltage (same as calculating it for dc).
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Additional Definitions for Additional Definitions for Understanding EMF PollutionUnderstanding EMF Pollution Electricity is electric current used or regarded as a source of
power.
Something that is electric, produces or is powered by electricity.
Electric power lines transport electricity to locations that utilize electrically operated devices.
Electrical units:
KHz (kilohertz)
MHz (megahertz)
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Additional Definitions for Additional Definitions for Understanding EMF PollutionUnderstanding EMF Pollution GHz (gigahertz)
Ampere: a unit of steady electric current.
Volt: electric potential and emotive force; equal to the difference of electric potential between two points on a conducting wire carrying a constant current of one ampere when the power dissipated between the points is one watt.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Additional Definitions for Additional Definitions for Understanding EMF PollutionUnderstanding EMF Pollution Gauss: (centimeter-gram-second) electromagnetic unit of
magnetic flux density.
Infrared radiation: electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths greater than those of visible light and shorter than those of microwaves.
Frequencies: the number of repetitions per unit time of a complete waveform, as of an electric current.
Electrical engineering: the design and application of equipment for power generation and distribution.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Waves and Their MechanismWaves and Their Mechanism Effect on the human organism and on other vertebrates
The continuously increasing ways in which radio waves are used in modern society is increasing one’s exposure to electromagnetic waves and their physical effects.
Thermal effects of irradiation exposure consist of increases in outer and inner body temperature. Exposure to high intensity fields can cause serious blood vessel damage and hemorrhaging of internal organs.
Subjective complaints of persons working in the Rf Field include: headaches, eyestrain, dizziness, fatigue, dysfunctional sleep cycle, depression, deterioration of intellectual functions, and moodiness, dermographism and other acute symptoms depending on the prolongation of exposure.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Waves and Their MechanismWaves and Their Mechanism Effect on eyes: experiments on animals
Effects on the eyes of humans
Nervous system
Reproductive tissue
Circulatory system
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Waves and Their MechanismWaves and Their Mechanism Change in the blood picture
Effect of Rf Fields on other organs
In the circulatory system the effects lead to accelerated breathing rates and hemorrhaging and bleeding can occur in some organs.
Studies have been done on the kidneys, adrenal glands, and the liver.
Effects show decreased filtration in the renal glands. Increased activity of the adrenal cortex Persons working in the rf field exhibited thyroid gland
enlargement.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Waves and Their MechanismWaves and Their Mechanism Biochemical changes
The effects of electromagnetic fields manifested in metabolic changes in the most diverse tissues.
Aerobic glycolsis takes place in the cerebral cortex.
Activity of cholenesterase in the blood and in other organs is reduced even at exposure to low intensities.
There are changes in the composition of blood plasma.
Decreases in the level of ribonucleic acid (RNA) occurred in rats spleens after continued irradiation by microwaves. The same results occurred to the liver and the brain after even further irradiation.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Waves and Their MechanismWaves and Their Mechanism
Effect on other organisms
Effect on invertebrates
Effect on unicellular organisms
Effect on plants
Dependence of biological effects upon field parameters
Laser radiation
Simultaneous action of electromagnetic waves and other factors
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Waves and Their MechanismWaves and Their Mechanism Effect on physical and chemical properties of materials
Colloidal particles migrate in the electrical field produced by an rf field.
Even very low frequencies can cause chain formation in colloids.
Both dead and living nonmotile unicellular organisms behave like colloidal particles; forming chains.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Waves and Their MechanismWaves and Their Mechanism Electromagnetic fields can also cause changes in the properties
or states of some substances.
Glycogen becomes polarized.
Changes in molecular weight occur in proteins in vitro.
Electrical characteristics of molecules change substantially when exposed to increasing frequencies.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Waves and Their MechanismWaves and Their Mechanism Mechanism of effects
Nonthermal effect
Nonthermal (stationary) effects
“Resonance theories”
The biologically important semiconducting systems are:
-Direct, with electric conductivity
-Indirect, with ionic conductivity
-mixed
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Waves and Their MechanismWaves and Their Mechanism
The effect of high-frequency fields on organisms can result in a change in the arrangement of various molecules inside and outside of the cell. As a consequence the passage of molecules through the cell membranes may be affected.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Waves and Their MechanismWaves and Their Mechanism A threshold effect is created when the amplitude
of a stimulus is gradually increased from zero.
Electrical fields are an undoubtedly important aspect in the control of physiological processes in organisms.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Biological Effects of Electromagnet Biological Effects of Electromagnet Waves and their MechanismWaves and their Mechanism Most serious is the effect of the uhf field on the eyes and on reproductive
tissue (in men), since these organs lie close to the body surface and are therefore readily accessible to the effects of electromagnetic waves. Also susceptible are the nervous and cardiovascular systems, which not only lie near surface of the body but also have conductive properties.
The best known effect of rf energy is its heating. Heating effects result about all from relatively high rf field intensities increase in the total body temperature with increasing intensity and length of irradiation
Brief irradiation produces maximum heating at the body surface often even leading to local superficial burns.
Longer-wave irradiation generates the highest temperature in deep-lying muscles. Temperature of internal organs and of the blood flowing away from the irradiated organ also increases blood vessels are seriously injured and there are hemorrhages in the internal organs some organs seriously injured with out the entire organism being overheated.
Implanted metal also cause a concentration of rf energy. At high intensities overheating of organism and death survival
times can be substantially affected by the initial temperature and its cooling during exposure.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Biological Effects of Electromagnet Biological Effects of Electromagnet Waves and their MechanismWaves and their Mechanism Rf field workers complain of headachs and eyestrain flow of
tears, of fatigue derived from over-all weakness, and dizziness At night their sleep is disturbed sleepy in the daytime moody,
irritated, unsociable Manifest hypochondriac reactions and a feeling of fear Mental depression with deterioration of intellectual functions
mental impairment Inability to make decisions Pulling sensation in the scalp and on the brow, loss of hair, pain
in the muscles and in the heart region pounding of the heart sex life
Slight trembling of the eyelids, the tongue, and the fingers, increased perspiration dermographism, brittleness of fingernails
Decrease of lactation exposure had ended as long as several weeks or more
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Biological Effects of Electromagnet Biological Effects of Electromagnet Waves and their MechanismWaves and their Mechanism All subjective and objective complaints vanish regeneration Effect on the Eyes: Experiments on Animals. The most significant is in
the uhf band heating leads to eye damage cataracts on the lens and on the cornea high power density, a cataract can appear even after a single exposure subthreshold intensities can lead to the same damage eyes are not damaged if radiation is not aimed at the eyes.
In man in the uhf field, especially radar operators unilateral and bilateral cataracts a few milliwatts per square centimeter are sufficient to product opacities in the human eye flow of tears and eye fatigue is observed first with changes in vision, sensitivity to colored light (especially blue)
Same for pulsed and continuous fields a change in intraocular pressure Lowering in the content of Vitamin C in the lens and in the fluid in the
anterior chamber lowering of the activity of ATP At higher intensities damage is evidently of a thermal nature, with a
coagulation of the proteins in the lens; at low intensities, a disturbance of metabolic processes. Ascribed to glutathione damage to tissue respiration and oxidation-reduction systems.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Ultraviolet LampsUltraviolet Lamps Ultraviolet radiation between visible light and x-radiation. Near
ultraviolet (320-420 milimicrons); midultraviolet (290-320 milimicrons) where germicidal effects take place; and far ultraviolet (180-290 milimicrons), such as that filtered through window glass.
To utilize therapeutically, the radiating substance producing the ultraviolet rays must be heated to an extremely high temperature
The major sources are electric arc, between electrodes of metal, carbon, or mercury in quartz
Best spectral band at which tanning occurs is between 290 and 320 Angstroms. No tanning is produced by wavelengths longer than 3,300 Angstroms.
Long ultraviolet 400-200 Short ultraviolet 200-180 The second type of tanning may occur; requires oxygen and it is
reversible. Deeper darkening of preformed pigment When ultraviolet rays with wavelengths below 320 milimicrons are absorbed
in the corneum, upper layers of the skin, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands, vitamin D forms as a by-product. Calcium absorption
Muscular tone is improved
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Nutrition/Preventative MaintenanceNutrition/Preventative Maintenance
By taking the Health Appraisal Questionnaire and the Detoxification Questionnaire, one can determine which of the following preventative maintenance steps are necessary.
The Multigenics IC with out iron is recommended for basic wellness.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Nutrition/Preventative MaintenanceNutrition/Preventative Maintenance
DetoxificationIf patient exhibits symptoms of toxicity implement the following:
For basic systemic detoxification, consider UltraClear or UltraClear Plus
For detoxification with systemic inflammation symptoms, consider UltraInflamx
For detoxification with leaky gut symptoms consider, UltraClear Sustain
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Nutrition/Preventative MaintenanceNutrition/Preventative Maintenance
Gastrointestinal
For gastric function one can use Metagest.
For GI inflammation one can use Ulcinex.
For small intestine and pancreas (faulty assimilation, malabsorption, steatorrhea) one can use Azeo-Pangen Extra Strength.
For colon (irritable bowel syndrome [IBS], diverticulitis) one can use UltraInflamx.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Nutrition/Preventative MaintenanceNutrition/Preventative Maintenance
Liver and Gallbladder
For hepatobiliary function one can use Ultra Potent C and Lipo-Gen.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Nutrition/Preventative MaintenanceNutrition/Preventative Maintenance
Endocrine
For the thyroid one can use T-100, Thyrosol, and Adreset.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Nutrition/Preventative MaintenanceNutrition/Preventative Maintenance
Glucose Regulation
For dysglycemia-L (tending toward low blood sugar) one can use Multigenics IC, Glycogenics, and UltraMeal.
For dysglycemia-h (tending toward elevated blood sugar) one can use MetaGlycemX, UltraGlycemX, Ultra CLA, and Fenugreek Plus.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Nutrition/Preventative MaintenanceNutrition/Preventative Maintenance
Cardiovascular
For the heart one can take Cardiogenics, CoQ10 ST-100, and E Complex-1:1.
For circulation one can take E Complex-1:1 and Ginkgo-RoseOx.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Nutrition/Preventative MaintenanceNutrition/Preventative Maintenance
Mood
For depression one can use St. John’s Wort B12/Folate, Glycogenics, and 5HTP.
For anxiety one can take Serenagen and Glycogenics.
For Anger one can take Nervous Tension Remedy, Tran-Q, Mentalin.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Nutrition/Preventative MaintenanceNutrition/Preventative Maintenance
Immune Function: eyes, ears, nose, throat, (EENT), and lungs
For EENT one should eliminate foods containing dairy and wheat for two months to see if it reduces hypersecretion and frequency of infections.
In addition one can take Ultra Potent-C 1000 and Ultra Flora Plus or Ultra Flora Plus DF.
For general immune function one can take EPA-DHA Extra Strength and Ultra Flora Plus or Ultra Flora Plus DF.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Nutrition/Preventative MaintenanceNutrition/Preventative Maintenance
CNS and Brain
For the central nervous system one can take Ginkgo-RoseOx, Neurosol, and EPA-DHA Extra Strength.
For Cognition one can take Ceralin, Mentalin, and EPA-DHA Extra Strength.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Food and the Nervous System; Food and the Nervous System; the relationship between food, behavior, and the relationship between food, behavior, and emotionsemotions Neurotransmitters, chemicals that carry signals between
individual nerve cells.
The synthesis of at least five of them may be affected by the brain’s concentration of certain raw materials.
Diet significantly effects the concentration of these materials.
Serotonin is the most studied in food and neurotransmitter research, and it may inhibit eating behavior because some bulimics (binge-purge eaters) are deficient in it.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Food and the Nervous System; Food and the Nervous System; the relationship between food, behavior, and the relationship between food, behavior, and emotionsemotions Serotonin is produced when the brain converts it from the
amino acid tryptophan. Tryptophan may be increased by eating high-carbohydrate meals.
Norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter that maintains a state of alertness may be increased after a high protein meal due to the increased uptake of the amino acid, tyrosine in the brain.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Food and the Nervous System; Food and the Nervous System; the relationship between food, behavior, and the relationship between food, behavior, and emotionsemotions Neuropeptides are another group of brain chemicals
implicated in food and behavior. Several neuropeptides that are believed to inhibit eating
include:
Cholecystokinin- a polypeptide hormone that suppresses appetite for carbohydrates and fats.
Cyclo His-Pro- is derived from two amino acids, histidine and proline and gets released into the bloodstream after meals.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Food and the Nervous System; Food and the Nervous System; the relationship between food, behavior, and the relationship between food, behavior, and emotionsemotions In contrast, these neuropeptides may activate eating
behavior:
Neuropeptide Y (NPY)- within minutes of appearing in the brain it stimulates an appetite for carbohydrates
Galanin- stimulates cravings for fatty foods
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Food and the Nervous System; Food and the Nervous System; the relationship between food, behavior, and the relationship between food, behavior, and emotionsemotions
Sugar and Mood
Some studies show that in susceptible people an excessive amount of sugar consumption can alter blood sugar levels.
Blood sugar may drop temporarily after eating so after consuming an especially heavy meal, blood is increasingly diverted from the brain and to the gut.
Hypoglycemia (drop in blood sugar) may cause irritability, depression, fatigue, and moodiness due to the brain’s heavy dependence on blood sugar to meet most of its energy needs.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Food and the Nervous System; Food and the Nervous System; the relationship between food, behavior, and the relationship between food, behavior, and emotionsemotions
Nutrient Deficiencies
The fact that vitamin and mineral deficiencies have long-term effects on mood is well established.
Severe chronic deficiencies of vitamin B6, and B12, vitamin c, folic acid, and niacin are capable of causing symptoms that resemble senility, depression, and schizophrenia.
Deficiencies in iron, copper, zinc, and the above nutrients impair neurotransmitter synthesis.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Food and the Nervous System; Food and the Nervous System; the relationship between food, behavior, and the relationship between food, behavior, and emotionsemotions
Supplementing with vitamins can sometimes help symptoms of mental disturbances.
Evidence links oxidative free radical damage to a decline in brain function and aging with various degenerative diseases.
Thus, consuming antioxidant are essential for healthy brain function.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Food and the Nervous System; Food and the Nervous System; the relationship between food, behavior, and the relationship between food, behavior, and emotionsemotions
Toxic Metals
Heavy metal exposure has numerous effects on the nervous system and behavior.
Some examples include:
Lead pollution decreases intelligence and scholastic performance (esp. in young people).
An excess of cadmium can partially block the trace mineral zinc.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Food and the Nervous System; Food and the Nervous System; the relationship between food, behavior, and the relationship between food, behavior, and emotionsemotions
Food sensitivitiesContrary to traditional beliefs, accumulating evidence indicates that food allergies can trigger mood swings, anxiety, and fatigue.This occurs in susceptible people when the allergic attack focused on the nervous system.
Whole milk and other food sensitivities have been implicated in depression, aggressive behavior, and schizophrenia. (allergy, food; appetite; bulimia nervosa; Feingold diet; hunger)
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Free Radicals and AntioxidantsFree Radicals and Antioxidants Free radicals are atoms or groups of atoms with an odd
(unpaired) number of electrons and can be formed when oxygen interacts with certain molecules.
The four free radicals are super oxide dismutase (SOD), methionine reductase, catalase, and Glutathione peroxidase.
These four enzymes are also essential enzymes, which the body makes on its own. For various reasons, the body often is unable to make sufficient quantities to control effectively all of free radical damage.
Antioxidants are intimately involved in the prevention of cellular damage -- the common pathway for cancer, aging, and a variety of diseases.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Free Radicals and AntioxidantsFree Radicals and Antioxidants Free radicals are atoms or groups of atoms with an odd
(unpaired) number of electrons and can be formed when exposure to high-energy radiation or when oxygen interacts with certain molecules. Once formed these highly reactive radicals can start a chain reaction.
They cause damage by reacting with important cellular components such as DNA, or the cell membrane. Cells may function poorly or die if this occurs.
To prevent free radical damage the body has a defense system of antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant micronutrients, which reduce cellular damage and prevent cancer, aging, and a variety of diseases.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Free Radicals and AntioxidantsFree Radicals and Antioxidants Antioxidants are molecules which can safely interact with free
radicals and terminate the chain reaction before vital molecules are damaged.
Even though there are several enzyme systems within the body that scavenge free radicals, there are essential micronutrient (vitamin) antioxidants, vitamin E, beta-carotene, and vitamin C.
In addition, selenium, a trace metal that is required for proper function of glutathione peroxidase, is sometimes included in this category. The body cannot manufacture these micronutrients so they must be supplied in the diet.
Vitamin E : A fat soluble vitamin found naturally in nuts, seeds, vegetable and fish oils, whole grains (esp. wheat germ), and apricots.
Dr. Adiel Tel-Oren
Free Radicals and AntioxidantsFree Radicals and Antioxidants Vitamin C : Ascorbic acid is a water soluble vitamin present
in citrus fruits and juices, green peppers, cabbage, spinach, broccoli, kale, cantaloupe, kiwi, and strawberries. The RDA is 60 mg per day. Intake above 2000 mg may be associated with adverse side effects in some individuals.
Beta-carotene is a precursor to vitamin A (retinol) and is present in liver, egg yolk, milk, butter, spinach, carrots, squash, broccoli, yams, tomato, cantaloupe, peaches, and grains. Because beta-carotene is converted to vitamin A by the body there is no set requirement. Instead the RDA is expressed as retinol equivalents (RE), to clarify the relationship. (NOTE: Vitamin A has no antioxidant properties and can be quite toxic when taken in excess.)