EMERGING TRENDS IN INSULIN DELIVERY SYSTEMSDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour Central University, Sagar (M.P.)

Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus is a serious and rapidly increasing

prevalence on the global scale and is expected to affect 300 million

people by the year 2025 which makes it a significant cause for concern. It

is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia, glycosuria,

hyperlipaemia, negative nitrogen balance and sometimes ketonaemia. In

current scenario, insulin delivery by alternative route is an area of interest

in the design of drug delivery system.

FUNTIONING OF INSULIN: Insulin is the key to altering the glucose

in the cell. Glucose in the cell is transformed into energy for the body.

Insulin therapy is the treatment of diabetes by

administration of exogenous insulin. Patients with Type 1

diabetes mellitus depend on external insulin (most

commonly injected subcutaneously) for their survival

because the hormone is no longer produced internally.

Insulin is a hormone that is secreted by the beta

cells in the pancreas. It controls the metabolism

and cellular uptake of sugars, and also

influences fat and protein usage.

INSULIN SECREATION

Insulin pumps may be like

'electrical injectors' attached to a

temporarily implanted catheter or

cannula.

OTHER ADVANCEMENT

There are several methods for

transdermal delivery of insulin. Jet

injection had different insulin delivery

peaks and durations as compared to

needle injection.

The basic appeal of oral

hypoglycemic agents is that most

people would prefer a pill to an

injection.

A transplantation of the

pancreas or beta cell is another

improvement to avoid periodic

insulin administration.

It involves the designing of a viral vector to

deliberately infect cells with DNA to carry on the

viral production of insulin in response to the blood

sugar level. It might eventually be used to cure the

cause of beta cell destruction, thereby curing the

new diabetes patient before the beta cell destruction

is complete and irreversible.

Types of Diabetes

Type 1Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus In Type 1 diabetes the pancreas is not producing insulin; therefore the glucose is not able to enter the cell

Type 2 Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus In Type 2 diabetes the pancreas still produces insulin, but not enough to help in lowering adequate amount of glucose into the cells

Insulin is usually taken as

subcutaneous injections by single-use

syringes with needles or by repeated-

use insulin pens with needles.

SYRINGE INSULIN PEN PUMP ON BODY CANNULA

Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Vijay V, Burden of type-2 diabetes and its complications: The Indian Scenario, Current science, 2002; 83; 1471-76.

NORMAL FUNCTION TYPE 1 TYPE 2