| 1Energy Efficiency Summit, 2011

Emerging Trends in improving

Energy Efficiency in Chillers

| 2CONFIDENTIAL

Chiller Market

Various Types of Chillers & Available Range:

Chiller Market In India:

Total Estimated Market for 2011:

875,000 TR

Type of Chiller Centrifugal

Oil-free Centri

Screw

Scroll

50 100 150 200 250 500 1000 3000

Cooling Capacity, (TR)

| 3CONFIDENTIAL

Selection of Chillers

Other considerations-

•Regulatory Requirements- Eco-friendly Refrigerants, Certification, etc.

•Compliance to ECBC, Green Building, ASHRAE90.1 etc.

•Noise Level

Segment Applications Drivers Type of Chilled Water System

Contractor/

Builder

Commercial,

Shopping Malls

Equipment, Specs,

First Cost

Scroll/ Screw, DX type

Standard AHU

Consulting

Engineers,

Developers/

Architects

Large Offices, IT

Parks,

Hotels,

Hospitals

Equipment, Specs,

Life Cycle Cost

Screw/ Centri/Turbocor, Flooded type

AHU & Pumps with VFD

System & Building

Design

VSD Centrifugal, Oil-free Centri,

Variable Air & Water integrated with

BMS

Industrial &

Special

Applications

Data CentresReliability,

Redundancy,

Temp Control,

Efficiency

Scroll/ Screw, DX type

Precision Control AHU

Process Cooling Scroll/ Oil-free Centri, DX/Flooded type

| 4CONFIDENTIAL

Energy Efficiency (AHRI-550/590)

Coefficient of Performance (COP)

- Ratio of the rate of heat removal to the rate

of energy input

- Measured at full load (100% capacity) under

standard rating conditions

Integrated Part-Load Value (IPLV)

- Equipment is selected to meet the load

under maximum operating conditions

- In actual, equipment operate at part load for

most of the run time

- IPLV represents a single number figure of

merit expressing part load efficiency on the

basis of weighted operation at various load

capacities

Plant Efficiency (Not covered in AHRI-550/590)

- Auxiliary equipment (such as pumps, fan & blowers) and design conditions (such as 'appoach

temperatures') can have have substantial effects on overall plant efficiency

- Staging of multiple chillers for the best plant efficiency & operation of isolation valves with variable

water flow can be managed with intelligent Plant Manager System.

IPLV = 0.01*A + 0.42*B + 0.45*C + 0.12*D

A: EER at 100% capacity

B: EER at 75% capacity

C: EER at 50% capacity

D: EER at 25% capacity

| 5CONFIDENTIAL

Energy Efficiency RegulationsEnergy Conservation Building Code

(ECBC):

- Launched by Ministry Of Power, Govt of

India in May 2007; revised in May2008

- Applicable to buildings or complexes that

have a connected load of 100kW or greater

or a contract demand of 120kVA or greater

- Under voluntary adoption in the country

- Code defines minimum energy efficiency

level for HVAC systems, components &

controls

Code recommends: 1) variable Speed

drives for water circulation pumps, AHU

motors and cooling tower fans, 2) 2-way

isolation valves for load balancing and

3) VAV diffusers, low pressure drop duct

ASHRAE 90.1

- Define Minimum Energy Efficiency of HVAC

systems

- Provide robust framework for ECBC guidelines

| 6CONFIDENTIAL

DX & Flooded EvaporatorsCategory DX Evaporator Flooded Evaporator

Construction • Shell & Tube Type

• Refrigerant Flows through Tubes

• Water Flow through Shell

• Inner Grooved Tubes

• 5 - 10oC superheat

• Shell & Tube Type

• Water Flows through Tubes

• Refrigerant in Shell

• Tubes with fins from both Inside & Outside

• Negligible superheat

Cost • Lower

• Limited Refrigerant Quantity

Efficiency

Air-cooled

Water-cooled

• Low due to lower evaporating temp

• 1.15 ~ 1.2 IKW/TR

• 0.72 ~ 0.8 IKW/TR

• High

• Large Refrigerant Quantity

• High due to higher evaporating temp

• 1.05~ 1.08 IKW/TR

• 0.57 ~ 0.65 IKW/TR

WATER OUT

44°F

WATER IN

54°F

GAS

REFRIGERANT LIQUID IN

35°F

REFRIGERANT

COOLER APPLICATIONREFRIGERANT

LIQUID IN

510F

REFRIGERANT

GAS

| 7CONFIDENTIAL

District Cooling Systems

Cost Effective Hydronic Circuits

- Lower pump size, smaller pipe diameters

- Lower Pumping Cost

- Cooling coils must be oversized Higher Installation Cost

| 8CONFIDENTIAL

Constant Speed Compressors- Tandem

Scroll Chillers•A ‘tandem scroll’ consists of two identical scroll

compressors linked in parallel to function as

one compressor.

• It increases the operating efficiency, whenever

the chiller operates under ‘part load’ conditions.

• Power savings up to 20% can be achieved by

utilizing the entire condenser area for heat

rejection, even when one compressor in the

circuit is in operation.

| 9CONFIDENTIAL

Performance: Tandem Scroll Vs Screw

At ARI Reduced Ambient At 35C Constant Ambient

• Performance of scroll chillers & screw chillers similar at ARI part load test

conditions, hence rated COP & IPLV values are comparable.

• Performance of scroll chillers is significantly better than that of screw chillers

during part load operation at high ambient conditions, which are common in

India.

| 10CONFIDENTIAL

Advantages of Scroll over Screw

Design

- Lower Sound Level : Quiet operation

- Low Starting Current : Smaller Generator

Screw Chiller : 450 Amps for 110TR

Scroll Chiller : 360 Amps for 120TR

- DOL starting: Less Switchgear

- Only three connections: Suction, Discharge &

Oil Equilizer.

Service & Maintenance

- Simple design, Highly trained serviceman not

required.

- Due to multiple circuits, complete shutdown is

not necessary for servicing.

- Redundancy during failure.

- Runtime equalization of compressors - enhanced

life of compressors.

- Low weight compressor- ease of

handling/replacement.

Reliability

- Oil is on suction side at lower temperature : No oil

cooling required.

- Better operating envelope: can operate at high

condensing temperature.

- No Liquid Injection required for motor cooling

- Unloading of chiller by switching off compressors;

no moving part for unloading.

| 11CONFIDENTIAL

Variable Speed Compressors: Oil-free

Centrifugal Chillers• Compressor speed

adjusts automatically to match

the load and current operating

conditions so that optimum

efficiency is gained.

• Primary capacity control is done

using the onboard VFD and only

use the Inlet Guide Vanes to

supplement VFD controls. IGVs

prevent surge conditions at low

turndown. IGVs normally

operate at the 110% position.

• The slower the compressors,

the greater the efficiency. As

speeds is reduced, energy

consumption is reduced by the

cube.

"Best In Class" Sound Level

72 dBA at 1m

| 12CONFIDENTIAL

Compressor: Oil Free, Magnetic Bearings

Pressure and

temperature

sensors

Inverter speed

control

Synchronous

brushless DC

motor

Motor and

bearing control

Inlet Guide

Vanes

2 stage centrifugal

compressor

Soft-Start

(<2amps Inrush)

| 13CONFIDENTIAL

Magnetic Bearing System

The rotor shaft is held in position

with ten separately controlled

electro-magnetic cushions which

continually change the strength

to keep the shaft centrally

positioned.

| 14CONFIDENTIAL

Advantages of Oil Free CompressorPercentage of Oil in the System

Chiller

Effic

iency

Loss

Percentage of Oil in the System

•A study was conducted by ASHRAE to determine the average quantity of oil as a percentage in older chillers.

Average oil quantity was found to be 12.88%.

| 15CONFIDENTIAL

Part Load Efficiency

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Percent Load

kW/Ton

Oil-free Centri Centrifugal W/C Screw W/C Recip

Performance of Centrifugal Chiller with VSD will be similar to Oil-Free Centri. Chiller

| 16CONFIDENTIAL

Overall Benefits

• 100% Oil Free eliminates oil

system maintenance costs.

• R134a Refrigerant meets

Montreal protocol and is not

subject to phase-out.

• Magnetic Bearings eliminate

frictional losses.

• One moving part assures

long service life.

• Unmatched Efficiency as low

as 0.36 kw/ton IPLV.

• Low In-Rush Current reduces

installed cost and peak load.

• Lowest Noise- Only 72 dBa.

| 17CONFIDENTIAL

Efficiency of Central Plants

- Simply selecting a high efficiency

chiller does not guarantee high

system performance.

- Auxiliary equipment (AHUs,

cooling towers, pumps, control

valves, fan & blowers) and design

conditions (appoach temperatures)

can have have substantial effects

on overall plant efficiency.

- Attention to overall system design

& auxiliary components is critical to

achieving optimal performance &

comfort.

| 18CONFIDENTIAL

Energy consumption Running costs

Environment Comfort

Thank You