Emerging Challenges in Agrl Engg Paper 84 FOCARS Hyd

8/14/2019 Emerging Challenges in Agrl Engg Paper 84 FOCARS Hyd

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Dr. Nawab Alir. Nawab AliDeputy Director General (Engg.)eputy Director General (Engg.)Indian Council of Agricultural Researchndian Council of Agricultural ResearchNew Delhiew Delhi 110 01210 012

EMERGING CHAL LENGES INAGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

IntroductionFarm MechanizationPost-Harvest ManagementEnergy and PowerEmerging TrendsHolistic Human HealthRecommendations


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INTRODUCTION - 1FoodWater

Air

Agriculture

Food

Raw Food Materials

Plant based : 650 Mt

Animal based : 100 Mt

GOI is committed for HHF&NS through enhanced

agricultural productivity, diversity and value addition, on

sustainable basis.

ICAR/NARS is MANDATED FOR THIS.

1025 Million Indian people

(17% of world population

with 2.4% land & 4.3% water)


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INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH (ICAR)

ICAR is an autonomous organisation under DARE, MOA, GOI ICAR is an apex body for coordinating, guiding and managing

research in agriculture.

VARIOUS DIV ISIONS:

Crop Sc ienc e

Hor t ic u l t ure

Anim al Sc ienc e

Fisher y Sc ienc e

NRM

Agr ic ul t ura l Engineer ing

Agr ic ut ura l Educ at ion

Agr ic ul t ura l Ex tens ion

NAIP & PIM

IPR & CDN

DIPA & L ibrar y

Secretary, DARE & DG, ICAR.

AS/DARE & Secretary, ICAR

AS & FA, ICAR

Director, Personnel Director, Finance

Director, DARE


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AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING DIVISION

Purpose

Far m Mec hanisat ion

PHM & Value Addi t ion

Ag ric ul t ur al Ener gy and Pow e r

I ns t i tu tes

CIAE, Bhopal

CIPHET, Ludhiana

I INRG, Ranc hi

CIRCOT, Mum bai

NIRJAFT, Kolk at a

IASRI, New Delh i

AICRPs FIM, UAE, RES, ESA PHT, APA

Ne two rks

L ivest oc k feed f rom CR & B P

PP of MAP

Mec hani sat i on of Hor t . (Pr opose d)


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SU N(So l a rE n e r g y )

Natural & other Resources on the planet Earth

(Soil, water, climate, Biomaterial, Farmer, Finance)

Agricultural Production

Yield, Crop Residue, Wastes

(t/ha.l(Kg)/Animal)

Commodity Specific

Post Harvest Management

(Commodity Specific)

Product

Byproducts(Commodity Specific)

Consumption & Utilization

(Food, Feed, Fibre, Fuel, Fertilizer)

Technology

Machinery

Management

Market

Processing &

Value Addi tion

Market

Seed & Saplings

Feed & Fodder

Fertilizers

Chemicals

Water

Cleaning

Grading

Conditioning

Packaging

Storage

Fig-1: Flow Diagram of Agricultural Production to Consumption System


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AUGMENTATION OF FOOD PRODUCTIONIN INDIA THROUGH ENGINEERINGINTERVENTIONS

Act iv i ty / In tervent ionAugmenta t ionof t ot a l foodp roduc t ion, %

Farm Mechan izat i on Post-HarvestManagement Va lue A ddi t ion

10-15%5-10%

25-400%


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Present popu la t ion and annua l p roduc t ion o fsome o f t he fa rm pow er sou rc es,imp lements and m ac h ines in Ind iaImp lements /mach ines Annualsa les Popula t ionin 20 04-05,mi l l ion

Pro jec tednumbers in2025,mi l l ionTractor

Power tiller

Combines

Irrigation pumps

Power sprayer/dusterSeed drills

Threshers

2.75 lakhs

10000

600

7.00 lakhs

4.5 lakhs2.5 lakhs

4.0 lakhs

3.00

0.130

0.006

12.00

0.1501.700

2.500

8.00

0.25

0.10

20.00

1.502.50

15.00


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Far m Mechan isat ion Fac i l i t a tes Timeliness of operations

Saving in labour requirements Increase in land productivity/cropping intensity Reduction in human drudgery

Saved labour due t o m echan isat ion can be used fo r Processing of agricultural produces Marketing of fresh & processed products

Manufacturing & sale of farm tools and equipments Other allied activities

Al l t hese lead t o emp loyment and incom e genera t ionresu lt i ng in t o h igher ag r i c u l tu ra l p ro fi t ab i l i t y


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Leve l o f Mec han isat ion in som e o ft he agr ic u l tu ra l opera t ions in Ind iaAgr i cu l tu ra lOperat ion Level ofMec hanisat ion (%)

Tillage

Sowing

Irrigation

Plant Protection Threshing

Harvesting

4030

40

3550

5


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St at us of som e o f t he Farm Pow er

and Mac hinery Indust ry in Ind ia

Equipm ent m anufac t urers No. o fun i t s Agricultural tractors

Power tillers Irrigation pumps Agricultural tools and implements Combines Reapers Tractors parts and accessories of agricultural machinery

Earth moving machinery and parts Diesel oil engines Rice processing machinery Diary and food industries Village craftsmen

19

2190

7000

15

45

550180

200

300

500

1 million


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Pro jec t ed Sc enar io o f Ergonom ic s &Safe t y in Agr ic u l t u re fo r 2020 By 2020, the population of agricultural workers

will be about 258 million (about 40% of totalworkers in the country).

Of these about 50% will be the male workersand 50% will be female workers. This will bedue to migration of male workers to urban areasin non-agricultural sector.

The number of tractors are expected to be morethan 6 millions.

The number of farm machines would be about400 million.

The number of hand tools and manuallyoperated equipment would be about 800 million.


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Resource Conservation Equipment & TechnologyLaser land leveler 30-50% saving in waterRotavator 50% fuel saving & better quality seed bedZero till drill/minimum till drill/multipurpose tool bar/ raisedbed planter

5-10% increase in yield and saving of Rs. 2000-3000/ha.Pressurized irrigation 20-30% saving in waterRotary power weeder 20-30% saving in time and labourVertical conveyor reaper/combine Timely harvesting, more yieldMulti-crop thresher 50% saving in labour and time and 54% savingin cost of threshingStraw combine Recovers 50% straw and also 70-100 kggrain/ha resulting into an average saving of Rs.

1250/ha.Straw baler Makes bales and checks environmentalpollutionStraw cutter-cum-spreader Cuts and spreads the straw evenly and helps insowing by zero till drill.Improved manual harvester formango & kinnow

No damage to fruit and higher capacity


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Laser Land Leveler

30-50% saving in water and 5-10% higher yield

Cost is between 4-5 Lakhs. Becoming popular among small

and medium Farmers on custom-hire basis


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Zero Till Drill

Saves Rs. 2000-3000/ha on account of time and fuel


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Impact of Zero till drill AdaptionPotential

Total wheat area =26 MhaIf only 11Mha is sown by zero till, total saving

expected is Rs.2200-3300 crore.

Average Field capacity is 3ha/day (sowing

time=20 days)

Number of dril ls needed=1.8 lakhs

Funds needed = Rs. 360 crores

Saving in cost of production =Rs.2200 crores

Increase in wheat production= 2Mt.

Benefits 50 to 65% saving in time in land

preparation and sowing. 40-65% reduction in cost ofoperation Saves Rs. 2000-3000/ha. Yield increase by 5% Saving in fuel by 30 %


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Self propelled 8-row rice transplanter


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Sprinkler irrigation to save water (20-30%)


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Drip Irrigation to save water (30-35%)


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Power Weeder to save time & labour (20-30%)


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Combine harvesting is now most popular on custom-higher basis


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FARMER

Agricultural Produce

Self Consumption & Marketing Storage, Processing & Trade

Processing

Tertiary (Ready to

Utilize/consume)

Primary (No change

in shape, size, form)

Secondary (Transformed into

more convenient form to use)

Cleaning

Conditioning

Grading

Packaging

Storage

Paddy Rice

Oilseeds Oil

Wheat Flour

Goat Meat

Fibre Fabric

Cooked Rice

Bread & Biscuits

Cooked Meat

Ketch UP

Garments

Processed Products are Packaged, Transported, Stored and Retailed to the Consumers

At Every Stage of Processing Value is Added

A generic flow diagram indicating the movement of agricu lture from farmers to consumers


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Basic Food Item Value addedproducts Value addedproducts price,Rs. per kg/ liter

% of producersshare inconsumers price

Bengal Gram Splits (dal) 40 56Milk Packaged milk 15 66Milk Tetra Packedhaving long

shelf life30 33

Tomatoes Tomatoketchup

70 10Tomatoes Tetra packed

Juice65 5-1-

Grapes Tetra packedJuice

65 5-10

Papayas/Guavas Mixed fruit jelly 100 5-10

Share of Farmers in Consumer Price


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Advantages of Processing of AgriculturalProduce in the Production Catchment

(About 70% Human population and most of the livestock are in Production Catchment)

Fresh, Nutritiveand low costedible Productsfor HumanConsumption

Crop Residue &Byproducts for low-costLivestock feedresulting into HigherProductivity of milk,egg, meat & fish

Agricultural andlivestock wastesfor manure and/or soilamendment &fuel

BetterHumanHEALTH

BetterAnimalHEALTH

BetterSoilHEALTH

Positive Attributed of Processing Agricultural Produce in the Production Catchment


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Paddy- rice System


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PHT FOR EMPLOYMENT A ND INCOMEGENERATION-1Fu l lf at soy f lourOne of the simplest soybased food productsto be used in combination with cereals andpulses.

10% addition of soyflour is recommended tostart with and can be increased upto 20%.

Preparation and use of recipes from soycereal/pulse blended flourdoes not demand any change in the traditional food habits.

Contains 40% protein and 20% oil besides carbohydrates, mineralsand vitamins.

Production of medium fat soyflour involves expelling of about 70%oil from the beans. It, therefore, contains less fat (4-6%) and moreprotein (45-50%). It can be used in food products in the same

manner as that of the fullfat soyflour.


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PHT FOR EMPLOYMENT A ND INCOME GENERATION-2

Soyfo r t i f i ed b i sc u it sMade by adding 12-15% soyflour to refinedwheat flour and other ingredients.

About 1.8 kg biscuits can be prepared formone kg refined flour and other ingredientsin suitable proportions.

Protein content of soyfortified biscuits is 11-12% against 7-8% incommercially available equivalent product.

Soyfortified muffins, bread and buns can also be prepared.

These bakery products have a great potential for combatingprotein calorie malnutrition at low cost.

Process for making soyfortified biscuits has been standardizedfor adoption at home and industry levels. It consists of creaming,mixing, sheeting, cutting and baking.


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PHT FOR EMPLOYMENT AND INCOME GENERATION-3

Soypaneer (TOFU)Soymilk is a water extract of soybean andit is the base material for makingsoypaneer, soy-yogurt and other dairyanalogs. One kilogram of dry soybean

yields 6-8 litres of milk. Special featuresof soymilk are low cost, good nutrition and suitability of lactoseintolerant people. Soymilk contains about 90% water, 2.5% fat and3.5 protein, and other nutrients. Soypaneer, popularly known asTOFU in the orient is a coagulated and pressed soy-protein. At

72% moisture, it contains about 14% protein and 9% fat. Theproduction cost of soypaneer is Rs. 20-25/kg. Soypaneer is usedin vegetable curry, paneer pakoda and paneer -paratha. Soy-yogurt is a cultured dairy analog produced by fermenting soymilk.It is nutritious and easily digestible food.


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Cottage ScaleSoy Milk andPaneer Plant at

CIAE, Bhopal


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Training of potential entrepreneurs in soymilk,

soypaneer and soybased other dairy analogs


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SUGARCANE (280 Mt)

Conventional Products

Sugar

Jaggery and

Khandsari

Product Diversification

Solid jaggery (cube or bricks)

Liquid jaggeryGranular jaggery

Jaggery chocolate


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Sugarcane baseddiversified productsfor small and microenterprises in ruralsector.


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Some Women friendly PostHarvest Tools and Machines - 1

Groundnut decorticator


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Some Women friendly PostHarvest Tools and Machines-2

Hanging type grain cleaner

Dal mill Flour sifter


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AGRO PROCESSING CENTRE (CONCEPT)

The concept of processing and value addition to agriculturalproduce in the production catchment experimented by AICRP

on PHT in the form of APC, has been a success and it hasshown that with an investment of Rs. 90,000 employment for2-3 persons and a profit of Rs. 3000/month can be generated.At high investment level of Rs. 4-5 lakhs, 5-7 persons could beemployed and a profit of Rs. 90,000/year can be obtained.Such APCs have generated significant work in rural sector.


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Ariganahalli APC, Kolar District,Karnataka A cluster of 8 villages Indira Gandhi SHGNARS, IG-SHG & IFFCO as promoters A shed of 7mx5mOpen space 7mx4mRagi, Pulses and Paddy (20,000t) Employment for 05 persons Self consumption and markets Investment about 5 lakhs

COTTON Production to Utilization System


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COTTON- Production to Utilization SystemPresent Sc enar io Pot ent ia l t o be rea l i sedt hrough PCS Researc h

(A ) To t a l B io m a ss p r od uc t i on4t/ha Lint 0.5t

Seed-1.5t

Stalk-2.0t

(B) Ec onomic Va lue 2t seed cotton@ Rs. 20/kg= 40,000

2t stalk @ Rs. 500/t = Rs. 1000

(A ) Pr o c es si ng an d Va lu eAdd i t ion 0.5t lint

@Rs. 40/kg = Rs. 20,000

525 kg hull

@Rs. 5/kg = Rs. 2625

320kg Oil

@ Rs. 45/kg = Rs. 14,400

655 kg cotton-meal

@Rs. 10/kg = Rs. 6550

2t cotton stalk yielding 1600 kgparticle board

@ Rs. 20/kg = Rs, 32,000

75 kg linters

@ Rs. 16/kg = Rs. 1200

Tot al = Rs. 41000 /ha Tot al = Rs. 76,755/ha


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AGRICULTURAL ENERGY AND POWER

Life is energy Energy comes from food

Food comes from agriculture

Agriculture depends on solar energy

Solar Energy is natural & renewable

Energy is capacity for activity

(Physiological and Mechanical)

Survival, convenience and comfort of human beingsdepend on how best the Solar Energy is captured,

transformed and utilized.


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SOLAR ENERGY & AGRICULTURE

Solar radiation

Photosynthesis

Primary agricultural produces

Processed agricultural products

Food & Feed for humans & animals

Human & animal are used as Animate Sources of

power for agriculture


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Percent contribution of different power sources in

Indian Agriculture (2005-06)

Agricultural worker

Draught animals

Tractor

Power tiller

Diesel engineElectric motors

6

8

47

01

1820

Total power

= 1.5 kw./ha


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Tractor density in some of the states of India

States Number of

tractors

per 1000 ha

Remarks

Punjab

Haryana Uttar Pradesh

Tamil Nadu

Gujarat

Rajasthan

West Bengal

Orissa

71.4

60.128.0

12.3

12.3

9.8

1.5

1.3

Tractor density in India

Highest in Punjab: 72

Lowest in Orissa : 01

All India : 13

All India 13


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Name of the

State

Farm Power

Availability,

kW/ha

Food grain

productivity,

kg/ha

Punjab

Haryana

Uttar Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh

Bihar

Madhya Pradesh

Orissa

Chhattisgarh

3.50

2.25

1.75

1.60

0.80

0.80

0.60

0.60

4032

3088

2105

1995

1622

907

799

799

All India 1.35 1723

Farm p ow er ava i lab i l it y and averageproduct i v it y o f Foodgrains in som e o f t hest at es o f Ind ia in 2000-01


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Energy Issues Involved in Agriculture-1

Source ofEnergy

Issues Involved

Draught

Animal Power Enhancement of DAP utilization efficiency throughappropriate harnesses and matching equipment for different

breeds(Draughtability, matching equipment and work rest cycle)

Expanding the annual use of DAP through haulage (carting)and rotary mode of operation for agro-processing and

electricity generation

(Rotary mode of operation) One pair DAP based optimum farm size and other annualusage for economic viability

(DAP based optimum farm size)

E I I l d i A i lt 2


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Source of

Energy

Issues involved

Renewable

Energy SourcesCrop residue based decentralized power generation throughgasification (flue gases) or anaerobic decomposition (biogas) or

fermentation (fuel alcohol). System and gadgets need to be

developed tested and upgraded to a pilot plant of an

appropriate size. Performance evaluated and managementpackage developed.

(Biomass based DPG using thermal or bio-conversion route)

Promotion of biomass based improved cook stove, solarcooker and biogas & SPV appliances in rural sector.

(RES based gadgets and appliances)Bio-fuel from Jatropha and Karanj for tractor and dieselpump sets.

(Bio-fuel/diesel)



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Source of

Energy

Issues involved

Conventional

Energy Sources(Petroleum)

Development and promotion of

energy conservation technologyand maximization of energy use

efficiency

(Energy saving technology)



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Role of RES and GOI Programme

RES is inexhaustible and Environment friendly. DistrictAdvisory Committee on renewable energy has been constituted

(532/605).

Energy consumption as an Indicator for Growth & Progress

Electricity consumption per capita in India is 36 kW/h

______________________________________________________

RES like sun, wind, water and biomass are being used fromvery beginning of human life on the planet earth. It is needed

to be modernized and strengthened.


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Wind Mill for Water

Lifting and Solar

Energy for CropDrying


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Solar/Sun Drying and

Marketing of

Agricultural Produce

R bl E T h l d


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Renewable Energy Technology andGadgets for Rural Sector

For Domestic Application For Agro-industrial ApplicationBiogas PlantBiomass Cook StoveSolar CookerSolar Water HeaterSolar Dryer

Solar Photovoltaic PumpSolar Tunnel DryerBiomass gasifierBiogas slurry as manure

Biogas Plant Photovoltaic Pumpolar Cooker


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Pr ior i t ies in Agric u l t ura l


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Pr ior i t ies in Agric u l t ura lEngineer ing

Land level ing us ing laser guided t ec hnology for prec is ionc o n t ro l M in im um t i l l age a nd r ai sed be d f ar m ing Prec is ion sow ing, p lant ing , fe r t i l izer and pest ic ideapp l i ca t ion M ec h anic a l w e ed c o nt r ol a nd m u lc h ing Mec haniza t ion of h i l l agr ic u l t u re , hor t ic u l t ure , andc o m m e rc i al c r o ps Ef f ic ien t use of var ious sourc es of energy and m inim izingd ru dger y i nv ol ved i n f ar m i ng On-farm pr im ary proc ess ing and m odel agro-proc ess ing

c e nt er s i n p rod uc t ion c a t c hm ent St andard izat ion and es t ab l ishm ent of t es t ing ande va lu at i on f ac i l it i es a nd r ef er ra l l ab or at o ri es T ra in in g a nd e nt r e pr en eu rs hi p d ev el op m en t u si ng I T R& D a nd T OT i n p ub li c -pr ivat e p ar t ner shi p m o de Indus t r ia l l i asoning and com m erc ia l i za t ion o f t ec hno logy

INTEGRATED AND MULTI DISCIPLINARYAPPROACH TO PCS RESEARCH


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APPROACH TO PCS RESEARCH

(For an Identif ied Production Catchment)

Scientific Group Activity

Natural Resources Farm development, SS&LUP

Crops, Horticulture,

Animals, Poultry and

Fishery

Development and identification of suitable

variety/species/breed and appropriate package of practices

Engineering Land Leveling, tillage, sowing & planting, animal

structure, fish pond and hatchery, irrigation/drainage,

plant ad livestock protection and harvesting

Post-Harvest Management P.H. Conservation, Value Addition, Crop residue &

byproduct utilization, packaging and storage

Home Science, Economics &

Extension

Food & Fibre utilization, Consumer feed back, cost-

benefits studies, marketing,coordination among all

stakeholders (scientist, industry, farmers, bank,

developmental agencies, impact assessment and TD

PADDY RICE SYSTEM 1


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PADDY-RICE SYSTEM-1

(For an Identified Production Catchment)

Situation/Activity Scientific inputs from CRRI, PD-Rice,

IARI, CIPHET, SAUs, CIs, etc.

Upland/low land,

coarse/fine, scented/

non-scented

Suitable variety and production

practices

Production and

Protection

Standard agronomic and PP

Practices

Harvesting Harvesting at physiological maturity (5-10%

additional yield & better quality rice)

Milling Modern rice milling practices and

byproducts utilization (Rs. 50,000 crores

additional revenue)

Marketing Domestic and export

SUGGESTIONS


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SUGGESTIONS

ICAR Commodity Institutes/NRCs having multi-disciplinaryteam may go for PCS Research for higher productivity and

profitability.

In case of paucity of scientist/engineer of particular discipline,collaboration with ICAR Institutes, SAUs/CIs where suchscientists/expertise are available may be done.

Network Projects on PCS Research for socially andeconomically important commodities such as coarse cerealsand millets, M&A Plants, Livestock feed from organic wastes

and byproducts, biofuel, etc. may be taken up.


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HOLISTIC HUMAN HEALTHHHH Comprises of physical,mental, emotional, social andspiritual healths.

Balanced diet, good hygiene, dailyexercise, required sleep anddiscipline for HHH.


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FOOD & MEDICINEFood is no longer merely an energy and nutrient supplier;but a disease preventing and even a disease-curing agent.The border between food and medicine is obscure.

Definition and Regulatory Status of Health Foods

Designer FoodsFunctional FoodsDietary Supplements(Nutraceuticals)

Food Medicine

Health Claimo Claim Drug Claim


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CEREALS


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Soy biscuitsFull fat soy flour

Soy-paneer Full-fat soyflour Soy-biscuits

Okara based soygulabjamun

Soy-rasogulla Soy-yogurt Soy-muffinsSoy yogurt Soy-muffins

Soy shrikhand

Soy-nuts Soy-shrikhand Soy-amrakhandSoy amrakhand


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FRUITS, VEGETABLES & FISH


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RECOMMENDATIONS-1

Appropriate mechanization ofagriculture using energy and costefficient farm machines,preferably on custom-hire basis.

Use of renewable energy basedgadgets and appliances in ruralsector


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RECOMMENDATIONS-2Establish and operate agro-processing centers inthe production catchment to minimize lossesand transform the raw food materials intopalatable and nutritive edible products at anaffordable price by one and all.Make better use of crop residues and processby-products and wastes in eco-friendly andeconomically rewarding mode.Meet hygiene and quality standard specified fordomestic and export markets for fresh andprocessed products.


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Knowledge and resource conservation basedagriculture using appropriate tools and machines

would lead to happiness and prosperity


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Thank You

Documents

Emerging Challenges in Agrl Engg Paper 84 FOCARS Hyd