Emergent Leadership

• Leaders which arise from the group and have their base of power from followers rather than a higher authority. Example; elected leaders

• Idiosyncrasy credits -- The freedom to violate group norms given to members who have contributed much to the group

Participative Leadership

• Involving subordinates in making work-related decisions

• Advantages: Motivation, Quality, Acceptance

• Disadvantages: .Time and effort, Loss of power, Lack of knowledge or interest

Transformational Leadership

• Leadership, which provides followers with a vision that instills commitment

• Characteristics of transformational leadership– Individualized consideration– Intellectual stimulation– Charisma

The Charismatic Leader

• Traits include self-confidence, dominance, and a strong conviction in one’s beliefs

• They simultaneously hold high expectations and confidence in the abilities of their followers

Stages of Charismatic Leadership

• Leader carefully assesses the need for change

• Leader formulates a vision

• The leader gets the subordinates to carry out the mission by setting an example of self-sacrifice or expertise that inspires confidence and trust

Gender and Leadership Style

• Gender differences in leadership behavior -- Different expectations are held for male and female leaders

• Gender difference in leadership style -- Women consistently are more participative in style or democratic than are men.

Reactions to Women as Leaders

• Men can get away with more assertiveness, and being direct than can women

• When women behaved in a directive way, they got more frowns and scowls, and negative headshakes than positive expressions. Men got more positives than negatives

Does Leadership Matter

Substitute or Neutralizer Person ProductionOriented Oriented

Subordinate Characteristics1. Experience, ability, training X (S)2. Professional Orientation X (S) X (S)3. Indifference to rewards X (N) X (N)Task Characteristics1. Routine & clear X (S)2. Provides own feedback X (S)3. Intrinsically satisfying X (S)

Does Leadership Matter?

Substitute or Neutralizer People ProductionOriented Oriented

Organizational Characteristic1. Cohesive work group X (S) X(S)2. Low position power X(N) X (N)3. formalization X(S)4. Inflexibility, rigid work X (N) rules5. Spatial distance between X (N) X (N) leader and group