Upload
kheiro-santos
View
219
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
7/30/2019 Emergency Housing Project 2012
1/77
7/30/2019 Emergency Housing Project 2012
2/77
The Emergency Hoing ProjectProct evelopment o helter or iplace people,
bae on el tie in Haiti an Kenya
FREDRIK AXELSSON
Department o Proct an Proction DevelopmentDiviion o Deign an Hman Factor
CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGYGothenbrg, Sween,
7/30/2019 Emergency Housing Project 2012
3/77
iii.
Emergency housing project
Proct evelopment o helter or iplace people, bae on el tie in Haiti an Kenya
FREDRIK AXELSSON
FREDRIK AXELSSON,
Published and distributed by
Chalmer Univerity o TechnologyDepartment o Proct an Proction DevelopmentSE- GteborgSween
Telephone: + ()-
Printe in Sween byChalmer ReproerviceGteborg,
Abstract
Thi mater thei wa carrie ot by Frerik Axelon,
mater tent in Intrial Deign Engineering, at the
epartment o Proct an Proction Development
at Chalmer Univerity o Technology. The project
wa perorme in collaboration with Formen H
Fonation, who act in partnerhip with the Ikea
Fonation an Unite Nation High Commiioneror Regee (UNHCR).
The aim wa to evelop an emergency helter, bae on
a metal rame mae by Formen H, that cope with
the everyay nee o iplace people. At the ame
time the proct mt be inexpenive, o low weight
an volme an qickly manactre to be realitic or
UNHCR to proce.
The nee an eman rom iplace people an
ai organiation were carelly invetigate. Dring
the pring o 2011 extenive literatre tie were
concle to nertan previo work, tanar
an ierent approache o the well-known problem.
To ecre, complement an nravel the gathereinormation, everal interview with expert within
the el were mae. However, to trly nertan
the ientie nee in etail the athor manage to
perorm el tie in Haiti an Kenya. Nmero
interview an obervation were carrie ot in camp,
which gave a pragmatic nertaning o the itation,
very har to n by only reaing report. Ater
analying the ientie ie, ten main problem area
were concle: Hinering water to enter, cookingarea, torage, privacy, light, ventilation & temperatre,
ecrity, re aety, ieae an appearance.
Several concept were evelope or each problem area.
All o them were evalate by an analytical metho
an throgh icion with Formen H, examiner
an pervior. In the en, even part oltion were
preente: A rable package nctioning a ooring,
anbag, a ivie oor that improve the cooking
conition, hook, ventilation opening, ole wall an
natral appearance. Hopelly thee oltion will, with
initiative rom Formen H, improve an acilitate the
real everyay lie or iplace people in camp.
Keywords: emergency housing, shelter, eld studies, Haiti,
Kenya, product development, displaced people, user demands.
7/30/2019 Emergency Housing Project 2012
4/77
v.
Preface
Thi mater thei report i the nal examination or a
Mater o Science in Intrial Deign Engineering at
Chalmer Univerity o Technology in Gothenbrg,
Sween. I wol like to thank all people that in
omeway were involve an contribte to the
otcome o in thi project.
Firt o all, pecial thank to Denni Kanter an Johan
Karlon at Formen H Fonation or proviing
thi mater thei an or valable knowlege an
inpt ring the whole project. Alo, I wol like
to expre my gratelne towar examiner Ulrike
Rahe an pervior Ral Roenberg at Chalmer
or their giance, aitance an intelligent opinion.
Moreover, thank a lot to Jim Kenney, an expert in
camp management, who ha been nctioning a an
external pervior an provie me with exceptional
knowlege.
I am very ortnate an pleae to have carrie ot
el tie in Haiti an Kenya, an I have many people
to thank or that opportnity. SIDA an Frien oChalmer provie me with cholarhip. Withot their
aitance the trip wol not ha been poible. Alo,
thank to Yvonne Yong, coorinator o the Minor
Fiel Sty cholarhip o SIDA at Chalmer, or her
interet an pport.
Martin Sjholm rom MSB an Peter Kmal an
Stephan Mack rom THW enable the viit in Haiti.
At ite, I owe my incere gratite to interpreter/
river Ernt Ignace an Dimitrov an Anna Delille who
hote me an mae the trip norgettable.
Maria Nytrm rom Chalmer, Dan Lewi, AnaMao an Roe Alabater rom UN-HABITAT
enable the trip to Kenya. At ite Johanne Hjort an
Lorraine Ombech rom UNHCR broght into
camp. Thank yo. Mot o all, I wol like to thank all
reient in camp I manage to talk to.
It ha been enjoyable to get to know the other or
tent working with imilar topic. Hope to ee yo
oon again Marc Chi, Carl Johanon, Petrina Salema
an Agtin Varga.
Finally, I wol like to thank my amily an rien or
pporting an encoraging me throghot thi project.
Frerik Axelon, Gothenbrg, [email protected]
7/30/2019 Emergency Housing Project 2012
5/77
vii.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ......................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background .........................................................................................................1
1.2 Eect goals ..........................................................................................................2
1.3 Object goals ........................................................................................................2
1.4 Delimitations .......................................................................................................3
2. Methods and tools ................................................................................. 5
2.1 Planning .............................................................................................................52.1.1 Gantt-chart ....................................................................................................................... 5
2.2 Data collection ....................................................................................................5
2.2.1 Literatre ty ................................................................................................................. 5
2.2.2 Obervation .....................................................................................................................5
2.2.3 Interview .........................................................................................................................5
2.2.4 Fiel tie ......................................................................................................................5
2.3 Analysis ...............................................................................................................6
2.3.1 Ihikawa iagram ..............................................................................................................6
2.3.2 Fnction analyi ...............................................................................................................6
2.3.3 Specication o reqirement ............................................................................................6
2.4 Creativity ............................................................................................................6
2.4.1 Braintorming ...................................................................................................................6
2.4.2 Mooboar ...................................................................................................................... 6
2.5 Visualisation .........................................................................................................6
2.5.1 Sketching ..........................................................................................................................62.5.2 Phyical moel .................................................................................................................7
2.5.3 CAD-moel .................................................................................................................... 7
2.6 Evaluation ..........................................................................................................7
2.6.1 PUGH matrix ...................................................................................................................7
3. Implementation .................................................................................... 9
3.1 Time schedule......................................................................................................9
3.2 Data collection in Sweden .....................................................................................9
3.2.1 Literatre tie ...............................................................................................................9
3.2.2 Obervation ..................................................................................................................... 9
3.2.3 Interview ........................................................................................................................10
3.2.3 Moie cope ................................................................................................................10
3.2.4 Meeting er an Ihikawa iagram .................................................................................10
3.3 Field studies .......................................................................................................11
3.3.1 Introction .....................................................................................................................113.3.2 Preparation......................................................................................................................12
3.3.3 Obervation, interview an er tet in Haiti .................................................................12
3.3.4 Obervation, interview an er tet in Kenya ...............................................................13
3.4 Product development ..........................................................................................14
3.4.1 Fnction analyi an Specication o reqirement ........................................................14
3.4.2 Braintorming, ketching an concept generation .............................................................14
3.4.3 Evalation an eciion ...................................................................................................14
3.4.4 Aitional inor mation gathering .....................................................................................14
3.4.5 Frther evelopment ........................................................................................................15
7/30/2019 Emergency Housing Project 2012
6/77
viii. ix.
4. Background ........................ ........................... .......................... ............ 17
4.1 Statistics .............................................................................................................17
4.2 Denitions .........................................................................................................17
4.3 Aid organisations ................................................................................................17
4.3.1 Government ...................................................................................................................17
4.3.2 UN ..................................................................................................................................18
4.3.3 UNHCR .........................................................................................................................18
4.3.4 IFRC ...............................................................................................................................18
4.3.5 IOM ................................................................................................................................18
4.3.6 UN-HABITAT ................................................................................................................184.3.7 UNESCO .......................................................................................................................18
4.3.8 NGO ..............................................................................................................................19
4.4 Camps ...............................................................................................................19
4.4.1 Sitation ..........................................................................................................................19
4.4.2 Poplation .......................................................................................................................21
4.4.3 Location ..........................................................................................................................21
4.4.4 Length o tay ..................................................................................................................21
4.4.5 Space ...............................................................................................................................21
4.4.6 Reception Centre ........................................................................................................... 22
4.4.7 Water Point ..................................................................................................................... 22
4.4.8 Foo torage warehoe .................................................................................................. 22
4.4.9 Hopital/Clinic ............................................................................................................... 22
4.4.10 Latrine ..........................................................................................................................23
4.4.11 Market ...........................................................................................................................23
4.4.12 School ............................................................................................................................234.4.13 Non-amily helter .........................................................................................................23
4.5 The cluster approach .......................................................................................... 23
4.6 The response ...................................................................................................... 24
4.7 Logistic ............................................................................................................. 24
4.8 Tents ................................................................................................................. 25
4.8.1 Material .......................................................................................................................... 26
4.8.2 Dierent tent eign ...................................................................................................... 26
4.8.2 Canva r ige tent ........................................................................................................... 27
4.8.3 Frame tent the canva ret on a oli rame ................................................................. 27
4.8.4 Centre pole tent.............................................................................................................27
4.8.5 Hoope tent .................................................................................................................27
4.9 Alternatives to tents in camps .............................................................................. 27
4.9.1 Tarpalin........................................................................................................................ 27
4.9.2 Cah or work ................................................................................................................. 28
4.9.3 Local helter contr ction ............................................................................................... 284.9.4 Tranitional helter...........................................................................................................28
4.10 Standards and guidelines ................................................................................... 29
4.10.1 The Sphere hanbook....................................................................................................29
4.10.2 UNHCR hanbook or emergencie............................................................................. 29
4.10.3 Shelter Centre ..............................................................................................................29
4.11 The options o emergency housing ..................................................................... 30
4.11.1 Diper e option ..........................................................................................................30
4.11.2 Collective centre (ma helter) .....................................................................................32
4.11. Planne (an el-ettle) camp ........................................................................................32
4.12 The lie in camps .............................................................................................. 33
4.13 Sustainable approach ......................................................................................... 35
4.14 Cultural and social appropriateness .................................................................... 35
4.14.1 Baic nee .....................................................................................................................36
4.15 The mission o shelter ........................................................................................37
4.15.1 Aitional nee ............................................................................................................39
4.16 Behaviour ........................................................................................................ 39
4.16.1 Depenency ynrome ...................................................................................................39
4.16.2 Ownerhip .................................................................................................................... 40
4.17 Insights and conclusions .....................................................................................41
5. Identied needs and problem areas ..... .......................... ........................ 43
5.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 43
5.1.1 Moie cope ............................................................................................................... 43
5.1.2 Fact o viite contrie .................................................................................................. 43
5.2 Durability ...................................................................................................... 44
5.2.1 Material an contrction .............................................................................................. 44
5.2.2 Water ............................................................................................................................. 46
5.2.3 Win ...............................................................................................................................46
5.2.4 Aitional inormation on rom el tie ............................................................... 46
5.3 Construction components ................................................................................... 47
5.3.1 Roo ................................................................................................................................47
5.3.2 Flooring .......................................................................................................................... 48
5.3.3 Wall ................................................................................................................................49
5.3.4 Door ...............................................................................................................................495.3.5 Winow ......................................................................................................................... 49
5.4 Living environment ............................................................................................ 50
5.4.1 Space an volme ........................................................................................................... 50
5.4.2 Storage ............................................................................................................................ 50
5.4.3 Cooking ........................................................................................................................ 52
5.4.4 Light ................................................................................................................................53
5.5 Saety and health................................................................................................ 54
5.5.1 Phyical an emotional ecrity .......................................................................................54
5.5.2 Ventilation an temperatre ..............................................................................................55
5.5.3 Fire aety .........................................................................................................................57
5.5.4 Dieae ............................................................................................................................57
5.5.5 Other health ie ...........................................................................................................58
5.6 Privacy ............................................................................................................. 58
5.7 Handling ............................................................................................................61
5.7.1 Bilability .......................................................................................................................615.7.2 Aaptability ......................................................................................................................61
5.7.3 Reparability ....................................................................................................................62
5.7.4 Upgraability .................................................................................................................62
5.8 Appearance, semantics and cultural appropriateness............................................... 62
5.8.1 Ientication................................................................................................................... 63
5.8.2 Commnication ..............................................................................................................63
5.8.3 Expreion ....................................................................................................................... 63
5.8.4 Aethetic ....................................................................................................................... 63
7/30/2019 Emergency Housing Project 2012
7/77
x. xi.
5.9 Production and logistic ...................................................................................... 64
5.9.1 Manactring .................................................................................................................64
5.9.2 Tranport ..........................................................................................................................64
5.9.3 Storage .............................................................................................................................65
5.9.4 Packing an labelling .......................................................................................................65
5.10 Climate ........................................................................................................... 65
5.10.1 Hot ry climate .............................................................................................................65
5.10.2 Hot hmi climate ........................................................................................................65
5.11 Environment .................................................................................................... 65
5.12 Analysis and Conclusions ................................................................................... 66
6. Product development ...........................................................................67
6.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 67
6.2 Hindering water to enter .................................................................................... 67
6.2.1 Sketching ........................................................................................................................67
6.2.2 Deciion or rther evelopment................................................................................... 68
6.2.3 Aitional inormation gather ing .................................................................................... 69
6.2.4 Frther evelopment o ooring an package.................................................................. 70
6.2.5 Frther evelopment o anbag .................................................................................... 73
6.3 Cooking area ..................................................................................................... 76
6.3.1 Sketching ....................................................................................................................... 76
6.3.2. Deciion or rther evelopment ...................................................................................77
6.3.3 Frther evelopment ........................................................................................................77
6.4 Storage ............................................................................................................. 79
6.4.1 Sketching ........................................................................................................................ 79
6.4.2 Deciion or rther evelopment................................................................................... 796.4.3 Frther evelopment o hook ........................................................................................ 80
6.5 Privacy ............................................................................................................. 82
6.5.1 Sketching ........................................................................................................................82
6.5.2 Deciion or rther evelopment ....................................................................................83
6.5.3 Aitional inormation gathering abot acotic..............................................................83
6.5.4 Frther evelopment o inoor wall .................................................................................83
6.5.5 Frther evelopment o on aborbing wall..................................................................84
6.6 Light ................................................................................................................. 85
6.6.1 Sketching .........................................................................................................................85
6.7 Ventilation and temperature................................................................................. 86
6.7.1 Sketching ........................................................................................................................ 86
6.7.2 Deciion or rther evelopment ................................................................................... 86
6.7.3 Aitional inormation gathering .....................................................................................86
6.7.4 Frther evelopment o ventilation opening .................................................................... 87
6.8 Security (emotional and physical) ........................................................................ 896.8.1 Sketching ........................................................................................................................ 89
6.8.2 Deciion or rther evelopment................................................................................... 89
6.9 Fire saety ......................................................................................................... 90
6.9.1 Sketching ........................................................................................................................ 90
6.9.2 Deciion or rther evelopment................................................................................... 90
6.10 Diseases ........................................................................................................... 90
6.10.1 Sketching ...................................................................................................................... 90
6.10.2 Deciion or rther evelopment ................................................................................. 90
6.11 Appearance, semantics and cultural appropriateness ..............................................91
6.11.1 Iea ...............................................................................................................................91
6.11.2 Deciion or rther evelopment ............................................................................92
6.11.3 Frther evelopment .....................................................................................................92
7. Final result ...........................................................................................95
7.1 Flooring and package ......................................................................................... 95
7.2 Sandbags ........................................................................................................... 9 8
7.3 Divided door ....................................................................................................100
7.5 Sound absorbing walls .......................................................................................105
7.6 Ventilation opening ...........................................................................................1067.7 Appearance, semantics and cultural appropriateness ..............................................108
7.8 Evaluation o result............................................................................................109
7.9.1 Flllment o eman an wihe .................................................................................109
7.9.2 Cltral appropriatene .................................................................................................109
7.9.3 Environmental impact ....................................................................................................109
7.9 Overview .......................................................................................................... 110
8. Discussion ..........................................................................................113
8.1 Mission o the project ........................................................................................ 113
8.1.1 Eect an object goal .................................................................................................... 113
8.2 Project plan ...................................................................................................... 113
8.3 Methods ........................................................................................................ 113
8.4 Implementation ................................................................................................ 114
8.4.1 The cope o the project .................................................................................................114
8.4.2 Several oc area ..........................................................................................................1148.4.3 Sperviion ..................................................................................................................114
8.4.4 PUGH matrix ................................................................................................................ 114
8.5 Field studies ..................................................................................................... 114
8.5.1 Preparation ..................................................................................................................114
8.5.2 Implementation ..............................................................................................................114
8.5.3 Coming rom abroa .....................................................................................................115
8.6 Result .............................................................................................................. 115
8.6.1 Introction...................................................................................................................115
8.6.2 Floor ing an package .....................................................................................................115
8.6.3 Sanbag ........................................................................................................................ 115
8.6.4 Cooking area .................................................................................................................116
8.6.5 Storage ......................................................................................................................... 116
8.6.6 Ventilation opening ........................................................................................................116
8.6.7 Wall ..............................................................................................................................116
8.6.8 Appearance, emantic an cltral appropriatene .........................................................1168.7 Recommendations ............................................................................................ 117
9. Conclusion .........................................................................................117
10. Reerences ........................................................................................118
Appendix .............................................................................................. 122
7/30/2019 Emergency Housing Project 2012
8/77
1.
1.1 Background
Every year million o people nee temporary heltere to natral iater or conict. Thee helter are
neee or people immeiately ater a tragey occr.
In orer or UN an other ai organiation to be able
to help in the bet way, the helter mt be inexpenive,
o low weight an volme an qickly proce.
Unortnately regee camp, emerge rom conict,
lat in average 17 year. A a coneqent the helter/
hoe mt meet the nee that arie rom the er
ring time. Otherwie the home are likely abanon or
poorly maintaine. Thee nee have to be invetigate
rther on in orer to nertan what eman the
proct reqire. However, it i known toay that the
helter preerably hol be rable, moveable, eay to
aemble an iaemble, pgraable an aaptable to
ierent cltre, ocial an practical behavior anhabit, climate an environment.
Toay there i not really an emergency helter that it
all the nal eman or a iater. A lot o work
ha been one in thi el, bt till no one ha really
manage the tak.
Formen H Fonation in Hlleor, Sween, in
partnerhip with Ikea Fonation, ha been working
with The Emergency Hoing Project ince 2010.Together with UNHCR a prototype o a lightweight
teel rame ha been evelope an the next tep wol
be to eign a itable cover or it.
Formen H i a centre or eign in Hlleor, Sween,
an nction a a link between intry an eigner.
It ha a permanent exhibition towar companie,
reearcher, ecation, chilren an the general pblic.
In the Emergency hoing project Formen H ha
receive or namental parameter rom UNHCR
that will irect the project:
Price
Weight
Volme Simplicity an time to aemble
The helter rame i molar bae an el-pporte.
It mainly conit o teal pipe o 180 centimetre (cm),
joint, gron anchor an wire, ee Figre 1. The
joint connect the pipe in xe angle (the roo angle
become 30) an provie a ae atening. The gron
1. Introduction
In this chapter, an introduction o the project is presented. This includes background inormation o how the project started, what the
ambitions are and how ar it already has reached. Moreover, specic eect and object goals are presented as well as delimitations, which
constitute the rames or this project.
22mm 20,4mm
FD1
FD2
FD4
FD5
FD3
90/120
1117/1270/ 2540
40
30
Figure 1. The components for the shelter from left to right; joint, wires with hooks, anchors
and diameter of the pipes.
7/30/2019 Emergency Housing Project 2012
9/77
2. 3.
anchor can be aemble in varie way an poitione
at ierent height to provie itable lit or own orce
in ierent gron conition. See Figre 2.
A itable ize or a amily o ve peron wol
be three ection, covering 17,5 qare metre (m 2).
The emergency helter rame i not intene to be a
permanent oltion, bt a movable onation that
col be pgrae over time by reient.
Formen H aim to proce 500 000 helter per year.
De to the limite ize o warehoe the helter mt
be rapily proce when neee. Each batch wol
incle 5000-10000 helter.
1.2 Effect goals
The goal o the project i to evelop a proct that
reache a many regee a poible. Once the proct
ha arrive to the er the next goal will be to make it
tainable. With a long lating proct le maintenance
i neee rom ai organiation an ave money col
be pent on more people.
Another goal will be abot exibility. The proct
hol be able to vary in ize in orer to t ierent
nee ( home, hopital, renezvo, bathroom).
Finally, the proct hol not aect the environment
more than toay.
1.3 Object goals
In orer to achieve the eect goal everal object goal
nee to be llle. The object goal o the project are
to evelop a proct that:
i inexpenive compare to crrent moel. The
price hol be abot 500 USD or the whole
proct. Approximately 100-150 USD wol be
e or a metal rame an another 350-400 USDor a cover.
i har-wearing. The cover hol lat abot three
year an the rame at leat ten year.
i lightweigthe an have low volme. The teel
rame weight 25 kilogram (kg) an the total
amont cannot excee 65 kg.
i imple an wiely to itribte an manactre.
It ha to t the workow o hmanitarian ai in
emergencie.
i rable an itable or heavy whether an togh
climate ring everal year.
i tainable in a ocial perpective. The proct
hol not interere with local cltre an habit.
Intea it nee to be aaptable (an perhap
pgraable) to ierent eire in orer to become ahome. Aitional element wol likely be ae to
etablih a eeling o homeline.
o not perceive a inappropriate by the ociety. The
emergency hoe are temporary home, at leat
ofcially. The local government might arge that it
hol tay that way, to not make them permanent.
In that cae a carel conieration ha to be one
concerning what i a home an when oe it
become permanent. Becae, at the ame time the
A
A
5400
2740
2300
950
3150
30
Figure 2. A side view over the entire shelter.
proct hol etablih a eeling o homeline.
col be molar bae in orer to t ierent ize
o amilie or be e or other prpoe. Thereore
it ha to be eaily ajtable, aemble, iemble
an moveable. However, other cope o e might
reqire rther nee than jt a ierent ize.
contribte to the environment in a better or
imilar way. The itation in regee camp i at the
moment inaeqate concerning environment. A lot
o work col certainly be one. Neverthele, thatwill not be the major oc.
Following element hol be elivere to Formen
H, examiner an ttor once the project rn towar
it en.
A report covering the whole project.
A preentation o the relt.
Vialiation o the proct.
1.4 Delimitations
The project will only incle the cover o the
helter, not the rame. Formen H ha alreayevelope the rame. However, an engineer tent
will, parallel to thi project, o hi mater thei
abot the metal rame. Hi tak will be to improve
an rene the rame in orer to make it trly
rable. Two architect tent will invetigate in
their mater thei how the rame can nction a
a onation or local pgraing in a long-term
perpective. Finally a th tent (alo tying
architectre) will work within camp planning an
bae hi approach on the ize o the helter eign
rom Formen H. Dring the project the tent
will meet continoly to help each other an
poibly make re that ierent approache t
together. However, the other tent work will not
be preente in thi report. The job will not be an open orce project. The
relt that emerge cannot be hare with potential
competing companie.
The workow o hmanitarian ai in emergencie
will be har to change, regarle o how brilliant
a proct might be. However, the athor will
invetigate the rle an conition anyway an
perhap there are circmtance that col be
moie.
The proct hol be a tanar oltion an t
ierent cltre, climate an environment. It will
natrally be impoible to go throgh all concerne
cltre to t local eire. Intea, a ew ierent
area col be analye to n mtal nee.
Since mot regee camp occr along the eqator
thi will be the context o the helter. Still, the
climate an environment col vary a lot.
7/30/2019 Emergency Housing Project 2012
10/77
5.
either mae in a grop or inivially. The trctre
interview incle a reglate orer an time, whilt
the ntrctre are mae more reely where thebject i more irecte by the er. To acilitate er
to peak reely abot a bject inivial interview
are preerre. On the other han, grop interview are
itable to gain an overlook an ave time. (Karlon
2007)
2.2.4 Field studies
Working a a oreign reearcher an eigner in
eveloping contrie reqire preparation an
knowlege o how to act in el. The context might be
complex an otlanih in everal apect. Here ollow
a ew tip written by the Conlting Firm IDEO who
ha been working in everal project with innovation to
the bae o the pyrami.
The ability to speak reely
Inivial interview hol be accompanie withot
an aience. The preence o r ien or neighbor can
inence or limit the er to expre reely. However,
privacy i not necearily eay to achieve in el.
Being more than one reearcher col be el ince
one reearcher can pll aie the aience in a parallel
converation, away rom the primary er.
Women an men might have ierent point o view,
bt the one rom women are not necearily hear.
Two eparate meeting might thereore be appropriate.
Opinion rom people can be inence by thepreence o political heavyweight ch a local
aminitrator or chie. (IDEO 2009)
The role as a oreigner
The prpoe o the interview an obervation, an
the act that nothing will be given away, hol be clear
or er. I people view the reearcher a a orce o
n an char ity, their behavior an anwer col be
inence by perceive potential benet.
2.1 Planning
2.1.1 Gantt-chart
In the project planning it col be neceary to illtrate
the tart, nih an the length o incling phae. A
Gantt-chart i thereore e. It conit o a horizontal
bar chart rnning along a time axi. The ierent
phae are occaionally overlapping each other or rn
parallel. Thi metho i calle Concrrent Engineering.
(terlin 2007)
2.2 Data collection
2.2.1 Literature study
Literatre tie are perhap the mot common
way to gain inormation or a project. The pblihe
inormation can be on in article, book an inInternet atabae. Literatre tie are however ally
not enogh to nertan a problem area, bt hol be
complemente.
2.2.2 Observations
To ty the hanling an behavior o the age o
proct, obervation can be applie. The metho i
qite itable to apply to ientiy inormation that er
cannot verbalie or are not aware o. Several obervation
metho exit, or intance el-obervation where the
er write iary, participating obervation where the
oberver interact with er or irect obervation where
er are watche with camera or memo pa.
Obervation are rthermore opene or conceale. A
conceale obervation mean that the er i not aware
o being oberve. (Karlon 2007)
2.2.3 Interviews
To nertan er nee, eire, eeling an attite
interview are benecial. Interview are categorie
into trctre, emi trctre an ntrctre an i
2. Methods and tools
The dierent methods used in this master thesis are describes i n this chapter. The design process oten consists o ve phases: upstarting,
data collection and analyse, idea generation and sketching, revision and ollow-up. The eort or each phase can dier rom case to case
and run parallel.
7/30/2019 Emergency Housing Project 2012
11/77
6. 7.
Unintentionally, NGO can occaionally expre
eparatene to the local people, perhap by wearing
brane clothing or having a too patial itance
between themelve an the par ticipant. Thee barrier
hol be minimie, a well a the perception o
ierence in hierarchical between the grop. Here are
a ew ggetion to achieve that:
The reearcher hol it at the ame height level a
the er. When more than one reearcher i involve, they
hol not it together bt rather catter themelve
throghot the grop.
Clothe that are organization-brane hol be
avoie. (IDEO 2009)
Receiving trustworthy inormation
The inormation people are aying an thinking i
not alway the ame a what people actally are oing.
Participant oten have trong belie abot their
rotine an aily activitie that ier rom reality. Thi
migiance i ally not an intention to milea the
reearcher, bt imply an overtatement. To receive
proper inormation, a ew night in people home
col be benecial. Ater ome time, people will actmore natral an become comortable. The longer the
reearcher tay in the context the more nertaning
an empathy they will gain. (IDEO 2009)
2.3 Analysis
2.3.1 Ishikawa diagram
An Ihikawa iagram i a techniqe, preente
graphically, to trctre the correlation between
reaon an eect. Ater ening problem that hol
be analye, poible reaon are ientie. The mot
relevant reaon are then marke an invetigate.
(Karlon 2007)
2.3.2 Function analysis
To etermine the main prpoe o a proct an
analye it nction, a nction analyi can be mae.
The relt can oten be preente in a lit o nction.
It can be vital to ientiy all nction in orer to make
a proct that trly ll the er nee an eire.
The lit o nction will then become a onation or
the pecication o reqirement. (terlin 2007)
2.3.3 Specication of requirements
The pecication o reqirement i bae on the
nction analyi. Ater weighing the nction, or
intance in a cale rom 1-5, the mot important one
can be categorie into eman an the remaining
one into wihe or ae vale. The pecication o
reqirement i not only a tarting point an a rame
or the proct evelopment, bt alo a tool to evalate
concept. The vial repreentation i rather imilar
to a lit o nction an can thereore be combine.(Wiktrm 2005)
2.4 Creativity
2.4.1 Brainstorming
Braintorming i a techniqe to obtain a range o
iea. The metho i carrie ot in a grop, preerably
coniting o three to ix peron o ierent
backgron. The iea are notice on a ipchart or
white boar, or rawn together at the table. Critiqe i
not allowe ring the eion an extreme iea, ar
rom realitic oltion, are encorage. Once the iea
are ettle they can be combine an complemente to
bring new oltion an iea.
2.4.2 Moodboard
A mooboar i a collection o image that hol
repreent an meiate the ame eeling that the tre
proct i intene to expre. The mooboar can be
ice with the ctomer to make re the project i
heaing the right way. (Wiktrm 2005)
2.5 Visualisation
2.5.1 Sketching
To explore, vialie an commnicate iea in proct
evelopment, ketching i an aeqate tool. Sketchingi commonly imple an qick an relt in two-
imenional image. There are however a ew level
o renement, appropriate or ierent prpoe.
Iea ketche are mae rapily to illtrate principle
oltion, while realitic ketche are ar more time
conming an e to promote proct. Technical
rawing how hien part an are mae in etail to
how important inormation to acilitate manactring.
(terlin 2007)
2.5.2 Physical models
To obtain even more ecribing vial repreentation
than ketche, three-imenional phyical moel are
appropriate. The moel are e to evalate nction,
oltion an hape, bt alo a a tool to promote the
nal relt. Uing a ll-cale moel, even thogh i it i
roghly mae, col be qite applicable to evalate ize
an ergonomic element. (terlin 2007)
2.5.3 CAD-models
Compter aie eign, CAD, i a tool to bil three-
imenional object by ing compter otware.
Several CAD-otware exit, enabling iea to be
vially explore an tete. Shape, imenion,
color, contrction an trength can be explore.
Frthermore, the CAD-otware can provie technical
rawing an thereby a onation or proction.
(Johanneon, Peron & Petteron 2004)
2.6 Evaluation
2.6.1 PUGH matrix
A PUGH matrix i mae to eliminate ierent conceptby comparing them to a reerence object, commonly a
competitive or original oltion. The ierent concept
will be aigne a core (or example rom -3 to +3)
epening on how well they ll the reqirement
an wihe compare to the reerence object. Each
eman an wih can have an own core, on at the
pecication o reqirement, which mean that the
mot important one play a more eential role in the
PUGH matrix. To maximie the nction o the matrix
there hol not be too many eman an wihe,
bt the mot ignicant one. (Johanneon, Peron &
Petteron 2004)
7/30/2019 Emergency Housing Project 2012
12/77
9.
3.1 Time schedule
The project wa carrie ot ring the pring an allo 2011 an preente in Janary o 2012. The initial
iea wa to perorm er tie in Haiti an later on,
with a evelope prototype, evalate the relt throgh
ability tet in Kenya. A illtrate in the Gantt-
chele, ee Figre 3, the nal relt wa intene to
be preente in October.
De to the extremely complex context, more time wa
neee in the rt phae nertaning the problem,
which elaye the whole project. In the en, both
the el tie in Haiti an Kenya were carrie ot
ring the pring to evalate the ientie problem
area on rom literatre tie, interview an
obervation in Sween.
3.2 Data collection in Sweden
The rt phae in the project wa to ientiy
poible nee an problem area, bt alo to obtain
a backgron o the crrent camp itation. Data
wa gathere in nmero way to achieve a wie
perpective o the context.
3.2.1 Literature studies
A lot o literatre ha been pblihe the lat ecae
abot hoing ater natral ia ter an conict. A vatamont o tanar, ggetion, recommenation,
rle, previo example an o orth are ecribe,
ometime incoherent to each other. Plenty o
pblication were rea by the athor, among other the
rather amo Sphere project, UN-HABITAT Shelter
project 2009, Shelter ater iater gieline 2010
an UNHCR Hanbook or Emergencie. Beie all
report, article an booklet o emergency hoing, a
ew book abot mart eign or narrow pace were
invetigate. In the en t hee book trne ot to have
oltion that till reqire a lot material an rability,
which mae them a bit irrelevant or mot emergency
helter. Frthermore, Internet enable a great amont
o aitional eential inormation, among other
throgh vieo howing the everyay lie o reientan their view.
3.2.2 Observations
At leat two obervation were carrie ot in Sween
beore heaing to Haiti an Kenya. The rt took
place at Chalmer Univerity o Technology right
in the beginning o the project. Together with the
other or tent, working within the ame context,
the prototype rom Formen H wa aemble
withot intrction. The hanling wa carrie ot to
3. Implementation
The working procedure o the project is descr ibed in this chapter. The process and content o applied methods are presented, but also a
proper background and the implementation o the eld studies are pictured. At the end the actual product development, with its several
phases, is described.
Literature study
Interviews
Observations
User studies (Haiti)
Choose concept and develop further
Presentation
Usability studies (Kenya)
Report
Concept making and evaluation
Analysis
w.9w.8 w. 10 w. 11 w.12 w. 13 w. 14 w. 15 w.1 6 w. 17 w. 18 w. 19 w. 20 w. 21 w. 22 w. 23 w. 24 w. 35 w .3 6 w .3 7 w. 3 8 w .3 9 w .4 0
OctoberSummer break
Figure 3. The original Gantt-schedule.
7/30/2019 Emergency Housing Project 2012
13/77
10. 11.
inight into their itation. Thereore, the athor wa
very keen to meet iplace people in their home to
nertan an rther invetigate the alreay ientie
problem area. An Ihikawa iagram (ee Appenix
1) wa mae abot two problem area, privacy an
ecrity, to eek aitional poible explanation o the
lacking qality. Thee explanation or reaon became
a onation or aitional qetion within the two
problem area.
3.3 Field studies
3.3.1 Introduction
The aim o the el tie wa to veriy the ientie
nee an complement them with aitional
inormation to nertan the everyay lie in
emergency helter. It wa eential to eparate the
general nee rom the cltre one. By viiting two
location it became eaier to itingih the general
nee an it helpe the athor moiy the conclion
an amption rom the previo reearch.
Haiti wa hit, on the 12th o Janary 2010, by an
earthqake mearing 7.3 on the Richter cale
(Figre 4). The epicenter wa locate 17 kilometre
(km) othwet o the capital Port-a-Prince. More
than 200,000 people were kille an 1.3 million
iplace. Port-a-Prince wa ratically aecte an
approximately 190 000 biling were etroye or
trly amage, caing a great nmber o rban camp.
(UN, DFID, Shelter Centre, 2010)
Kenya witnee riot an violence ater the election
in 2007/2008 (Figre 5). Conict emerge between
tribe, caing abot 1500 eceae, everal brne
home an abot 300 000 being iplace. Mot camphave been poitione on the contryie. In general the
IDP camp in Kenya (cae by the political violence)
are le trctre than regee camp (with Somali,
Sanee an Ethiopian regee). Regee get oten
more international pblication an more pport.
The el tie in Haiti an Kenya wa ne
by SIDA, throgh the Minor Fiel Sty (MFS)
cholarhip, an by Frien o Chalmer (ee Figre 6).
nertan the proct an to realie what reient
will ace ater receiving it. At thi phae everal etail
where not concle or optimie yet, caing a ew
ie in the aembling.
In the beginning o May, the athor went to
Kritinehamn in Sween where The Sweih Civil
Contingencie Agency (MSB) hel a training core o
a ew ay or the Ger man ai organiation Techniche
Hilwerk (THW). At the ite everal emergencyhelter were pt p, incling the prototype rom
Formen H. Beie oberving the ta invetigating
the prototype, the athor explore the other moel
an on everal ie ientie rom the previo
ata collection.
The viit in Kritinehamn wa alo mae to ic with
THW the poibilitie o viiting Haiti with the help
rom them. Beore thi meeting, repeate converation
ha been hel between the athor an the THW ta
in Haiti. However, nothing ha yet been ettle. The
nit manager in the training core Stephan Mack
explaine their role in Haiti an how a viit might
col be arrange. Thank to him an hi colleage at
ite in Haiti, a viit wa hortly etablihe an booke.
3.2.3 Interviews
To complement the inormation rom literatre an
obervation abot tanar, rle, crrent eign,
previo project, relie help, camp management, camp,
behavior cience etcetera, interview were perorme.
Mot o the interview were emi trctre an
carrie ot orally or by phone call. Some interview
were however complete by e-mail an thereby rather
trctre.
Here ollow a ew name that the athor ha the
pleare to interview or ic the bject with.
Ian Davi, proeor in iater management an
among other the eitor o the rt UN gieline
on Shelter ater Diater pblihe 1982.
Jim Kenney, CARE helter expert an coorinator.
Martin Sjholm, project manager at MSB.
Dan Lewi, chie at the Diater an Pot-Conict
Section, UN-HABITAT.
Nina Gren, PhD in ocial anthropology at
Univerity o Gothenbrg.
Jaap van Kemenae, ormer mater tent in
intrial eign engineering at Delt Univerity
o Technology, who wrote hi mater thei abot
emergency helter.
Stephan Mack, nit manager at THW.
Roe Alabater, Hman Settlement Ofcer at
UN-HABITAT.
Inger Lie Syveren, reearcher an enior lectrer/
aociate proeor at Chalmer Univerity o
Technology. Maria Nytrm, proeor in eign in rban
evelopment at Chalmer Univerity o Technology.
Malena Gyllenhak, ormer mater tent in
architectre at Chalmer Univerity o Technology,
who wrote her mater thei abot hoing ater
iater.
3.2.3 Modied scope
At thi phae the athor wa a bit ncertain which
path to chooe. The initial iea wa to make a niveral
tent oltion or camp, bt mot inormation gathere
claime it i the wort oltion. Biling permanent
hoe with local reorce are ar more tainable.
At the ame time, there are nmero itation whenthere are no alternative bt tent. A a relt the athor
ecie to oc on improving the living conition in
camp throgh a more er-rienly helter eign.
De to the nmber o nolve problem area o
helter, relate to the everyay live or reient, the
athor became more crio to olve thee part than
the technical ie o a cover. Ater a ialog with
Formen H it wa concle that they hol oc
on exploring rable an aorable contrction an
material, while the athor hol contine invetigate
an olve the er eman.
3.2.4 Meeting users and Ishikawa diagram
To trly nertan er they hol be interviewe
an i poibly oberve when interacting with the
proct. Otherwie, there i a evere rik that the
proct oe not t the er nee. Emergency helter
i not ierent rom other proct. Actally, thi
proct an it relation with er are very complex, e
to ie ch a ownerhip o lan, poverty, cltre an
inratrctre. It i oten eential, when eigning or
another cltre, to interact an interview er an gain
Figure 4. The results of the earthquake.Figure 5. The riots in Kenya.
7/30/2019 Emergency Housing Project 2012
14/77
12. 13.
The tie were carrie ot in two phae between Mayan Jly in 2011. A two-ay preparation core in Uppala,
Sween, hel by Internationella Programkontoret, wa
alo incle in the MFS cholarhip. The core helpe
tent to prepare or the el ty throgh lectre,
eminar an meeting with expert within concerne
contrie.
3.3.2 Preparations
In orer to perorm er tet, interview an appropriate
obervation in an namiliar cltre, reearcher mt
be open-mine an preerably pen a long perio o
time in the oreign region. Otherwie it become har
to trly nertan the context. In thi project the aim
wa not to ientiy local problem area, bt generallyone or camp. Coneqently, le pre-tie o crrent
contrie wa neee compare to local implementation
project. Aitionally, the athor ha alreay viit Kenya
or even week o el ty in another project the year
beore. Thoe even week were extremely intrctive
an provie knowlege that i impoible to pre-
ty. Lckily, the Haitian cltre i airly imilar to the
Kenyan, enabling the previo knowlege to be applie.
Mot inight concern metho, behavior, ocial
interaction etcetera, an col be crcial to mater in
orer to gain worthy repone rom local people.
To rther enhance the inormation gathering at ite
a report rom IDEO, calle Hman Centere Deign
Toolkit, wa tie. The report aim to acilitate
innovation to reach the bae o the pyrami an
provie metho an tip how nee o contitent
can be nertoo an etecte better. To learn more
abot thee metho, ee chapter2.2.4 Field studies.
3.3.3 Observations, interviews and usertests in Haiti
Thank to the German ai organization Techniche
Hilwerk (THW, Figre 7) the athor wa able to
carry ot obervation, interview an er tet in Haiti.
THW provie extenive knowlege abot the local
itation an ormer example o iater. They alo
oere help, ch a proviing an interpreter an
river, renting a car an introce the athor to camp
manager, in orer to acilitate the athor to reely viit
the IDP camp in an cloe by Port a Prince (Figre
8). Finally THW enable the athor to be hote by a
Haitian amily in central Port a Prince, which wa
extremely helpl or practical matter a well a to
nertan the itation an cltre.
Entering camp were rather traightorwar. Ater
talking to the man in charge or a camp, oten entitle
the preient, an explaine the prpoe o the viit,
viitor were allowe to enter. Once inie the athorwa permitte to walk aron an interview amilie
an oberve the everyay lie, either by himel or with
the help rom ocial worker or camp manager. Mot
IDP were crio abot the viit. However, being
nable to peak the ame langage wa, even thogh
an interpreter wa preent, limiting the interaction
an might have inence the inormation that wa
receive. Having poken Creole wol have given a
more peronal relation to the people an even more
important inormation wol probably ha been
receive.
The obervation in camp were ocmente by
photographing an by taking note. Oten when helter
were oberve emi-trctre interview were helwith reient at the ame time, which gave qalitative
ata. The topic ice were motly relate to the
inight that ha been rawn beore the tr ip. In total, 15
emi trctre interview were hel with IDP an an
aitional nmber were ntrctre. The qality an
length o time varie e to the reient interet an
relation to the bject an ability to ecribe it in etail.
Mot o the interviewee were women between 20-60
year ol, bt in between men were alo interviewe.
Semi trctre interview were alo carrie ot
with ta rom THW, UN repreentative at Shelter
Clter, camp manager an ocial worker. The mot
ccel ntrctre interview were mae with the
interpreter/river, the hote amily member an withpreient o the camp.
Ater ome time in camp the athor realie the
ifclty or IDP to expre their view abot the
appearance an aethetic. De to lack o alternative
toay many i not have any pecic opinion.
Thereore a er tet wa pt together with ientical
helter oltion, bt with ierentiation in color an
with an withot logo (ee Figre 9). Senly, when
alternative were provie, it became eaier or IDP to
expre an chooe their avorable oltion. However, e
to the hort nmber o alternative, the tet give only a
hint what hol be aethetically appreciate an avoie.
Figure 6. Funding organisations.
Figure 7. Logos of supporting aid organisations.
Figure 8. The eld
studies were carried
out with the interpreter
Ernst in Haiti and staff
from UNHCR in Kenya.
3.3.4 Observations, interviews and user
tests in Kenya
Two week ater the homecoming rom Haiti the
athor contine the el tie in Kenya, thi time
with three more tent with imilar mater thei
topic within architectre an engineering. Two o thecamp viit were organie by UN-HABITAT an
UNHCR. The camp, calle Pipeline (699 hoehol
in 2010) an Camp 86 (86 amilie who broke ree o
the Nakr camp in November 2008), were locate
cloe to Nakr, abot two hor north o Nairobi.
Mot o the IDP in Pipeline were Englih peaking,
bt in Camp 86 no one were. Coneqently UNHCR
employer aite with interpretation. The project
grop arrange a thir viit by themelve. Abot 1,5
hor north o Nairobi, cloe to Naivaha, Vmilia camp
(225 amilie) i itate. In common or thee camp
are that they were el-etablihe in rral area by
iplace people who e rom location aron Rit
Valley, commonly rom Eloret.
Obervation an interview were carrie ot imilar a in
Haiti. However, the athor only ha interview with IDP
in three camp. In total, 5 emi-trctre interview were
hel with IDP, three with men an two with women. In
orer or the IDP to eel comortable an being able to
point ot poible helter ie, the interview were hel
at their home. Several ntrctre interview were alo
hel ince neighbor became crio abot the viit an
were eager to tell their own tory.
Figure 9. A simple test with different appearance
variations.
7/30/2019 Emergency Housing Project 2012
15/77
14. 15.
Aitional emi trctre interview were carrie ot
with an employee at UNHCR an a ta member at
UN-HABITAT, both in Nairobi.
The er tet abot the appearance an aethetic o
helter wa carrie ot in Kenya a well. Beie the
IDP at the emi trctre interview a nmber o
neighbor an crio IDP were ake. The tet
wa lightly expane with a ew more alternative to
chooe rom. Thereby the relt became a bit morereliable compare to the one perorme in Haiti.
3.4 Product development
3.4.1 Function analysis and Specication
of requirements
With a great amont o act, problem area, nee
an eire, a nction analyi ha to mae. By
reormlate the inpt into nction the inormation
wa more reviewable an became a clear onation
or approaching concept evelopment. The nction
were alo weighe, coring one to three, in orer to
etermine i they were eman, wihe or ae vale.The nction analyi an pecication o reqirement
relte in a lit o nction. The nmber o nction
i vat, bt in the en only a limit amont o them were
choen to contine with.
3.4.2 Brainstorming, sketching and
concept generation
To obtain a collection o iea one proper
braintorming wa hel, ee Figre 10. The participant
were tent within intrial eign engineering an
the braintorming wa naile own to a ew problem
area. Each participant tarte by themelve or a ew
minte with ketching. The relt were ice an
then explore an evelope together.
Mot o the iea an concept were however generate
by the athor alone. Each problem area receive abot
one ay o eort in the rt iea generation ron.
The bet iea an ketche were pt together an later
preente to Formen H, who alo contribte withome aitional iea, ketche an thoght.
3.4.3 Evaluation and decisions
In orer to evalate the ierent concept a PUGH
matrix wa mae, ee Appenix 3. For each problem
area, itable weighte nee (rom the lit o nction)
were tte into the matrix, enabling ierent core
or ierent concept. How well each concept col
be combine with oltion or other nction wa
an aitional parameter. The concept were compare
to crrent iea rom Formen H: a plain cover an
a tarpalin a a oor. Since they ha not involve
oltion or the aitional problem area, ome
concept in the PUGH matrix ha conierably highercore than the crrent moel.
The concept were preente an ice eparately
with Formen H, examiner an pervior. Bae on
their view an the PUGH matrix, everal eciion
were taken an a lot o new inormation ice.
3.4.4 Additional information gathering
Once the rt iea generation ron wa complete
an evalate, it wa clear that ome aitional act
were neee.
To gain more knowlege abot inoor cooking Maria
Nytrm (proeor in eign in rban evelopmentat Chalmer Univerity o Technology), who i trly
experience in the el, wa contacte. Ater reaing
her PhD report abot tove eign or inoor cooking
an icing the bject with her in peron, the athor
realie how to approach the problem area rom a new
angle.
Another teacher at Chalmer Univerity o Technology,
Carl-Eric Hagentot (proeor in Biling Phyic),
wa met in orer to nertan the alternative an
poibilitie or ventilation an temperatre.
Acotic i qite complex. Beie carrying ot
literatre tie, Margareta Zetterblom (enior lectrer
at School o Textile in Sween) wa contacte. Ater
two telephone interview with her the athor realize
the limitation an rame or eigning a onaborbing helter.
Jim Kenney (working a an helter expert an
coorinator or CARE) ha been a contino
(nofcial) mentor ring thi project. De to hi great
experience in camp management he wa once again
contacte to give anwer abot pgraing, ooring,
rainage an anbag. Ater a ew et o e-mail the
athor ha receive clear an extenive anwer.
Finally a ty viit at a prototype procer wa
carrie ot. Dring the all o 2011, Formen H let
two material procer (who were coniere having
itable material) bil a ll-cale cover prototype
ot o their own pplie, a can be een in Figre 11.The companie were Noria (procing neele pnch)
an NMC Celloam AB (manactring extre
polypropylene). The ty viit gave the athor plenty
o anwer abot poible technical oltion.
3.4.5 Further development
Beie a new ron o reqent iea generation (thi
time more in etail), everal material an manactre
retailer were phone, phyical moel (mock-p) were
bilt to evalate iea an CAD-moel were evelope
throgh the otware Rhinocero (an renere throgh
the otware Keyhot).
To acilitate the evelopment o the appearance, amooboar wa concle. Image were carelly
choen to correpon an harmonie with eire
expreion.
Figure 11. The building of a full-scale prototype.
Figure 10. The brainstorming session.
7/30/2019 Emergency Housing Project 2012
16/77
17.
4.1 Statistics
335 natral iater were reporte in 2009, whichaecte more than 119 million people an kille over
10,000 peron. The ame year there were alo everal
new conict occrre in contrie ch a Pakitan,
Sri Lanka an Somalia, caing million o people to
iplacement. In the en 43,3 million people ha been
orcibly iplace in 2009. The nmber incle 27,1
million people that e within their own contry (name
internally iplace peron or jt IDP) an aitional
part that ha been iplace into other contrie (name
regee). Natral iater were caing mot amage in
Aian contrie, whilt conict motly were aecting
contrie in Arica. (UN-HABITAT 2010)
In many place aron the worl, ch a Pakitan,
Cypr an Tanzania, camp have been in exitenceor more than a ecae. Some camp in Paletine have
exite or hal a centry withot any ign o cloing.
No one can rely preict how long a camp will exit,
bt oten it i mch longer than mot will believe.
(Kenney 2004) The average ration or major regee
itation increae in 2003 to 17 year (Architect or
Hmanity 2006) an the recontrction ater natral
iater ally become between two an ve year.
(Kanter & Karlon 2010)
Natral iater an conict relt in onation
worth approximately 3 billion USD each year. A large
proportion i thi hmanitarian ai inten to cover baic
helter reqirement to enre protection an aety.
The relie hol not jt reach the vlnerable peoplean location, bt alo be very aeqate an eective.
Unortnately, very commonly the repone i limite
to tarpalin an tent. (Unite Nation 2004) De to
a limite bget an hort notice relie ai ten to
ollow an approach o covering only the baic nee, an
ally in an inexpenive way. Water, helter, ntritional,
anitation, el an health care are lite a the baic
nee by International Feeration o Re Cro an Re
Crecent Societie (IFRC) in 2000. (Ahmore et al. 2003)
4. Background
In this chapter a background is given about the current camp situation. A vast literature study was made to gain knowledge about
shelter design, camp management, relie aid and behavioural science. To clariy and complement certain areas many experts (among
others Ian Davis and Jim Kennedy) were contacted.
4.2 Denitions
A regee i, accoring to the 1951 Conventionrelating to the Stat o Regee, omeone ...owing
to well-ounded ear o being persecuted or reasons o race,
religion, nationality, membership o a particular social group
or political opinion, is outside the country o his nationality
and is unable or, owing to such ear, is unwilling to avail
himsel o the protection o that country; or who, not having
a nationality and being outside the country o his ormer
habitual residence as a result o such events, is unable or, owing
to such ear, is unwilling to return to it. (Geneva Acaemy
o International Hmanitarian Law an Hman Right
2012)
Internally iplace peron, oten jt calle IDP, i
another category, oten wrongly calle regee. IDP
have, compare to regee, not croe an inter nationalborer to n anctary. Intea they remain within
their home contrie. Regarle i the reaon or
the evacation i the ame a or many regee
(oten arme conict) the IDP remain ner the
protection o their government, even thogh it might
be the very ame government caing their itation.
In contrat to regee, IDP are till citizen an retain
their protection an right ner hman right an
international hmanitarian law. (Unite Nation High
Commiioner or Regee (UNHCR) 2009)
4.3 Aid organisations
4.3.1 Governments
The range o ierent iater management operation
i hge, an can go rom re relie to water an oo
elivery. The local government play a crcial role in
iater management ince they are the one reponible
or the welare o their people. However, when larger
hazar occr an government are nable to control the
itation, or have not the knowlege, they call pon the
aitance o the international ai.
7/30/2019 Emergency Housing Project 2012
17/77
18. 19.
Hmanitarian organiation are, incling the UN,
nancially epenent on their onor. The onation
come rom private peron an invetment originate
rom (oten Wetern) government an companie.
(Gyllenhak, Report, 2011)
Within the international ai commnity there i a
egree o competition between organiation, oten
leaing to lack o cooperation an coorination. Aing
the chao that iater itation carry the coorinationwith local non-governmental organiation (NGO),
local athoritie an the national government are
commonly ecient. ( Gyllenhak, Report, 2011)
The organiation ecribe hereinater are involve
in helter repone ater iater. What i important
to nerline i that the organiation hol behave
a get, not a heamen. The ierence i not alway
clear, eaily caing too mch inence an eciion-
making rom the international organiation an
poibly irpting the local context. (Davi, 2011)
4.3.2 UN
The Unite Nation (UN) i a large an wiepreaorganization, one right ater Worl War II to
promote international cooperation.
With a pport o 192 contrie
the UN play an eential role
in many, political, military,
economical, hmanitarian an law
ie. (Kemenae, Report, 2007)
4.3.3 UNHCR
UNHCR (Unite Nation High Commiioner or
Regee) i the Unite Nation regee agency. The
UN General Aembly create it in 1950 e to the
evatation an amont o iplace people rom the
Secon Worl War. The iea wa to make re thatUN ha a trong an eective organiation to protect
regee in the contrie where they ha oght aylm.
Beie that, UNHCR alo eal
with helping government to n
permanent oltion or regee.
(UNHCR 2009) UNHCR i
reponible or the coorination
o helter at conict itation, an
thereby oten work with regee.
One main tak i to provie helter or vlnerable
people in the rt phae o iater management rather
than create a trctre that lat. (Gyllenhak, Report,
2011) Unortnately, UN contantly iplay a bget
that i ner-balance to meet the hmanitarian nee.
Moreover, tren how that ning i not riing a
at a the nee o hmanitarian aitance. (Kanter &
Karlon 2010)
4.3.4 IFRC
International Feeration o Re Cro an Re
Crecent Societie, (IFRC) i an international NGO that
coorinate the international
ai commnity in helter
repone ater natral iater.
(Gyllenhak, Report, 2011)
4.3.5 IOM
IOM tan or International Organization or
Migration an oce on nertaning the migration
ie, encoraging ocial an economic
evelopment relate to migration an
phol the hman ignity an the wellbeing o migrant. (IOM 2012)
4.3.6 UN-HABITAT
UN-HABITAT help government an local athoritie
to rebil an recover rom conict an natral
iater. They are not ally involve in the rt phae
o iater management. Intea they are engage a
while ater, implying trategie o long-term perpective.
(Gyllenhak, Report, 2011)
4.3.7 UNESCO
Similar to UN-HABITAT, UNESCO work in the
longer-term evelopment an recontrction phae.UNESCO eal with cltral heritage an their role
i to retore an protect hitorical monment beore
an ater iater. They are not a
hmanitarian agency, bt can be
critical at iater e to their
knowlege abot valable inherite
material. (Gyllenhak, Report, 2011)
4.3.8 NGOs
A non-government organiation i an organiation
inepenent o the government. The primary miion
i not commercial, bt oce among other on ocial,
cltral, environmental an ecational ie. NGO
oten involve a lot more concrete integration with
employee an organization o local origin compare
to UN.
The amont o NGO i enormo, bt mot o themare mall. A ew o the larger one within iater relie
are Oxam International, Care International an MSF.
Gyllenhak, Report, 2011)
Oxam International i a collaboration o 13
inepenent NGO. Together they cooperate with
more than 3000 local organiation in 100 contrie to
ght poverty an relate injtice. Water an Sanitation
i their tronget expertie, bt they alo pblicie a lot
o reearch, ecation an general relie work.
CARE International i another major NGO with
project in 70 ierent contrie an 90% o their
employee employe locally. CARE i active in relie
project a well a in evelopment project, an iometime reponible or ecation in camp.
MSF (Mcin an Frontire) or Doctor withot
Borer i a French organiation that provie meical
ai an raie awarene o the complication or the
vlnerable people. They alo have a ew pblication on
temporary hoing. (Kemenae, Report, 2007)
4.4 Camps
4.4.1 Situation
Camp management i extremely complicate an
the nmber o regee an relate hoing nee are
enormo. Ually ai organiation are engage in
more ie than helter proviion, meaning that regee
an IDP are oten on their own or the contrction
o helter. (Kemenae, Appenix, 2007) The location
elegate by a government i commonly carrie ot
withot certain conieration o appropriatene. There
are not necearily many location to chooe rom,
epecially in rban area where park col be the only
alternative. (Sjholm 2011) See Figre 12.
Occaionally, government apply ph actor to
ecreae the length o camp. By making the camp
nattractive le iplace people become eager topoplate it an more become keen to leave an retrn to
Figure 12. An urban camp in Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
7/30/2019 Emergency Housing Project 2012
18/77
20. 21.
their omicile. However, the iea o ph actor i partly
bae on the thoght that iplace people are living in
camp volntarily. In mot cae, people o not have an
alternative location to ecape to. By woren the camp
an making them nattractive, the alreay poor living
conition can ecreae ignicantly. (Alabater 2011)
Camp can ier ignicantly in everal perpective,
even within the ame contry. The relt i epenent
pon preparation, who live there an who rn an
control it an i qite relate to politic, economic
wealth an geographic location. Certain camp are
planne an organie, while other are chaotic anynctional. In Haiti or intance, a year ater the
earthqake o 2010, there were very ew planne camp
with carelly prepare tainable oltion. Even
thogh camp ier a lot they are in general qite
nplanne. Tarpalin an perhap tent are itribte,
an e to the amont o vlnerable people it become
har to control an enre that camp management
gieline are llle. People pt p helter a
they like, withot any inormation, knowlege an
experience o what i nctional in the long-term. In
everal itation the iplace people are, at thi tage,
oten not aware or wol never ame that they will
tay in camp or more than a ew week, enitely
not year. The perception o planning an long-term
thinking i very mch relate to cltre. (Sjholm 2011)
To bil a camp that otgrow itel i the wort poible
relt. It cae overcrowing, implie cot o rebiling
or relocation to avoi the overcrowing. (Kenney
2004) Within a year or two camp oten become
overcrowe, enying reient both ignity an pace
to pre livelihoo. (Force Migration Review 2009)See Figre 13.
More an more hot tate repon to extene regee
itation by containing the reient in iolation. The
regee camp are reqently inecre, epecially cloe to
borer an ar rom the governing regime. Thee hot
government reqire the majority to live in eignate
camp, minimiing the amont o regee who eire to
leave the camp or employment or ecation. The tren,
calle warehousing o reugees, mean evere implication
o hman right an economic growth (Kemenae,
Appenix, 2007) Frthermore, exal an phyical
violence remain a hge concern, cae by epair
an the extreme conition. Women an chilren are
ally the majority o regee commnitie (47% o
the worl regee are ner the age o 18 (Architect
or Hmanity 2006)) an oten the one mot hante
an aecte. (Kemenae, Appenix, 2007)
In common or mot camp i that no one want to live
in it. When camp are etablihe people o ierent
tribe or backgron are poibly orce together. For
intance in ormer Jogolavia thi became a hge ie
ring the conict at the 90. Having Chritian an
Mlim in the ame camp wa critical.
The ecrity rik varie ignicantly between camp, bt
are generally more common in thoe camp emerge
rom conict. Thievery, robbery an mitreatment are
example o ie arien, not only e to ierence o
people bt alo rom injtice. Eqitable treatment or
all reient i not alway achieve an col ometime
cae violation an riot (even thogh it regar only a
light ierence). (Sjholm 2011)
Hot commnitie are not oten very on o the
iplace people. Sympathy an an nertaning
or the vlnerable people rarely exit. Diplace
people, epecially regee, are not poplar ince they
occaionally take over hoting citie (incling job),
litter the ite with wate, teal, increae the oo price
an commonly o not hare the international relie
ai with the hot commnity. Many o the hoting
people eel nairly treate. However, iplace people
rom natral iater are more accepte. Hoting
commnitie are in thi cae oten rom the ame
contry an cltre an eel orry or the aecte
people. (Sjholm 2011) (Davi, 2011)
4.4.2 Population
The nmber o people living in camp varie o core
an epen on the crii. Ai organiation try to et p
maller camp o maximm 20 000 people rather than
one hge camp i the total m concern hnre o
thoan iplace people. Smaller camp are eaier to
manage an overlook, which i crcial regaring re
rik, ecrity problem an the preaing o ieae
among other. (CBC New 2007)
4.4.3 Location
The ite o camp i ally, bt not alway, locate on
the ege o town or on open el, away rom borer
an war zone. Preerably the ite hol have a lope
terrain that provie natral rainage. The area choen
hol moreover be ar rom breeing ite o inect
that can carry ieae. (CBC New 2007)
Regee camp col eaily get iolate an become
articial town that are highly epenent on external
ai. The living conition an ene o ignity are very
mch inence by the tate o home an hol
thereore be enhance more than toay. (Kemenae,
Appenix, 2007)
Tent, which ally are e in camp, hol not
be pitche in long row. Placing them in clter like
in many traitional village, or letting the reient
themelve chooe the layot, are preerre. It wol
make reient more comortable. (UN 2004)
4.4.4 Length of stay
Camp are ppoe to be temporary oltion, ntil
iplace people can aely retrn to their home.
However, bae on previo experience, organiation
have learne that reient oten en p living in camp
longer than expecte. Regee rom Koovo live in
camp in Albania or three month, while regee rom
Somalia have been living in camp in northern Kenya
ince 1991. (CBC New 2007) Mot o the Somali
regee are locate in Daaab in Kenya, the larget
regee camp in the worl. Crrently 400 000 people
are living in three camp originally eigne or 90,0 00.
(Care 2012)
4.4.5 Space
The recommene minimm pace i 3,5 qare metre
per