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8/6/2019 Emergency Handbook 2010 English Edition
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EMERGENCY HANDBOOKEMERGENCY HANDBOOK
2010 EDITION
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This Emergency Handbook is also available in Mandarin, Bahasa Melayu and Tamil.
For enquiries or feedback, you may reach us via the contact details below.
Buku ini juga boleh didapati dalam bahasa Cina, Melayu dan Tamil.
Untuk keterangan lanjut, sila hubungi kami menerusi saluran-saluran berikut.
Address HQ Singapore Civil Defence Force, Public Aairs Department,
91 Ubi Avenue 4, Singapore 408827 Telephone 6848 1524
Fascimile 6289 4401
Email [email protected]
Website www.scdf.gov.sg
Copyright 2010 Singapore Civil Defence Force. All rights reserved.
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Chpter 5
TERRORISM68 Chemical threats71 Biological threats
74 Anthrax
75 Bomb threats
78 In the event of an explosion
79 Evacuating from an explosion site
80 Dirty bomb threats
82 In-place Protection
85 Decontamination procedures
86 Public transport security
Chpter 3
PEACETIME EMERGENCIES40 Ready Bag42 Stockpiling
43 Lightning
44 Floods
45 Tremors
47 Landslides
49 Power outage
50 Typhoons and tropical storms
52 Tsunamis
54 Earthquakes
56 If you are trapped under debris or rubble
Chpter 1
FIRST AIDFirst Aid Kit 4
Bleeding 5
Fractures 6
Burns and Scalds 8
Fits 9
Stroke 10
Sprains 11
Choking 12
Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) 15
Automated External Debrillator (AED) 20
2
3
57
87
23
FOREWORD
GET READY. BE READY. STAY READY.
39
67
Chpter 4
WARTIME EMERGENCIES58 Rationing and blood donation
60 Public Warning System (PWS)
62 Shelter protection
66 Defensive precautions
Chpter 2
FIRE SAFETYGeneral tips on re safety 24
Household re safety checklist 25
Liqueed petroleum gas (lPG) 26
Smoke detectors 27
Fire hazards along common areas 28
When a re breaks out 29
Fire extinguishers 30
Manual call points and hose reels 32
Escaping through smoke 33
Casualty evacuation 34
If you are trapped in a re 36
If your clothes catch re 37
If your car catches re 38
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Foreword
Dear reader,
The SCDF is proud to present the latest edition o our fagship
publication the Emergency Handbook 2010 Edition. Firstpublished in 1990, the handbook enters its 20th year in print
and remains a core pillar in the SCDFs education eorts. Our
continual emphasis in reaching out to the public underscores
the importance o the community in emergency preparedness.
During an emergency, knowing what to do will make the critical
dierence between lie and death. It is with that premise that
the Emergency Handbook was conceived to impart essential
lie-saving skills to help you in times o crisis.
This handbook is complemented by the Community
Emergency Preparedness Programme, which was started in
2003 to provide members o public with hands-on training in
essential lie-saving skills. The value o such skills can be best
illustrated by examples.
Though our reghters are on standby round the clock to
attend to any calls on re incidents, they will take time to
arrive at a re scene and that is very much dependent on trac
conditions. With proper training in the use o a re extinguisher,
you will learn how to put out an incipient re or prevent it rom
developing and spreading urther even beore the responders
arrive. This will certainly minimise the number o casualties
and damage to property. Similarly, the rst ew minutes ater
a person has collapsed rom cardiac arrest are the most crucial
to the casualtys survival. I you are able to perorm CPR, you
can help save someones lie beore the ambulance arrives.
This handbook, together with our Community Emergency
Preparedness Programme, is designed to help you learn such
valuable lie-saving skills.
In reaching out to the various segments o the population, the
SCDF produced an e-book o the Emergency Handbook, as wellas a comic version which is targeted at primary school students
in Singapore. We have also introduced a series o original
iPhone applications based on the contents o this handbook
to cater to the expanding circles o tech-savvy individuals.
In this latest edition o the Emergency Handbook, you will
nd new topics such as basic rst aid or sprains, stroke and
ts as well as advisories on earthquakes and typhoons or
those travelling overseas. In addition to the pictorial text, wehave also made the handbook more reader-riendly with the
introduction o a cross-reerencing index between relevant
sections. The key message in this book, however, remains
constant: R ur ly rc.
I would like to encourage you to read this handbook and share
it with your loved ones. More importantly, keep it always in
your Ready Bag or reerence. I would also urge you to sign
up or our Community Emergency Preparedness Programme
to better equip yoursel with basic civil deence knowledge
and skills. The SCDF looks orward to partnering with you in
keeping Singapore a sae place to live, work and play.
Peter Lim Sin Pang
Commissioner
Singapore Civil Deence Force
2
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Medical emergencies arising rom illnesses and injuries can result
in death or serious complications i not treated immediately. You
can help save a casualtys lie i you are able to render proper
rst aid on-site beore medical help arrives. Remember, you
should dial 995 only i it is an emergency. Otherwise, dial 1777 or
non-emergency ambulance services.
Chpter 1
FIRST AID4 First aid kit
5 Bleeding6 Fractures
8 Burns and scalds
9 Fits
10 Stroke
11 Sprains
12 Choking
15 Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
20 Automated External Debrillator (AED)
3
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4
FirstAid
First Aid Kit
First aid dressing in three sizes
First aid kit on a cabinet in the living room
Padsize
180m
mx180
mm
LARGE
STERIL
EFIRST
AIDDR
ESSING
Padsize120mmx120mmMEDIUMSTERILEFIRSTAIDDRESSING
Padsize100
mmx100
mm
SMALL
STERILE
FIRST
AIDDR
ESSIN
G
It is strongly recommended that each household be equipped with a rst aid kit.
You can purchase one at a drugstore or pharmacy. Remember to monitor the expiry
dates o the supplies in your rst aid kit on a regular basis and replenish them when
necessary. The rst aid kit should be placed somewhere easily accessible to adults yet
remain out o reach o children.
Common items in a fiRst aid kit
Item Usage
TweezersPull out stings and other small oreign objects embeddedin the skin/wounds
Scissors Cut dressing and bandages
Resuscitation ace shieldServe as a protective layer during CPR (Cardio-PulmonaryResuscitation)
Thermometer Measure human body temperature
Disposable glovesProtect the rescuer rom inection transmitted via bloodand bodily fuids
Adhesive tape Secure bandages
DressingProtect the wound rom exposure to dirt and othersources o inection; types include rst aid dressing, sterileeye dressing, adhesive plasters and gauze pads
BandagesTriangular bandages or slings and crepe bandages towrap around wounds (e.g. a cut on the arm)
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5
FirstA
id
Bleeding
Casualty raises handof bandaged arm
above heart level
to stop the beedin:
I there are any oreign objects (e.g. glass ragments)
in the wound, do not press on the object. Avoidapplying direct pressure on the object by building up
padding around it beore bandaging.
Put on protective gloves or place a barrier between you and
the casualtys blood.
1
Check i there are any oreign objects (e.g. glass ragments) in
the wound.
2
I there are no oreign objects in the wound:
. Place a sterile gauze pad over it.
. Apply rm direct pressure on the wound using your palm
or ngers.
c. Secure it with a bandage.
. Elevate the injured arm or leg above the heart level
3
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6
FirstAid A racture is a crack in the bone, and the skin over the racture may be intact or torn.
Fractures
Closed fracture
Open fracture
Calm the casualty down.1
I the casualty has a dislocated shoulder,ractured upper arm, orearm or wrist, apply theopen arm sling as shown.
Treat bleeding wounds, i any. For openractures, stop the bleeding (pg 5) and coverexposed bone ends.
2
Rest, support and immobilise injured part in a
position most comortable or the casualty.
3
Two-step open arm sling
to tReat fRaCtRes:sins of fRaCtRes inCde:
Pain and tenderness
Unnatural shape or position o ractured part
Immobility o ractured limb
Swelling
Bruising
Open wound or open ractures, i.e. when the skin over the
racture is torn
3a
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7
FirstAid
I the casualty has a racture in the leg,straighten the injured leg and bring theuninjured leg (which acts as a splint) tothe injured leg.
Check the casualtys circulation every 10
minutes.
4Seek medical attention or dial 995 or an
ambulance.
5
Slide the bandages under both legs as shown, andinsert padding between the knees and ankles.
Bandage the legs together as shown and knot on theside o the uninjured leg.
Slide bandagesunder both legs
Insertpadding
Figure-of-8bandage at
ankles and broadbandage at knees
Knot onuninjured leg
Bandage above andbelow fracture
3b
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8
FirstAid
Burns And Scalds
a bRn is seveRe if it affeCts:
More than 5% o the casualtys body surace, i.e. a surace area more than ve times the size o his palm
The casualtys mouth, throat, eyes, ears and/or genitals
to tReat a bRn oR sCad, se the foRCs
Cool the aected partunder cold running water orimmerse it in cold water or atleast 10 minutes; or chemicalburns, wash o the chemicals
Constricting accessories suchas bracelets, rings, watchesor clothing are to be gentlyremoved rom the injured areabeore it starts to swell
Cover the burned/scaldedarea with sterile dressing
Consult a doctor i the burn/scald is not severe; otherwise,dial 995 or an ambulance
thins to note when tReatin bRns and sCads
Do not apply toothpaste, lotion, ointment or at to the aected area
Do not cover the aected area with cotton wool
Do not break any blisters or remove anything that is sticking to a burn
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9
FirstAid
Fits
Fits are episodes o uncontrolled movements o the body.
sins of fits
Uncontrolled movements or body spasms
Casualty alling to the ground
Clenching o teeth
Rolling o eyes
Incontinence
Casualty alling asleep once the ts have subsided
when someone is expeRienCin an
episode of fits
Keep dangerous objects out o the way (e.g. scissors and
other sharp items)
Do not restrict the movements o the casualty
Do not place anything in the casualtys mouth
Treat any injuries once the ts are over
Dial 995 or the casualty to receive medical attention
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10
FirstAid A stroke occurs when blood supply to the brain is disrupted, and it may lead to
long-term disability in the casualty. It is thereore important to seek medical help
as soon as possible when someone collapses rom stroke.
sins of stRoke
Stroke
speech Casualty is unable to speakclearly or understand the spoken word
arms Casualty is unable to raise botharms
Face Casualty is unable to smile andhis eye or mouth may be droopy
Good
Morning
dia 995 foR an ambanCe immediate shod o sspeCtsomeone to be sffeRin fRom stRoke.
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11
FirstAid
Sprains
Sprains occur at joints and involve ligaments, the most common being
sprained ankles. A strain, however, is an injury to the muscles and
tendons especially when they are stretched.
tReat spRains (and stRains) sin R.i.C.e.
Rest the sprained joint Ice or apply a cold compress tothe sprain
Compress the sprained jointusing a bandage or sot padding
elevate the sprained joint
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12
FirstAid
Using your other hand, tuck your thumb intoyour palm and curl your ngers into a st.
3
Choking
A ully obstructed airway can result in death within minutes i prompt treatment is not
given. Someone who is choking will display the universal sign o distress and he will
be unable to speak, breathe and cough.
Using one hand, locate the casualtys navel using thering nger and place two ngers above the navel asshown.
2
navel
Stand behind the casualty and place one leg betweenthe casualtys legs, making sure the casualtys legs areshoulder-width apart.
1
Universal sign of
distress when choking
if the Casat is Chokin whie ConsCios, peRfoRm the heimiCh manoevRe
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13
FirstAid
Give ve thrusts in a 45o inwards-upwardsmotion and look out or any oreignobjects that all out rom the casualtysmouth. I nothing emerges rom thecasualtys mouth and he is still chokingwhile conscious, continue to give abdominalthrusts until the oreign object is expelled orthe casualty alls unconscious, whichever isearlier.
5Position your st as shown and release the threengers while keeping the st in position. Bend thecasualty orward and cover the st with your otherhand.
4
I the casualty alls unconscious, support andlay the casualty down and proceed to give chestcompressions (pg 18, Step 9)
6
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14
FirstAid
Choking
if the Chokin Casat is obese oR pRenant, peRfoRm Chest thRsts
Stand behind the casualty and place oneleg between the casualtys legs, makingsure the casualtys legs are shoulder-widthapart.
1Slide both arms under the casualtys arms,make a st with your thumb tucked in(pg 12, Step 3) and position it against thecentre o his breastbone. Cover your stwith your other hand.
2Give ve thrusts in an inward motionand ollow through steps 5 and 6 o theHeimlich Manoeuvre (pg 13).
3
CPR
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15
FirstAid
CPR
CaRdio-pmonaR RessCitation (CpR) at a anCe
Check for pulse
Determine Responsiveness
No response
Casualty
responds
Dial 995
Perform Head Tilt Chin Lift
BREATHINGCheck for breathing
AIRWAYCheck for any foreign objects in the airway.
Remove any visible objects.
Give 2 breaths of1 second each
No CPR needed
No breathing
No breathing
breathing
breathingCheck for breathing
No CPR required
Chestrises
Chestdoes not
rise
CIRCULATIONCheck for pulse
Suspected choking
Nopulse
No pulse
Pulse
present
Recovery positionif there is no injury.Monitor breathing
and pulse frequently.
Perform 30 compressionsfor unconscious choking
5 cycles of 30 compressionsand 2 breaths in 2 minutes
Pulse present
12 times rescue breathing;1 breath every 5 seconds
CPR is a lie-saving technique used to rescue casualties
who have collapsed rom cardiac arrest. When perormed
promptly and correctly, CPR may restore the casualtys
heart unction and increase his chances o survival. Youare encouraged to attend our Community Emergency
Preparedness Programme (pg 88) to gain a better
understanding o the CPR procedure.
CPR
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16
FirstAid
CPR
Tap the casualty on his shoulders and shout or his attention;i the casualty is not responsive, proceed to Step 2.
1Appoint someone nearby to dial 995 or an ambulance andanother person to get the Automated External Debrillator(AED), i available. I the casualtys pulse has yet to returnwhen the AED arrives, you may use the AED together with theCPR procedure. Reer to pg 20 on how to use the AED.
2
Hello,hello,
are youOK?
when someone Coapses fRom CaRdiaC aRRest
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17
FirstAid
I the casualty is not lying fat on his back, repositionhim while supporting and turning his head, neck andbody at the same time.
3Pull the chin down gently to check or any oreignobjects in the mouth (especially or choking cases); usea hooked index nger to remove any visible objects wear gloves or use a piece o cloth i possible.
5
Maintain a head tilt or the casualty and place your earover his mouth and nose to eel or breathing; observeor any chest rise and all at the same time. I there isrg, place the casualty in the recovery position
as shown in Step 13 (pg 19). I there is rg,go on to Step 7 to check i the casualtys airway isblocked.
6Open the casualtys airway by perorming the head-tilt-chin-lit manoeuvre as shown; this will lit the tongueo the back o the throat.
4
CPR
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18
FirstAid
Using your hand closer
to the casualtys eet,locate the sternum notchas shown by tracing thelower edge o the rib cagewith your middle nger.Place your index ngernext to your middle ngerand position the heel othe other hand on thebreastbone to meet theindex nger as shown.
9
Release the two ngersand place this hand on topo the other, interlacing thengers rom both hands tosecure the position.
10Check the casualtys pulse at thegroove o his neck as shown bypressing lightly or up to 10 seconds.
Iul l, proceed to checkor breathing (Step 6). Should therebe no breathing, give a 1-secondrescue breath every 5 seconds or 12 times and checkor breathing again. Repeat as necessary until breathingreturns while monitoring the casualtys pulse.
Iul l or the casualty does not show anysigns o movement or breathing, commence chestcompressions (Steps 9 to 12a).
8
8a
8b
To feel for pulse, slidengers 2cm to the side of the
casualtys Adams apple.
Trace the lower rib margin withyour middle nger.
CPR
Maintain a head tilt or the casualty and pinch his nose
to prevent air rom escaping. Next, take a deep breathand seal your lips around the casualtys mouth; usea Resuscitation Face Shield (pg 4) i possible. Give a1-second breath, release the nose, pinch the nose and givea 1-second breath again.
I the casualtys c r with each breath,unconscious choking is conrmed; proceed to perormchest compressions(Steps 9 to 11 and 12b).
I the c r , proceed to Step 8.
67
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19
FirstAid
Perorm chest compressions without the breaths. For
every 30 compressions, check or any oreign objectsemerging rom the casualtys airway or mouth. Continuewith the compressions until the airway is cleared. To checkthe airway, repeat rom Step 5 onwards (pg 17).
Check the casualtys pulse (Step 8) and breathing (Step 6).I the casualty has:
n ul, repeat Steps 12a and 13.
pul u rg, repeat Step 8a until thecasualtys natural breathing is restored.
pul rg, place the casualty in the recoveryposition as shown and monitor his condition closely.
13
Straighten both elbows
and position yourshoulders directly abovethe casualtys chest.
11
Perorm chest compressions.
Perorm 5 cycles o 30 compressions ollowed by 2 breathseach within 2 minutes and proceed to Step 13. Count the30 compressions in sets o 5:
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 10
1 2 3 4 15
1 2 3 4 20
1 2 3 4 25
1 2 3 4 30
12
x 5 in 2 minutes
2 breaths30 compressions
Lean forward anduse your bodyweight to performthe compressions.
Recovery position: Gently roll thecasualty towards you onto hisside. Tilt his head back slightlyto keep his airway open andtuck his hand under his cheekas shown. Bring his top legtowards you and bend his legin a 90o fashion to keep thecasualty from rolling over.
12a
12b
AED
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20
FirstAid
AED
Debrillation increases a casualtys chances o survival in the event o a
cardiac arrest, and it is the only treatment that can restart and restore a
normal rhythm to a heart that has stopped beating.
Automated External Debrillators (AEDs) have thus been installed in
various public premises to enhance the survival rates o casualties in
cardiac arrest cases. The AED is a computerised medical device that is
capable o analysing the casualtys heart rhythm and directs the user to
deliver an electric shock to the casualty. Upon switching on the AED, the
device will read out instructions on how to operate the AED, when to
perorm CPR and when to deliver a shock to the casualty.
the aed Cannot be sed if the Casat is:
Responsive or has pulse and/or breathing
A child younger than 8 years o age or weighs less than 25kg
Obviously dead
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21
FirstAid
to pRepaRe the Casat
Pacemaker
Expose the casualtys chest adequately as debrillation padsneed to be pasted directly onto the skin; tear or cut o anyobstructing abric i necessary.
Remove/push aside any jewellery, accessories or medicatedpatches on the casualtys chest.
Shave excess hair on the casualtys chest to ensure that thedebrillation pads stick well to the skin.
Dry the casualtys chest area o any perspiration and moisture asthose can reduce contact between the debrillation pads andthe skin.
Place debrillation pads away rom pacemakers, i any.
1
2
3
4
5
AED
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22
FirstAid to app the defibRiation pads:
Follow the instructions on the packet and remove the pads
accordingly
Peel o the backing and paste the pads as shown; make surethey are pasted down well with no air pockets
You may now turn on the AED and ollow the machines
pre-recorded instructions. Ensure that no one, including
you, comes into contact with the casualty:
When the AED is analysing the casualtys heart rhythm
Beore you press the Shock button
AED
Follow the AEDs instructions and perorm CPR (pg 16) and rescue breathing as required until the
ambulance arrives or the casualtys pulse and breathing returns, whichever is earlier. Place the
casualty in the recovery position (pg 19) once his pulse and breathing have returned. Monitor the
casualtys pulse and breathing closely as they can stop suddenly.
Paste thedebrillation pads
onto the casualtyas shown.
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23
FirstAid
Chpter 2
FIRE SAFETY24 General tips on re safety
25 Household re safety checklist26 Liqueed Petroleum Gas (LPG)
27 Smoke detectors
28 Fire hazards along common areas
29 When a re breaks out
30 Fire extinguishers
32 Manual call points and hose reels
33 Escaping through smoke
34 Casualty evacuation
36 If you are trapped in a re
37 If your clothes catch re38 If your car catches re
Fires can cause major loss o lives and property i preventive
measures are not adopted. Learning to identiy re hazards and
removing them can minimise the risk o res occurring.
23
General Tips On Fire Safety
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24
FireSafety fiRe is best pRevented b eiminatin fiRe hazaRds
Do not leave cooking unattended; turn o all cooking appliances and unplug them when not in use
Avoid wearing clothes with long loose sleeves when working near heat sources
Never place or store combustible items/materials (e.g. paper and batteries) near heat sources
Do not overload electrical outlets
Check or broken wires and exposed wiring; i any are ound, have the wires replaced
Do not throw burning embers (e.g. hot charcoal) into rubbish chutes without ully extinguishing them rst
Keep matches, lighters and candles away rom children
Children playing with sparklers must be closely supervised by adults; sparklers should be lit at arms length and unused ones
are to be sealed in boxes and kept away rom heat sources
General Tips On Fire Safety
Household Fire Safety Checklist
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25
FireSafety
hosehod fiRe safet CheCkist Yes No
Electrical wiring
and compo-
nents
Do all electrical plugs have the SAFETY mark? p p
Are all electrical outlets safely loaded with only about one to two
plugs per socket?p p
Are all switches o when equipment and appliances are not in use? p p
Are all wires in the house in good condion? (i.e. without broken
insulaon and exposed wiring)p p
Are all wires laid in the open with none running under rugs, over
hoods and through door openings?p p
Are the television sets placed more than 50cm away from combus-
ble materials?p p
Flammable
materials and
sources of heat
Are candles and oil lamps placed on a stable surface with measurestaken to prevent them from being knocked over easily?
p p
Are matches, lighters and sparklers kept away from heat sources and
children?p p
Are ammable liquids (e.g. cooking oil and wine) and combusble
materials kept far away from heat sources such as the stove, heat ap-pliances, lit joss scks and candles?
p p
Are cooking appliances (e.g. cooker hood) and the stove clean, free
from grease and in good working condion?p p
Are ammable liquids kept in approved containers, clearly labelledand stored in ways such that they cannot be knocked over easily?
p p
Is the LPG (Liqueed Petroleum Gas) cylinder kept in a well-venlated
area?p p
Is the supply hose connecng the LPG cylinder to the stove/gas appli-
ances in good condion, ghtly ed and without leakages?p p
Preparing your
home against
re
Is the common corridor outside the house unobstructed by discardeditems (e.g. maresses, furniture etc)?
p p
Does your house have a PSB-approved re exnguisher? p p
Do all of your family members and occupants of the house know what
number to dial in case of re or other emergencies?p p
Household Fire Safety Checklist
I you answered no to any
o the questions in the
checklist, it is recommended
that you rectiy those areas
as soon as possible to
prevent res rom occurring
in your house.
LPG
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26
FireSafety foR safe handin of iQefied petRoem as (p)
Purchase your LPG and PSB-approved accessories rom authorised dealers
Always keep gas cylinders upright; never store them horizontally
Keep the gas cylinder at least one metre away rom open fames, heat sources andelectrical outlets
Ensure that there are no naked fames nearby when changing the gas cylinder
Store no more than one spare cylinder at any time, and the spare should be kept
upright in a ventilated cabinet
Keep windows open and the kitchen well ventilated while cooking; never leave
cooking unattended or place fammable items near the fame
Turn o the gas supply at the regulator beore leaving or overseas trips
Check all gas connections regularly or leakage; there is a leakage i bubbles appear
when detergent or soap solution is applied onto the gas hose
Replace gas hoses every 2 years and gas regulators every 5 years
if o sme a as eak
Put out all fames and turn o the stove, gas valves and regulators
Open all windows and doors to ventilate the house
Call your authorised dealer to report the gas leakage immediately
if oR wok oR otheR CookwaRe CatChes fiRe
Cover it with a wet cloth and the re will be extinguished; do not pour water into it as the re will spread
Turn o the gas supply immediately
Bubbles appearingindicate gas leakagein the hose
Smoke Detectors
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27
FireSafety
In atal res, more people die rom smoke inhalation than rom burns. A smoke detector automatically emits an
alarm sound upon detection o smoke and will thus help increase your chances o surviving a re.
tips on smoke deteCtoRs
Install smoke detectors on the ceiling near sleeping areas, the
kitchen and other places where re is likely to occur
Test your smoke detectors regularly based on the manuacturers
instructions
Follow the manuacturers instructions on cleaning the smoke
detectors regularly
Ensure that smoke detectors have their batteries changed yearly
or when indicated by the device, whichever is earlier
Fire Hazards Along Common Areas
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28
FireSafety Fire hazards are anything that increase the likelihood o a re occurring. You can make your environment a saer place to live
and work in by looking out or re hazards, examples o which include:
Stacked boxes and goods along corridors, escape passageways and staircases
Discarded newspapers, urniture, cartons and other reuse
Unattended cooking along corridors and stairways
I you are an owner, operator or part o the management o shopping centres, public entertainment premises and
supermarkets, avoid exceeding the permissible occupant load o your building as too large a crowd will adversely aect
evacuation procedures during emergencies.
if o disCoveR a fiRe hazaRd
You may report it to the SCDF via the:
Fire Hazard Reporting line at 1800 280 0000
Fire Hazard Report Form available at www.scd.gov.sg
on the top right hand corner o the homepage under
Feedback
When A Fire Breaks Out
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FireSafety
if o disCoveR a fiRe
Do not panic
Alert others o the re by shouting
Evacuate the room/area and try to get everyone out o the
premises without endangering yoursel
I possible, close the door o the aected room to contain the re
Dial 995 or the SCDF
Turn o gas mains i you can reach them
Activate the re alarm at the nearest manual call point (pg 32)
Evacuate the building in an orderly manner via the stairs; do not
use the lit
Do not return to the building until the authorities announce that it
is sae to do so
Fight the re only i you are able to and without endangering
yoursel and others. Ways o extinguishing a re include:
Using water on burning papers, wood and abrics but never onfammable liquids such as oil, as this will cause the re to spread
Using a suitable re extinguisher (pg 30)
Using a hose reel (pg 32)
Fire Extinguishers
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FireSafety tpes of fiRe extinisheRs
Pull out the saety pin asinstructed on the label
aim the nozzle at the base othe re
squeeze the lever sweep the re using theextinguishers discharge
tpe effeCtive aainst fiRes invovin:
Water Combustible materials e.g. paper, cloth, wood, plastics etc; not to be used against oil res asthis will cause the re to spread
Carbon dioxide Flammable l iquids and gases and live electricity; also used to ght res involving
combustible materials
Dry chemical powder Similar to carbon dioxide extinguishers, but also eective against res involving combustible
metals e.g. sodium, potassium and magnesium
to se a fiRe extinisheR, se the p.a.s.s. method
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FireSafety
It is recommended that each household has a PSB-approved Dry Chemical Powder re extinguisher weighing
1.5kg or more. The list o authorised re extinguisher dealers and servicing workshops are listed on the SCDF
website under Building Proessionals, Fire Saety Permit and Certication, Servicing Portable Fire Extinguishers.
The SCDF is not linked to any re extinguisher distributor and does not support the door-to-door sale o
extinguishers. I you encounter one, you may wish to enquire with any o the authorised dealers in the
abovementioned list on the price o a similar extinguisher beore purchasing rom the salesperson.
I should check withlist of authorised dealers on
www. scdf.gov.sg
Manual Call Points And Hose Reels
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FireSafety In the event o a re, break the glass o the nearest manual call point to activate the re
alarm system that will sound throughout the building. This will alert all occupants o a re
and prompt them to evacuate the premises.
To put out the re, you may use a re extinguisher (pg 30) or a hose reel. For hose reels, you
will need someone to help you as they are typically best operated by two persons.
to opeRate a hose Ree
Turn on the hose reel valve in the direction shown.1
Pull the hose and run it to the re.2
Turn on the water at the nozzle and direct it at the base o
the re.
3
When activated, the manual callpoint will sound the re alarm.
Escaping Through Smoke
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FireSaf
ety
Most people die rom smoke inhalation in atal res.
if o aRe tRapped in a smoke-oed Room
Cover your nose and mouth with a wet cloth and avoid inhaling through the mouth
Get down, keep close to the ground and crawl towards the point o escape under the smoke
Casualty Evacuation
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FireSafety When stretchers are not available or cannot be improvised, you may need to transport casualties by methods such
as those listed below. You are recommended to undergo our Community Emergency Preparedness Programme
(pg 88) or a better understanding on these casualty evacuation methods. You may risk injuring yoursel and your
practice partner i you attempt the ollowing on your own.
fiRemans ift
Used or lightweight casualties. Stoop low, bend thecasualty over your shoulders and lit him up. Secure thecasualtys leg with your arm as shown or more stability.
hman CRtCh
Used when the casualty is conscious and able to walkwith some assistance. Hold him rmly around thewaist and use your shoulders to support his arm whileallowing his body weight to rest on you.
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FireSaf
ety
pibaCk
Used when the casualty is lightweight, conscious andable to hold on to you.
CRade
Used when the casualty is a child or a lightweight adult.Slip your arms beneath her shoulder blades and kneesto ensure that casualty will be in the most comortableposition.
y
If You Are Trapped In A Fire
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FireSafety
Enter a sae room, preerably one which has open windows,
good ventilation and overlooks a road.
1
Shut the door behind you and seal the gap beneath the doorwith a blanket, rug or other abrics to prevent smoke rom
entering the room.
2
Go to the window, shout or help to alert others o the re and
dial 995 or the SCDF i you are able to.
Stay calm and do not attempt to jump out o the building.
3
4
FIf Your Clothes Catch Fire
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FireSaf
ety
Roll over and over while covering your ace with your hands to smother the fames.
stop, dRop and Ro
Drop to the foor immediately.stop running and remain calm.1 2
3
y
If Your Car Catches Fire
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FireSafety when o obseRve smoke oR fames Comin fRom oR vehiCe
Slow down, signal and drive to the side o the road.1
Turn o the engine and evacuate the vehicle immediately.2
Dial 995 or help.
I there is a re extinguisher in your vehicle, you may try to put
out the re while it is still small without putting yoursel and
others in danger.
I the re grows too large, move away rom the vehicle to a sae
area and wait or the arrival o the SCDF.
Warn oncoming trac o the burning vehicle and keep
onlookers and others away rom the re.
3
4
5
6
F
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FireSafety
Though most natural occurrences and disasters (e.g. foods,
lightning storms and tsunamis) are beyond our control, we are still
able to increase our chances o survival by acquiring the necessary
knowledge and skills to ensure our saety in such emergencies.
Chpter 3
PEACETIME EMERGENCIES40 Ready Bag
42 Stockpiling
43 Lightning
44 Floods
45 Tremors
47 Landslides
49 Power outage
50 Typhoons and tropical storms
52 Tsunamis
54 Earthquakes
56 If you are trapped under debris or rubble
39
s
Ready Bag
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P
eacetimeEme
rgencies
The Ready Bag contains important items that will help you in an emergency, and
you will need to bring it along should you be required to evacuate your home.
Every member o your amily should know where the Ready Bag is kept, and it is
recommended that the storage location be easily accessible even in the dark (i .e.
during power outages).
the Read ba shod Contain the foowin items:
essentia items sae
Torchlight without batteries In case o power outage and when evacuating in dark conditions
Batteries For powering the torchlight and radio; pack extra batteries and do not t batteriesinto the devices until needed, as leaving them there may result in leakage
Essential personal medicationFor any existing medical condition o yours and your amily, e.g. asthma, heartproblems etc.
Waterproo older containing photocopies o important
documents e.g. NRIC, passport, insurance policiesFor administrative purposes should the original documents be destroyed in the re
Civil Deence Emergency Handbook For reerence on basic rst aid and civil deence procedures
Transistor radio without batteries For tuning in to emergency broadcasts
WhistleUsed to call or help or alert others; shouting may be tiring, ineective and maycause you to inhale dangerous amounts o smoke and dust in some cases
First aid kitTo treat any injuries along the way; a small kit containing some rst aid dressing,antiseptic wipes, plasters and bandages will suce
Childcare supplies and other special care items To meet the needs o any special groups in the amily, e.g. inants
EMERGENCYHANDBOOK
P
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PeacetimeEmergencies
optiona items foR the Read ba inCde:
A list o personal contacts, including telephone numbers o amily members, the workplace, school etc.
Cash, preerably in small denominations
Bottled water and dry oodstu
A set o spare clothing, e.g. T-shirt and track pants
Writing materials
A list o emergency numbers, e.g. 995, 999, telephone numbers o the utility companies, insurance companies etc.
points to note on the Read ba:
You may have more than one Ready Bag, e.g. one or each
amily member; decide what is most practical or your amily
Do not pack bulky items into the Ready Bag as it may hamper
movement during an emergency
Check expiry dates o perishable items in the bag and replace
them when needed
Periodically replace batteries with resh ones as some may
leak even when unused and not placed inside devices
The Ready Bag shouldbe portable and not too
heavy or bulky.
es
Stockpiling
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P
eacetimeEmergencie
SUGAR
SUGA
RSUGAR
SUGA
R
Stocking up on essential items can help you and your loved ones survive an emergency. Routinely stock up on
items according to your needs and preerences; consume and replenish items whose expiry dates are drawing
near. The quantities should last or two weeks consumption and they will vary depending on the size o your
amily.
estimated Consmption of foodstff peR peRson foR 2 weeks
Rice and oil 3kg o rice
1 bottle o cooking oil
Canned food 14 assorted cans o vegetables, meat, sh and beans
(about 400g per can)
Dry rations 2 packets o assorted biscuits (about 210g each)
15 packets o instant noodles
Beverages
1-2 tins o milk powder (dependent on age o inant)
1 packet o sugar (500g)
1 tin o malted beverage (about 400g)
Pe
Wh h i h d i k h l i b ildi hi l d l bj
Lightning
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eacetimeEmergencies
When there is a thunderstorm in your area, seek shelter in any building or vehicle and stay away rom metal objects
and xtures or your saety.
if o aRe at home
Avoid taking a shower or bath; plumbing
and bathroom xtures can conduct
electricity
Avoid using a corded telephone unless
it is an emergency; cordless and mobile
phones are sae to use
Unplug electrical appliances, air-
conditioners and other electronic itemsincluding computers; power surges
caused by lightning can damage these
items
if o aRe in the open
Do not stay on high ground
Seek shelter in a building or vehicle;
i that is not possible, seek shelter in a
low-lying area such as a thick growth o
small trees and crouch into a ball on the
ground
Do not ride on a bicycle, motorcycle or
gol cart; i you are travelling on them,get o them as soon as possible and
seek shelter
Spread out i you are in a group
Avoid holding metal objects and
standing under tall trees or near metal
ences, pipes and rails
Avoid using the telephone, electrical
appliances and electronic equipment
Head or shore i you are in open water
es
When there is a food move to higher ground
Floods
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PeacetimeEmergencie When there is a food, move to higher ground.
if o aRe at home
Stay put, but grab your Ready Bag (pg 40) and
be prepared to evacuate immediately when
advised to do so by the authorities
I you think that it is dangerous to remain
at home, dial 999 or the Police (giving
your name and address) and evacuate
immediately, moving to higher ground away
rom open areas, streams and storm drains
Tune in to the radio or updates rom the
authorities
if o aRe in a vehiCe
Be alert to signs o fooding
Do not drive around barricades as they are
put up or your saety
I the vehicle stalls in rapidly rising waters,
abandon it immediately and try to get to
higher ground
Do not walk through moving water as a mere
15cm high o moving water can make you all;
i you must, use a stick to check the rmness
o the ground in ront o you and try to walk
in stagnant water
Dial 995 or the SCDF or 999 or the Police i
help is needed
Pe
To date tremors elt in Singapore have all been due to earthquakes in the region and there are no records o a tidal surge
Tremors
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eacetimeEmergencies
To date, tremors elt in Singapore have all been due to earthquakes in the region and there are no records o a tidal surge
aecting the island. The Meteorological Services Division, the SCDF and the Police will take immediate action should there
be indications o such ground movements posing a threat to Singapore.
if o aRe indooRs
Keep calm and stay away rom windows, display shelves,
lighting xtures or anything that may all on you and cause
injury.
1
Take cover under a sturdy table, preerably made o wood or
other strong materials.
2
When the tremors stop, get out rom under the table and
switch o all gas and electrical appliances; do not touch any
damaged electrical wiring.
Do not use matches on other naked fames as there might be
a gas leakage caused by the tremors. Dial 1800 752 1800 to
report a gas pipe leakage i you smell one.
3
4
Check your surroundings or any new cracks and otherstructural deects on building elements such as walls, columns
and beams. Evacuation is only necessary when there are visible
signs o structural deects on building elements (e.g. new
cracks).
5
I there are new cracks:
a. Call the Building & Construction Authority at 6325 7191 or
6325 7393 i you are in a non-HDB building;
b. Call the Essential Maintenance Service Unit (EMSU) serving
your area i you are in a HDB estate; the number can be
ound at your lit lobby.
6
Tune in to the radio or television or updates on the tremor
situation.
7
Avoid dialling 995 or 999 to prevent the jamming o
emergency lines; call the SCDF or Police only i there is an
emergency.
8
es
Tremors
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PeacetimeEmergencie if theRe is a need to evaCate
Switch o all lights and electrical appliances.1
Turn o all gas appliances and taps.2
Gather amily members together.3
Grab your Ready Bag(s).4
Lock up your house.5
Leave the building in an orderly manner via the staircases;
do not use the lits.
6
if o aRe otdooRs
Stay away rom buildings and overhead electrical cables.1
Remain in the open until the tremors stop.2
I you are driving, stop as soon as saety permits and
remain in your vehicle. Avoid stopping near trees,
buildings, bridges, overpasses or overhead electrical
cables.
3
Pe
Landslides are typically preceded by irregularities in slope prole Should you notice any signs o slope
Landslides
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eacetimeEmergencies
sins of sope faiRe
New cracks in and bulging or misalignment o the earth
Tilted trees, ences and utility poles along slopes
Accumulation o water behind retaining walls or new locations o water
breaking through the ground surace
Erosion or washing away o vegetation and top soil on the slope
Upheaval o ground at or near the bottom o the slope
when a andside oCCRs and debRis fows
I it is sae to do so, turn o gas, electricity and water
supplies as they may cause additional damage
Inorm your neighbours
Grab your Ready Bag(s) and evacuate immediately i saety
permits; move out o the path o the landslide
I you are driving, be especially alert and look out or
collapsed pavement, mud, allen rocks and other signs o a
possible debris fow
I you or others are trapped, dial 995 or the SCDF i possible
and tune in to the radio or television or updates on the
landslide situation
Wait or rescue and stay calm and alert
Landslides are typically preceded by irregularities in slope prole. Should you notice any signs o slope
ailure listed below, it is recommended that you engage a proessional engineer to inspect, assess and
recommend solutions to rectiy the problem.
es
afteR a andside
Landslides
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PeacetimeEmergenci
Stay away rom the aected area, building structures and electrical cables as there may be more landslides
Direct rescuers to the locations o injured and trapped persons near the aected area; do not enter the hazard area
Dial 995 or the SCDF or 999 or the Police to report any emergencies
Seek clearance and ollow instructions rom relevant authorities beore returning to aected houses
Report structural deects to the:
Building & Construction Authority at 6325 7191 or 6325 7393 or non-HDB buildings
Essential Maintenance Service Unit or HDB blocks; the telephone number can be ound at the HDB blocks lit lobby
Tune in to the radio or television or updates on the situation
Replant damaged ground as soon as possible to reduce the risk o fash foods and recurring landslides
Pe
It is recommended that you pack a torchlight, radio and spare batteries in your Ready Bag (pg 40)
Power Outage
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acetim
eEmergencie
s
y p g p y y g pg
in case o power outages. Matches and candles are not advisable as they may be dicult to handle
without adequate lighting. The Ready Bag will thereore need to be stored somewhere easy to reach
even in the dark.
when a poweR otae oCCRs
Retrieve your Ready Bag, turn on the torchlight and tune in to the
radio or updates on the situation
I people are trapped in the lit during a power outage:
Do not dial 995 or 999 unless there is a lie-threatening situation or aneed or emergency ambulance services
Call the Essential Maintenance Service Unit or help (the telephonenumber can be ound outside the lit at HDB buildings); do not attemptto rescue the people yoursel
For condominiums and non-HDB buildings, call the management oce
I you are trapped in the lit, stay calm, press the alarm button and
wait or help to arrive; do not attempt to orce open the lit doors
I you are on the road and the street lights go o, keep your
headlights turned on at all times and drive slowly
ies
Avoid travelling overseas during the typhoon season o your destination country i it has one It is recommended that
Typhoons And Tropical StormsTyphoons And Tropical Storms
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PeacetimeEmergenc Avoid travelling overseas during the typhoon season o your destination country, i it has one. It is recommended that
you keep yoursel updated on the countrys weather watch to avoid being caught in a typhoon or tropical storm while
outdoors. You might also wish to stock up on ood and water in the event that you are trapped indoors due to a storm.
when a tphoon oR tRopiCa stoRm stRikes in oR aRea
Evacuate i directed by local authorities; otherwise, seekshelter indoors immediately
Secure or move outdoor items such as toys, bicycles,
potted plants and heavy objects into the apartment and
away rom the windows
Close all doors and windows; draw the curtains across
windows to minimise glass ragments rom fying in should
the windows shatter
I a window breaks, place a mattress against the broken
pane and push a piece o heavy urniture against it
Pea
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acetim
eEmergencie
s
Get hold o a torchlight and a rst aid kit to prepare or any
possible power outage and injuries cause by the storm
Set your reezer to its lowest temperature to minimise ood
spoilage in the event the power supply is cut o
Tune in to a portable radio or updates on the situation
I possible, check or re, electrical and gas hazards (pg 25)within the apartment during the storm
I the storm gets severe, move to an area in the apartment
which is least exposed to external glass windows and lie down
or hide under a table
Do not step outdoors when the storm appears to have
stopped; the winds may pick up again ater a short period o
calm
When the storm is declared to be over, check or broken glass,allen trees, broken power cables and other hazards in your
area
Dial or the areas emergency ambulance i there are cases o
severe injury
cies
Most tsunamis are caused by earthquakes in the sea that induce movements in the sea foor. The risk o
Si b i t d di tl b t i i l d t th t ti id d b di
Tsunamis
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PeacetimeEmergenc Singapore being aected directly by a tsunami is very low due to the protection provided by surrounding
landmasses such as Peninsular Malaysia in the north and Borneo in the east. Nonetheless, Singapore
has established a seismic monitoring system since the mid 1990s and this system is managed by the
Meteorological Services Division.
waRnin sins of an inComin tsnami
Tremors and ground movements at the beach or near the ocean
Sudden receding o the shoreline and sea level, sometimes by a k ilometre or more
Pea
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acetim
eEmergencie
s
if o enConteR a tsnami
Once you experience either or both warning signs o an incoming
tsunami, run to higher ground immediately; do not approach the
beach to investigate or wait or the tsunami warning to be given
I you are advised to evacuate, do so immediately
Do not stay in low-rise buildings in the coastal area i a tsunami
warning is activated
Move inland quickly to higher ground; i there is no time or that, seek
reuge in the upper foors o high-rise, reinorced concrete buildings
I you are on a boat or similar vessel that is ar rom shore, move it out
to deeper waters; i you are near the pier, it may be saer to leave the
vessel there and move to higher ground
Do not assume that it will be sae to go out into the open ater the rst
wave as there may be subsequent waves
cies
During earthquakes, most injuries occur when people attempt to leave or move around buildings while the earth is
still shaking In act collapsing walls fying glass and alling objects are the greatest causes o injury and death during
Earthquakes
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PeacetimeEmergenc still shaking. In act, collapsing walls, fying glass and alling objects are the greatest causes o injury and death during
earthquakes. While Singapore does not experience earthquakes, it is important that you ollow the guidelines below to
increase your chances o survival should you encounter an earthquake overseas.
if o aRe indooRs
When the shaking starts, drop to the ground
and take cover under a sturdy table or urniture
immediately; hold on until the shaking is over
I no urniture is available to serve as shelter, move
to a sae place nearby (e.g. an inside corner o a
building or an interior wall away rom windows,
mounted shelves or anything that can all and hurt
you) and crouch down while covering your ace andhead with your arms
Stay indoors until the shaking stops and you are sure
that it is sae to exit; i you must leave the building
ater the shaking stops, do not use the lits in case o
atershocks, power outage or other damages
if o aRe otdooRs Minimise your movement and stay away rom
buildings, street lights and utility wires
Stay put in the open until the shaking stops
I you are driving:
Stop as soon as saety permits and away rom
buildings, trees, overhead bridges and electrical
cables
Stay in the vehicle and tune in to the radio or
situation updates
8
Crouch down in asafe place whilecovering your face
and head.
Do not use thelifts as they maymalfunction due to
aftershocks.
Pea
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acetim
eEmergencie
s
when the eaRthQake has stopped
Expect atershocks any time rom the next ew hours to even months ater the
initial shockwave; each time you eel one, crouch down beside a sae interior
wall or at an inside corner and cover your ace and head with your arms
Do a quick check in your area or damage and get everyone to evacuate i
there are visible structural deects
Help injured and trapped people, i any, and dial the local emergency services
number to render assistance and direct rescuers to them
I possible, turn o the gas and electrical mains and be alert to smells o gas
leakage, spilled chemicals and fammable liquids
Look out or signs o re; put out small res i possible
Beware o allen power lines or broken gas pipes and stay out o damaged
areas and buildings
Tune in to the radio or updates
Do not move around while theearth is still shaking.
cies
to enhanCe oR Rate of sRviva:
If You Are Trapped Under Debris Or Rubble
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PeacetimeEm
ergenc
Crawl under a sturdy piece o urniture (e.g. a desk or
bed) which will provide you with breathing space and
protection against alling objects; i that is not possible,brace yoursel against an interior wall devoid o glass
windows or mounted shelves and try to use blankets,
boxes and other similar materials or protection against
glass ragments and light debris
I possible, move away rom unstable areas and objects,
and put on a pair o sturdy shoes to protect your eet
rom broken glass
Stay put i you are in a sae area; do not attempt to use
the stairs or elevators as you will be exposing yoursel to
dangers such as alling debris, damaged stairways and
power outages in elevators
Do not turn on light switches or light matches, res and
gas stoves unless you are sure that there are no gas leaks
Be calm, alert and responsive to calls rom the rescuers
Do not shout unnecessarily as you may inhale dangerous
amounts o dust while weakening yoursel
I possible, use a whistle, torchlight or tap on a pipe or
wall to attract the rescuers attention
I you are pinned down by debris, periodically move
your ngers and toes to promote blood circulation and
prevent blood clots
Keep your spirits high by thinking o your loved ones
Consume ood and water rom the rerigerator i it is nearyou; look out or shattered glass and other debris i you
need to eat and drink rom an open source among the
debris
Peac
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eEmergencie
s
Chpter 4
WARTIME EMERGENCIES58 Rationing and blood donation
60 Public Warning System (PWS)
62 Shelter protection66 Defensive precautions
57When disasters strike, our daily lives will be disrupted and essential
goods and services may not be easily available. When that happens,
emergency procedures will be put in place to help you obtainbasic supplies so that lie can carry on as normally as possible.
Your chances o survival, however, may be greatly aected i you
are unamiliar with the procedures. Take the opportunity to learn
these procedures hands-on when the SCDF and other government
agencies conduct an Emergency Exercise in your constituency.
ncies
wateR Rationin
Rationing And Blood Donation
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WartimeEm
ergen When water supply is disrupted, distribution points will be set up near your home. You will need to bring
your own containers (e.g. pails and bottles) to the nearest distribution point and collect the water in an
orderly manner.
You will rst receive a Registration Notice (or ood
coupons) and, i applicable, a Notication Card (or uel
coupons).
1
Bring the Registration Notice or Notication Card and
your amilys identication documents (e.g. NRIC or bir th
certicates) to your designated centre(s) to collect your
coupons.
2
Use the coupons to purchase rationed ood items oruel rom licensed retailers. Beore using the ood coupons,
you will need to ll in the names and
NRIC numbers o every member in
your household on each coupon.
3
food and fe Rationin
To obtain and use your ood and uel ration coupons:
Wart
bood donation
l d l ll d d d d d h l
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time
Emergencies
Blood is vital in treating various illnesses and injuries, and its demand is expected to rise sharply
during wartime. As such, we encourage you to go orth and donate blood i you are able to.
When you hear the appeal to give blood during wartime, bring along your NRIC to the nearest
blood donation centre or registration and a medical proessional will attend to you.
ncies
The Public Warning System (PWS) is a network o sirens placed by the SCDF at
strategic points across Singapore to warn the public o imminent threats that
d li d t Th PWS ill b d t th bli
Public Warning System
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WartimeEm
ergen may endanger lives and property. The PWS will be used to warn the public o
military attacks and disasters, both natural and man-made. The table below
shows the dierent signals and what you should do when you hear them.
note:
To listen to an audio recording o the various PWS signals, log on to www.scd.gov.sg under Community & Volunteers,
Learn Civil Deence, Wartime Emergencies, Public Warning System or dial 1800 367 7233
The Important Message signal is sounded at 1205hrs on the 15th o February and 15th o September each year in observation
o Total Deence Day and Civil Deence Day respectively; when you hear the signal, please tune in to the local FM radio stations
or an important broadcast rom the SCDF
sina how it sonds sitation what o need to do
Alarm Wailing blastsAn air raid or danger is
approachingMove to a shelter immediately
All Clear Continuous blasts The threat is over Leave the shelter in an orderly manner
Important Message Pulsating blastsAn important broadcast will
be aired via the radio
Tune in to any local FM radio station
immediately
Wart
There are three basic types o Civil Deence shelters.
hosehod and stoRe sheteRs
Shelter Protection
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hosehod and stoRe sheteRs
Household Shelters reer to those inside individual dwelling units, e.g. HDB fats, while Storey Shelters are
larger versions o Household Shelters and they are located in a common area on every storey. During a wartime
emergency, the SCDF will inorm residents to prepare their Household Shelters or occupation by:
Removing all temporary xtures and shelves inside the shelter.
Turning o all gas and water supplies beore heading to the shelter.
Bringing in your Ready Bag(s) and items such as water and oodor your stay in the shelter.
Closing and sealing the two ventilation openings (see next page).
Equipping the shelter with a telephone, television and radio.
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EMERGENCYHANDBOOK
ncies
onCe the sheteR is pRepaRed
Shelter ProtectionShelter Protection
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WartimeEm
ergen
Move quickly and calmly into the shelter and close the door.
Sit away rom the door and walls o the shelter and do not leanon them.
Tune in to the radio or important messages issued by the SCDF;you can leave the shelter once the All Clear signal is sounded(pg 60).
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WATER
WATER
Warti
ventiation openins
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Emergencies
Aside rom the lighting, power, telephone and television/radio
points provided in the Household and Storey Shelters, there are
two ventilation openings in the shelter wall(s).
dRin peaCetime
Leave at least 25% o the ventilation opening uncovered in case
anyone gets trapped inside the shelter
dRin a waRtime emeRenC
Using ordinary household tools, close both ventilation openings
tightly with the steel plates provided to ensure that the shelter
is airtight; this will protect you and your amily rom inhaling
contaminants rom the outside
With both ventilation openings closed tightly, you can stay inside the
shelter or several hours; the actual duration o stay will depend on
actors such as the number o people in the shelter as well as their
age, gender and physical condition
Should there be a need or you to lengthen your stay or
accommodate more people in the shelter, the SCDF will inorm you to
ax specied equipment to the opening to improve ventilation
ncies
pbiC sheteRs
Public Shelters are built in places such as underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT)
Shelter Protection
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WartimeEm
erge
Shelter
ub c S e te s a e bu t p aces suc as u de g ou d ass ap d a s t ( )
stations, HDB void decks, schools, community centres and government buildings.
To identiy a public shelter, look out or the Civil Deence shelter sign. The list o
Public Shelters and their locations is available on www.scd.gov.sg under Building
Proessionals, CD Shelter.
Move ast towards your nearest Public Shelter but do not push;i you are in a vehicle, park it at the side o the road, lock up andhead or the nearest shelter.
I you are unable to nd a Public Shelter within a ew minutes aterthe Alarm signal has sounded, you may seek shelter in a tunnel,underpass, underground basement, ditch, drain culvert or even anopen drain.
Follow directions given by SCDF personnel.
I you are with your amily, move as a unit to avoid anxiety andhelp the handicapped, children and the aged.
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Do not bring bulky items and fammable substances into theshelter.
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when o aRe not at home and o heaR the aaRm sina (pg 60)
Wartim
onCe inside the pbiC sheteR
1
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Move in towards the centre o the shelter and do not block theentrances and passageways.
Stay together as a group and do not wander around.
Do not start a re to cook meals.
Keep quiet and listen to the radio and television announcementsmade by the SCDF.
Inorm SCDF personnel i you encounter any problems.
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Leave the shelter only when directed by the authorities.
Move as a amily unit.
Be patient; do not push and rush.
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eavin the pbiC sheteR
encies
pReventin damae
Defensive Precautions
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WartimeEm
erge Although we cannot prevent the use o weapons (e.g.
bombs and other projectiles) that cause damage during
wartime, there are measures we can take to minimise
damage to property, such as:
Reinorcing all glass suraces with tape to reduce shattering
Removing all objects hanging on walls and sitting on
balconies and windowsills
baCkot measRes
While a total blackout cannot prevent enemy air raids orshelling, it can reduce the enemys ability to identiy and
pinpoint targets. Blackout measures include:
Switching o all exterior lights
Covering all outlets o interior light such as windows and
doors with curtains
Covering vehicle headlights with black tape while leaving only
a small area exposed
Wartim
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Emergencies
Following the September 11 attacks, the possibility o CBRE
(Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Explosive) devices being
used in terrorist attacks against innocent civilians is a growing
concern. Understanding the threat and knowing what actions to
take are thereore essential in our ght against terrorism.
Chpter 5
TERRORISM68 Chemical threats
71 Biological threats
74 Anthrax75 Bomb threats
78 In the event of an explosion
79 Evacuating from an explosion site
80 Dirty bomb threats
82 In-place Protection
85 Decontamination procedures
86 Public transport security
67
rorism A chemical agent attack is the deliberate release o hazardous chemical substances to kill, seriously injure
or incapacitate people. Numerous chemical agents can be dispersed in an attack via improvised explosive
devices, spray devices, military weapons and other means. Such agents include nerve, blister, blood and
Chemical Threats
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Terr choking agents.
sins of a possibe ChemiCa aent attaCk
Many people in the same area displaying symptoms such as:
Watery eyes or dim vision
Headaches or giddiness
Shortness o breath
Dryness o throat, coughing or extreme irritation to therespiratory tract
Nausea or vomiting
Salivation
Chest tightness
Redness o skin with severe pain and ormation o blisters uponcontact
Muscle twitching, seizures or convulsions
Incontinence
Unconsciousness
Three or more people collapsing or no apparent reason
Many sick or dead birds and small animals in the aected area
Terrori
in the event of a ChemiCa aent attaCk
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sm
I possible, quickly determine the areas aected or where the
chemical release is coming rom
I the attack occurs indoors, cover your mouth and nose
with a damp cloth (e.g. wet towel) and quickly evacuate the
building without passing through the contaminated area(s)
I the attack occurs outdoors and you are in the open, cover
your mouth and nose with a cloth and move away rom the
aected area(s)
Seek shelter as soon as possible and perorm In-Place
Protection (pg 82); do not walk into the wind as it may carryalong the hazardous chemicals
I you are in your vehicle when the attack occurs, head to
your home, oce or public building immediately i they are
very nearby; otherwise, perorm In-Place Protection in your
vehicle (pg 84)
Do not leave the saety o the shelter to help others until the
authorities say that it is sae to do so
rrorism
Chemical Threats
if o have been exposed to a ChemiCa aent
I you experience any abnormal symptoms such as those listed on pg 60, you may
have been exposed to a chemical agent You should then head to the nearest
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Ter
if o sspeCt that someone has been exposed to a ChemiCa aent
Do not attempt to administer rst aid on the aected person; you may be aected by the chemical and become a casualty too
Stay away rom the aected area and dial 995 or the SCDF
have been exposed to a chemical agent. You should then head to the nearest
decontamination acility (pg 85). I that is not possible:
Look or the nearest water source.1
Strip immediately and cut o contaminated clothing which isnormally removed over the head to avoid contact with youreyes, nose and mouth. Tie up the contaminated clothes in abag, i available, or proper disposal later on as instructed by theauthorities.
2
Rinse yoursel thoroughly; use soap i it is available.3
Seek immediate medical assistance i possible.
Dial 995 or the SCDF, inorming them that you may have beenexposed to a chemical agent and your location.
Stay calm and await assistance rom the SCDF.
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Terroris
A biological agent attack is the deliberate release o biological agents in the orm o living
microorganisms and biological toxins to kill or incapacitate people. Such agents can be released into the
environment by aerosol sprays, ood and water contamination and inected organisms like mosquitoes
d t S bi l i l t t i ( ll )
Biological Threats
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smand rats. Some biological agents are contagious (e.g. smallpox).
sins of a possibe biooiCa aent attaCk
A biological agent attack may not be immediately obvious as there is an incubation period during
which the eects o the agent(s) are not observable. You will thus need to look out or:
Unusual powdery or gel-like substances and suspicious articles
Reports on trends o unusual illnesses in the community
Waves o ill people seeking emergency medical attention
rrorism in the event of a biooiCa aent attaCk
Due to the latent eects o biological agents, it takes time
to identiy and conrm a biological agent attack As a
Biological ThreatsBiological Threats
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Ter
Anti-bacterialHandsoap
HandSanitizer
to identiy and conrm a biological agent attack. As a
result, public health ocials may not be able to provide
inormation on immediate actions to take against a
biological agent attack. It is recommended that you takethe ollowing precautions:
Practise good hygiene and cleanliness to avoid the spreading
o germs
Monitor the news closely or urther inormation on the
symptoms o the biological agent(s) and where to seek
emergency medical care i you are aected
Do not assume that any illness or symptom is due to thedeclared biological emergency as many common illnesses
have similar symptoms; you are advised to seek medical
advice i you are unsure
Terroris
if o have been exposed to a biooiCa aent
You may not suer rom any obvious symptoms, but you
should quickly identiy where the suspected biological
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smshould quickly identiy where the suspected biological
release is, i possible, and move away immediately
Cover your nose and mouth with a damp cloth while movingaway rom the source area
I you are indoors, inorm the building management and dial
999 to report to the Police that you have been exposed to a
biological agent; leave your contact inormation should there
be an urgent need to reach you
At the earliest opportunity, shower thoroughly with water
and soap and change into a clean set o clothing; tie up
the contaminated clothes in a bag or proper disposal as
instructed by the authorities
I you or a amily member becomes ill, seek medical advice at
the hospital(s) indicated by the authorities
if o think someone has been exposed to a biooiCa aent
You may help the casualty i you have adequate respiratory protection (e.g. an N-95 mask); otherwise,
keep a distance rom the person and avoid direct contact
Dial 995 or help rom the SCDF or 999 or the Police
rrorism Anthrax is a disease caused by bacteria and its powdery orm, though not contagious, is a threat to public
saety. In Singapore, the SCDF, Police, Ministry o Health and Singapore Post have taken precautionary
measures to deal with this threat.
Anthrax
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Te
if o sspeCt that an aRtiCe Contains anthRax
Dial 995 or 999 or help rom the SCDF or the Police respectively; inorm the security
personnel and/or management i you are in a building
Do not handle the article directly, sni the article or its exposed
contents, or attempt to clean up the spilled contents, i any
I the article is already opened, cover the exposed and spilled
contents immediately with a plastic cover, cloth, paper or even a
trash can; do not remove the cover until the authorities arrive
Turn o all local ans or ventilation units in the aected area
Leave the room and close the door or block o the area to prevent
others rom entering
Head to the nearest toilet or washing point and wash your hands
and any exposed skin with soap and water
Prepare a list o names and contact numbers o all persons who
were in the vicinity o the suspicious article and hand the list over
to the Police or ollow-up investigations
At the earliest opportunity, remove all clothing (see pg 70, Step 2),shower thoroughly with soap and water and change into a new set
o clothing; do not use bleach or other strong disinectants on your
skin
Clothing that may have been exposed to anthrax should be sealed
in a plastic bag and disposed o properly according to guidelines
given by the authorities
Terroris
if o see a sspiCios aRtiCe oR an nexpoded bomb
Bomb Threats
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Dial 999 immediately and report it to the Police; provide details
such as the shape, size, colour and location o the suspectedbomb.
Do not touch or move the suspected bomb.
Move away rom it and warn people in the area to stay away romthe suspected bomb.
For evacuation procedures, reer to pg 79.
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errorism if o ReCeive a bomb thReat oveR the teephone
Stay calm and i possible, signal or someone nearby to dial 999 to1
Bomb Threats
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Te y p , g ymake a Police report and another person to inorm the building
management sta immediately.
Keep the caller talking or as long as possible to buy time and try to jotdown the exact words used by the caller in the threat.
Try nding out rom the caller:
When the bomb will explode
Where the bomb is placed
What type o bomb it is and how it looks like
What will trigger the bomb to explode
I he/she planted the bomb himsel/hersel and why
What message the caller is trying to convey and to whom
His/her name and current location
Take note o how the caller sounds, e.g.:
Callers vocal characteristics, e.g. voice o a man, woman or child,possible age etc.
Language used and accent
Articulation, e.g. caller speaks fuently or stutters
Tone o voice, e.g. emotional, angry or calm Background noises, e.g. sounds o trac, music, announcements
etc.
Do not antagonise or taunt the caller in any way.
Do not spread rumours.
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TerrorismIt may be a bomb i it has:
1
if o ReCeive a sspiCios etteR oR paRCe
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Do not try to open the letter or parcel i you suspect it to contain explosives; mostbombs are designed to detonate when the outer wrapping is torn or cut open.
I you are unsure o its origin and you have reason to suspect it to be a bomb,report it to the Police immediately by dialling 999.
Place the suspected letter or parcel bomb in a corner o a room away rom thewindows.
Evacuate the room, and the building i necessary, while leaving all doors andwindows open to mitigate the eects o shattering glass should the bombexplode.
Inorm the building management and security personnel, providing clear detailson the location o the letter or parcel bomb.
Await urther instructions rom the authorities.
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Excessive postage despite its weight
Been overly secured with string or adhesive tape
An odd shape, size or rigid eel
Oily stains or discolouration on the wrapping material
An unusual odour that smells like almonds
Metal contents whereby gently shaking the article produces metallic sounds
Wires or aluminum oil sticking out rom the article
Unamiliar handwriting
Only the recipients name on it or restrictive markings such as Personal,Condential and To be opened by addressee only
errorism if o aRe hRt:
Do not use your mobile phone to call or help as it maytriggersecondary explosions
1
In The Event Of An Explosion
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Te
I you are not in the aected area, stay away rom the explosion site and do not dial 995 or 999 unless you
encounter an emergency; tune in to the radio or television or updates
Ater an explosion, beware o post-blast hazards such as:
Damaged structures, walls, beams, columns and overhanging slabs
Craters in the ground
Sharp debris and broken glass
Smoke, res and toxic umes
Water and gas leakages due to damaged utility pipes and exposed live electrical cables
Potential secondary bomb devices
Ensure your own saety beore helping others
I saety permits and you are a trained rst-aider, treat casualties where they are until the arrival o
emergency responders
I you are not trained in rst aid, move away rom the hazard area; note the locations o severely injured
casualties and inorm rescuers to attend to them
trigger secondary explosions.
I you are able to evacuate, move away rom the aectedarea. I you are trapped, reer to pg 56.
Do not move unnecessarily as you may worsen your injuries.
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Do not use your mobile phone near abomb threat or explosion site.
Terrorism
Stay calm and do not panic
Bring along only what is necessary and evacuate in an orderly manner
Do not use the elevators as they may malunction; use the stairs but do
not keep the doors propped open as that will allow more smoke to enter
Evacuating From An Explosion Site
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mnot keep the doors propped open as that will allow more smoke to enter
the stairway
Do not run; walk briskly and help the disabled, children and the elderly
along the way
Keep roads and walkways clear or emergency vehicles and rescuers
while looking out or them
Do not use mobile phones, radios or any electronic equipment at a bomb
site as they may trigger secondary explosions
At the earliest opportunity, let your loved ones know that you are sae
Do not spread rumours about the situation
Do not enter a building whose structure has been damaged by the
explosion
Leave the area and disperse as quickly as possible in case o secondary
attacks; i the attack occured at your workplace, you may explore
alternative means o accounting or your sta, colleagues, tenants and
clients
Do not obstruct roads and walkwayswhile evacuating. Make way foremergency vehicles and rescuers.
Do not enter a building that has beendamaged by an explosion.
Terrorism Dirty bombs use conventional explosives spiked with radioactive materials. Once
detonated, harmul radioactive materials are dispersed into the air, resulting in radiological
contamination over a wide area.
effeCts of Radiation
Dirty Bomb Threats
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Te
effeCts of Radiation
Depending on the extent o exposure to radiation, eects can range rom none to radiationsickness such as nausea, vomiting, infammation o exposed areas and skin burns. In some
cases, persons exposed to radiation may develop cancerous cell growth that may not be
apparent until many years later.
possibe sins of a diRt bomb attaCk
A dirty bomb explosion sounds and looks like a conventional explosion, and
casualties o such explosions are likely to suer rom blast injuries which include
burns and shrapnel wounds
Specialised equipment are required to detect the presence o radioactive material
in a dirty bomb attack; otherwise, it is almost impossible to dierentiate it rom
conventional bomb blasts
Terrorism
in the event of a diRt bomb attaCk
I you are outside and the explosion/radiation occurs nearby:
Cover your nose and mouth with a damp cloth and move away rom thehazard area
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mhazard area
Do not walk into the wind as it may carry radioactive particles
I you are indoors and the explosion/radiation occurs near the building:
Check i any wal