Emergency Assistance to

Tropical Storm Washi-affected Communities

In Negros Oriental and Lanao del Norte

Performance Baseline Data Report

Cooperative Agreement No. AID-OFDA-G-12-00014

02 February to 12 April 2012

Prepared for

Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance

The United States Agency for International Development

Submitted by

Plan International USA, Inc.

1730 Rhode Island Avenue, NW, Suite 1100

Washington, DC 20036

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Submitted: 2 March 2012

Plan International USA

Frank Manfredi, Director, Humanitarian Assistance

Plan International USA, Inc.

1730 Rhode Island Avenue, NW, Suite 1100

Washington, DC 20036

Tel. (202) 223-8325

Frank.manfredi@planusa.org

Plan International Philippines

Manuel I. Madamba, Country Coordinator

Research, Evaluation, and Dissemination Unit

2F Johnny Air Building, 51-B Sen

Gil Puyat Avenue (formerly Buendia Avenue)

Corner Dian Street

Makati City, Philippines

manny.madamba@plan-international.org

mailto:Frank.manfredi@planusa.orgmailto:manny.madamba@plan-international.org

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Acknowledgements

The author led the preparation of the baseline study, performed oversight functions until the completion

of fieldwork, performed analysis of the findings, and wrote the report. Mr. Melencio Angelo, the project

M&E person led the data gathering and validation of secondary information in sample villages together

with Imelda de la Cruz, Ma. Glynn Rosales, Michael Anthony Cruz, and Edwin Alemania. Engr.

Honesto Torres, technical officer for Water and Environmental Sanitation of Masbate program unit led

the water potability testing in the study areas.

Special thanks to the following:

The city government of Iligan, the city health office and social welfare office, and the local government units of Bonbonon, Mandulog and San Roque especially the key informants and

participants of the focus group discussions in the three barangays;

The Provincial Government of Negros Oriental, city and local government units of Dumaguete, Sibulan, and Valencia especially the key informants and participants of the focus

group discussions in five barangays;

Edgar Viterbo, WASH advisor, for technical inputs, and Erwin Yamsuan who helped edit the report;

Eli Salazar, Project Team Leader, Diosdado Wana, Plan Program Support Manager, and Carin van der Hor, Country Director of Plan Philippines

Manuel I. Madamba

Country Coordinator

Research, Evaluation and Dissemination Unit

Plan Philippines

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Acronyms Used

BHW Barangay Health Worker

CFW Cash For Work

CSWD City Social Welfare and Development

DSWD Department of Social Welfare and Development

EC Evacuation Center/s

ERMS Economic Recovery and Market Systems

FGD Focus Group Discussion

GI Galvanized Iron

HH Household/s

HS High School

KII Key Informant Interview

MDG Millennium Development Goals

NDRRMC National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council

NFI Non-food Item

NIA National Irrigation Administration

OFDA Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance

QC Quality Control

TS Tropical Storm

WASH Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene

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Table of Contents Acknowledgement ....................................................................................................................................... 3 Acronyms.……………………………………………………………………………………………..… ..4

Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................... 6

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 10

Methodology .............................................................................................................................................. 10 Study Process ................................................................................................................................. 10

Methods ......................................................................................................................................... 10

Objective ........................................................................................................................................ 11

Limitations ..................................................................................................................................... 11

Results ........................................................................................................................................................ 12 Population Composition................................................................................................................. 12

Nutritional Status ........................................................................................................................... 13

Shelter ............................................................................................................................................ 13

NFIs ............................................................................................................................................... 15

Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) ...................................................................................... 16

Economic Recovery and Market Systems (ERMS) ....................................................................... 23

Recommendations ..................................................................................................................................... 23 Annex I. Sample Barangays and Respondents ........................................................................................... 25

Annex II. Survey Questionnaires ............................................................................................................... 26

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Executive Summary

This study is to pursue and obtain relevant data from the village level of the typhoon affected provinces

of Negros Oriental and Lanao del Norte. This is a quick study to validate official secondary data and

reports from sample communities at a scale at which information can be easily generated, used, and acted

upon by those we are trying to serve through Plan International’s OFDA-funded project Emergency

Assistance to Tropical Storm Washi-Affected Communities in Negros Oriental and Lanao Del Norte.

The survey was carried out to ascertain the prevailing conditions of the project’s target population prior to

Plan’s intervention.

The survey was conducted in eight sample villages that had been greatly affected by Tropical Storm (TS)

Washi on December 17, 2011. The Local communities, government agencies, and local and international

organizations – including Plan – have already been engaged in a relief operation in affected villages of

Iligan City, Cagayan de Oro City, and in Amlan town in Negros Oriental.

The data was generated by using a questionnaire (Annex III) for key informant interviews and focus

group discussions (see Annex III for survey questionnaires). The questionnaire was also used to document

observations during village visits. A portable water testing kit was used to check water quality in sample

areas. The study was carried out by a Plan assessment team organized for this baseline survey from

February 15-25, 2012.

The survey addresses the prevailing conditions among the target population prior to Plan’s project

interventions in the following sectors:

Shelter and Settlements

Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH)

Economic Recovery and Market Systems (ERMS)

Below are some major findings derived from the analysis of data related to the three sectors.

Shelter and Settlements

According to the Republic of the Philippines National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council

(NDRRMC) update of January 27, 2012, Washi and its storm effects damaged or destroyed 26,3450

houses in the proposed target areas.1 The NDRRMC also reported over 110,000 people remaining

displaced, of which approximately 97,583 individuals (in 20,331 families) were sheltering with host

families/relatives or in makeshift structures in temporary relocation sites. The balance of approximately

12,459 individuals (in 2,400 families) was sheltering in 22 official evacuation centers. For those in

temporary relocation sites and subsisting in tents and makeshift shelters covered with salvaged materials

(GI sheets, tarps, wood, plastics), condition are very difficult, particularly for women and young children

who often stay at home while fathers are at work and school-children are attending classes. In the eight

sample villages, there are around 1,203 totally damaged and 1,521 partially damaged houses affecting

around 2,700 families. Families in the project area require support to improve the habitability of

temporary shelters while repairs are being made to homes, longer-term shelter is arranged, or while

government housing projects in a permanent relocation site is made available.

Displaced from homes, the affected populations in the proposed target areas have lost basic household

supplies and are dwelling with host families, in government evacuation centers, or in temporary relocation

1 Republic of the Philippines National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC). Sitrep No. 47 re Effects

of Tropical Storm “SENDONG” (Washi) and Status of Emergency Response Operations (26 January 2012).

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sites. Provision of key NFIs (household kits and family hygiene kits) will help address immediate needs

among affected populations.

WASH

Access to water. TS Washi destroyed piped water systems and water point sources . In sample villages,

level III and II water systems2 have been restored, while a few still are undergoing repairs, especially to

distribution lines. The government’s rural health unit has not checked the quality of water from the

different sources. The quality of water supplies (except relief bottled water) is uncertain, leaving

thousands in need of access to clean water to meet basic needs. Government and other relief agencies

have provided one capped jerry can and one bottle of Hyposol per family prior to project inception. Most

families interviewed have not used the Hyposol because they have been relying on government supplied

water rations and water refilling stations.

Quality of drinking water. Two of the 26 samples tested were positive for Escherichia coli bacterium

(‘E. coli’). Improper storage and handling may pose risks of contamination to water from

uncontaminated sources. The following are potential causes of contamination of water from: 1) improper

handling and storage of drinking water especially for relocated families and families living in temporary

shelters; 2) unclean surroundings at tap stands and hand pumps; 3) stagnant water at point sources; 4)

unclean water containers and not purifying water when there are doubts of water quality. Some families

reported that they are not purifying water because the water rations being provided come from water

refilling stations, which they trust are safe to drink. Tests from several household water containers (i.e.,

water jugs) were positive for contaminants, indicating that water containers are not clean or have been

exposed to water hazards. It was also observed during visits that water containers are often stored outside

tents or temporary shelters with no protection or cover.

Water Usage: Level III water systems, the source of most domestic water, were adversely affected by

Washi. Power-dependent water systems did not function until power was restored a few weeks after the

storm. Water distribution lines for both gravity and power generated types of piped water systems in

eroded parts of the villages, including along river and landslide areas, were heavily damaged. In addition,

water point sources, such as hand pumps and protected springs, were often not functioning or

contaminated. While water rations and bottled water were provided during the first few weeks after the

typhoon, FGD results show lower intake of drinking water among affected families, less frequent bathing

(especially the first two weeks), and more incidence of open defecation due to the destruction of

household toilet facilities.

Sanitation and Hygiene: Men and boys generally are the ones fetching or collecting water for drinking

and household use. Drinking water availability and management at household, water usage, hygiene

behavior in terms of bathing infants and young, preparing food, washing dishes, cleaning house and

surroundings, are traditionally tasks of women and girls. They are much more aware of all these tasks

than men appear to be. Women are crucial in storing drinking water and water for all other household

uses as they are the ones left at home doing the chores. Stay-at-home mothers are the ones primarily

responsible for the health and well-being of the family and they also take care of the personal hygiene of

themselves and of their families.

FGD participants generally say they do not see any changes in the roles related to the tasks above. During

the typhoon, men and boys usually were the ones repairing, fixing houses, building temporary shelters.

2 Levels of water systems in the Philippines: Level I: Stand-alone water points, e.g. handpumps, shallow wells, rainwater

collectors; Level II: Pipe water with communal water point (e.g. borewell, spring system); Level III: Piped water supply with a

private water point (e.g., house connection).

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Women usually maintained households. Children participants of an FGD in two villages reported that

family members worked together and helped each other do the different household chores, especially

those families who were relocated and in temporary shelters.

Sanitation following the disaster and during interview: The inquiry about open defecation shows that

the practice was more prevalent among those whose houses were totally damaged and relocated to

evacuation centers, temporary sites, and living with host families. Before the typhoon, most people were

using water-sealed toilets. The first few weeks after the typhoon proved to be a difficult time for them

using temporary dug-pit type toilets, portalets, ill-maintained school toilet facilities, sharing toilets with

neighbors, and sometimes defecating in the open. In FGD, girl children reported particular difficulty

adjusting to the loss of normal toilet facilities. Using water sealed toilets is a practice and open defecation

is an exception.

Infants and young children defecate in

the yard, some taken away by adults and

disposed in the garbage pit, flushed in a

water-sealed toilet or covered with soil.

Some others are thrown in the bushes.

Feces left in the open were sometimes

eaten by a stray dogs or pigs.

A challenging issue for teenage girl

informants and those living in

temporary relocation sites as regards to

open defecation is that they are not used

to the practice even using communal toilets. Many reported discomfort or unease at the loss of privacy.

Interestingly, in one of the villages visited, nine affected families who have rented land (Ps. 150/month)

to build their semi-permanent housing units have also had individual water sealed toilets built.

Sanitation and Hygiene related Illnesses: On all charts of the rural health units in the target city and two

towns of Negros Oriental, diarrhea appears to be consistently among the top five leading causes of

morbidity. In Sibulan town, dengue and malaria were also among the most prevalent.

Economic Recovery and Markets Systems

Many members of the affected population are facing temporary disruption of their normal livelihood

activities. Banana plantations, farms, crops, livestock raising, vending, and other income sources were

heavily damaged. Affected families need immediate assistance to help jump-start economic activities and

support clean-up and rehabilitation of storm-impacted communities. While there have already been cash-

for-work schemes, these have been too short in duration to clean up and rehabilitate affected

communities.

Recommendations

The survey provides relevant information for planning and monitoring the project initiatives to help

improve prevailing conditions of affected population in the area of Shelter and Settlements, WASH, and

ERMS:

Project team should engage village officials to help identify target families in the greatest need. Project interventions are relevant to most affected families who are still in temporary shelters in

temporary and permanent relocation sites ;

Figure 1. Focus group in Junob, Dumaguete.

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Post disaster water quality monitoring by local government is essential. The portable water testing kit used can be introduced to the Local government units and to all Plan program units;

Proper handling and storage of water, use of Hyposol, and other methods of treating water, maintenance of water point sources, and solid waste management should be topics of orientation

for affected families during the distribution of hygiene, water and shelter kits.

Cash-for work activities should be tied to community clean-up and the improvement drainage of water point sources and public tap stands, relocating tap stands to better locations, fixing leaks of

water pipes and fittings, enclosing with fence as protection to spring and water point sources,

cleaning wastes, installing household or public water sealed toilets and washing facilities.

Proper management of temporary relocation sites will remain necessary as families await permanent relocation projects by the government.

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Introduction

Lanao del Norte and Negros Oriental were two of the hardest hit provinces in the floods brought on by

Tropical Storm Sendong (“Washi”) on December 17, 2011. Based on the NDRRMC report of 26 January

2012, Washi damaged 52,435 houses, with 14,883 of these totally destroyed and displacing over 441,000

people in 851 villages, 59 municipalities, 8 cities in 13 provinces in Southern Philippines. 3

Affected

population experienced varying degrees of losses ranging from destroyed homes to job displacement.

President Aquino declared the country under a state of emergency on December 20, 2011.

With funding assistance from USAID/OFDA, Plan is implementing a three-month program in Iligan City,

Lanao del Norte and Negros Oriental. The project is focusing on the provision of emergency shelter, relief

commodities, Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH), and cash for work that would help meet the

immediate needs and assist in initial economic recovery for around 15,000 displaced individuals.

Methodology

Study process The Country Coordinator for Research and Evaluation of Plan Philippines was responsible for the survey

design, the overall supervision, and writing the baseline survey report. The project monitoring and

evaluation staff led the data gathering in the study areas.

The field data collection of the survey was conducted between February 15 and 25, 2012 in three sample

villages in Iligan City and five sample villages in three of the four target municipalities in Negros

Oriental.

Sample Villages

Negros Oriental Lanao Del Norte

Dumaguete City

Junob

Batinguel

Iligan city

Bonbonon

Mandulog

San Roque Valencia Cadiocan

Palinpinon

Sibulan

Tubtubon

Methods The study employed the following survey methods:

a. Document review. Included in the analysis were statistical data from official sources, situation reports and other public documents from government institutions, documents and

project reports from bilateral and multilateral organizations including Plan, press releases and

news articles. The materials were collected, collated and reviewed for their relevance to the

topic at hand. Initial scanning of the literature was undertaken in relation to the objectives of

the project. Content analysis was carried out to sort the materials. Gender analysis of the data

3Republic of the Philippines National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC). Sitrep No. 47 re Effects of

Tropical Storm “SENDONG” (Washi) and Status of Emergency Response Operations (26 January 2012).

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was performed, noted and summarized, findings and data gaps identified. Secondary sources

are cited throughout.

b. Key informant interviews conducted with city, municipal, barangay (village), and school officials;

c. Focus group discussions (FGDs) among men, women, boys, girls in six sample villages (Annex 1);

d. Water Potability testing of main sources of drinking water in eight sample villages using a portable microbiology lab water testing kit being used by Plan Philippines in partnership with

A Single Drop.4

e. Observations during visits in sample villages, relocation sites, and evacuation centers.

Objective This report presents baseline data on the prevailing conditions of the project’s target population prior to

Plan’s intervention in the two target provinces.

Limitations The report presents a snapshot of flood-affected displaced persons in three sample villages of Iligan city,

and five sample villages in three of the four most affected cities and municipalities of Negros Oriental.

The study relies mainly to secondary sources especially for pre-disaster information. At the village level,

some official records were destroyed by the flooding. A total of eight villages were purposely selected to

get a sense of the conditions of affected population in the ground.

There were no available pre-existing monitoring data of water quality in affected areas, hence the water

testing by Plan survey team. The tests are not meant to represent or replace the traditional water tests or

government approved water testing procedures. Testing was meant to introduce a new strategy to enhance

4 Distributing agent of the water tests in the Philippines

Figure 2. Plan staff training assessment team on water quality

testing.

Figure 3. Water quality testing at a village

hand pump.

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WASH program, test local water treatment effectiveness, and perhaps to be integrated into Emergency

action plans.

Results and Analysis

Typhoon Affected Population Northern Mindanao); and five cities/municipalities located in Region VII’s Second District (Tanjay City,

Sibulan, and Dumaguete City) and Third District (Valencia) of coastal Negros Oriental.5

Table 1: Size of Affected Population

Affected areas (NDRRMC Jan 26) Project target area

Regions 7 2 - Northern Mindanao and Central Visayas Regions

Provinces 13 2 - Lanao del Norte, and Negros Oriental

Cities 8 3 - Iligan City, Dumaguete City and Tanjay City

Municipalities 59 2 - Valencia and Sibulan in Negros Oriental

Barangays (villages) 851 At least 15 villages

Families 125,256 3,000

Persons 1,168,726 15,000

Given the widespread damage and the imperative to address needs among geographically disparate

populations, Plan Philippines has identified two distinct intervention areas: Iligan City in Region X (in

Population Composition of Target Areas According to the 2007 National Census of the Philippines, the population of the project target areas totals

approximately 574,686 (267,990 in the target areas of Negros Oriental; 306,696 in Iligan City), split

roughly evenly between female and male. Across target areas, children represented approximately 39.7%

of the total population. Census data (2007), disaggregated by sex and age (total population; and children

aged 0-17), are detailed in Table 2 below.

Table 2: Population of target municipalities and cities in Negros Oriental and Lanao del Norte

Towns Sex Total Population Children Population

0—17 %

Dumaguete

City

Total 114,466 39,578 34.6%

Male 55,314 19,757 35.7%

Female 59,152 19,821 33.5%

Tanjay City

Total 78,510 31,378 40.0%

Male 40,183 16,222 40.4%

Female 38,327 15,156 39.5%

Sibulan

Total 47,102 17,699 37.6%

Male 23,711 9,148 38.6%

Female 23,391 8,551 36.6%

Valencia

Total 27,912 10,747 38.5%

Male 14,075 5,433 38.6%

Female 13,837 5,314 38.4%

5 Plan will adjust geographic targeting to other areas of unmet need as circumstances require during implementation.

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Total for

Negros

Oriental

Total 267,990 99,402 37.1%

Male 133,283 50,560 37.9%

Female 134,707 48,842 36.3%

Iligan City

(Region X)

Total 306,696 128,863 42.0%

Male 152,715 65,491 42.9%

Female 153,981 63,372 41.2%

Totals

Total 574,686 228,265 39.7%

Male 285,998 116,051 40.6%

Female 288,688 112,214 38.9%

Source: National Statistics Office (NSO), Republic of Philippines. 2007 Census of Population

Child (U5) Nutritional Status The assessment team obtained the malnutrition rate data from the city and municipal health records of

2011 of the eight sample barangays. The Philippines’s MDG target is a 17.3% prevalence of underweight

under five years old by 2015. The latest government data indicates that as of 2008 the national figure was

still at 26.2% prevalence rate.6 As Table 3 (below) illustrates, the prevalence of underweight (including

underweight and severely underweight) U5s is lower in the project catchment area than the national

average.

Table 3: Prevalence of Underweight U5s in Project Target Areas

Town/ Barangay Sex Underweight

Prevalence Town/ Barangay Sex

Underweight

Prevalence

Dumaguete City

Iligan City

Junob Total 4.50%

Bonbonon

Total 11.0%

Batinguel Total 2.00%

Boys 12.9%

Valencia

Girls 9.2%

Cadiocan

Total 0.6%

Boys 1.0%

Mandulog

Total 9.1%

Girls 0.0%

Boys 9.2%

Palinpinon

Total 2.3%

Girls 9.1%

Boys 1.2%

Girls 3.6%

San Roque

Total 7.0%

Sibulan

Boys 7.8%

Tubtubon Total 4.87%

Girls 6.2%

Shelter and Shelter Needs

Houses damaged or destroyed in the project area

Per NDRRMC figures, TS Washi and its storm effects damaged or destroyed around 26,300 houses in the

target areas. Table 4 (below) details the damage to housing stock in the project target areas:

6 National Center for Health Statistics/WHO, International reference Standards (IRS) Survey, 2008.

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Table 4: Damaged Houses in Project target Areas (NDRRMC, January 26, 2012)

Population displaced in the target areas:

As of January 26, NDRRMC reported 2,410 families (12,459 individuals) sheltering in 22 evacuation

centers, and around 20,331 families (97,583 individuals) sheltering with host families or relatives or in

makeshift structures in temporary relocation sites in and outside their communities.

Table 5 (below) details the total number of families and individuals displaced by Washi, as well as their

current shelter arrangement (inside Evacuation Center or Outside Evacuation Center).

Source: NDRRMC. Sitrep No. 47 re Effects of Tropical Storm “SENDONG” (Washi). . . (26 January 2012).

Province/

Municipalities

Damaged Houses

Totally Partially Total

Negros Oriental

Tanjay City 97 594 691

Sibulan 294 744 1,038

Dumaguete City 485 3,308 3,793

Valencia 200 500 700

sub-total 1,076 5,146 6,222

Lanao Del Norte

Iligan City 5,249 14,874 20,123

Totals 6,325 20,020 26,345

Table 5: Data on displaced population (NDRRMC report Jan 26,

2012)

Province/

Municipali

ties

Affected Population Number

of ECs

Inside Evacuation

Centers (EC)

Outside Evacuation

Center

Total Served

(Inside +

Outside) Baranga

ys

Familie

s

Perso

ns Families Persons Families Persons

Famil

ies

Person

s

Negros Oriental

Tanjay City 16 4,840

24,20

0 3 430 2,150 4,410 22,050 4,840

24,20

0

Sibulan 15 1,981 9,905 2 40 200 1,498 7,490 1,538 7,690

Dumaguete 17 3,928

19,04

1 3 305 1,525 3,488 17,440 3,793

18,96

5

Valencia 14 463 2,315 0 0 0 463 1,790 463 1,790

sub-total 62 11,212

55,46

1 8 775 3,875 9,859 48,770

10,63

4

52,64

5

Lanao del Norte

Iligan City 30 20,606

483,1

65 14 1,635 8,584 10,472 48,813

12,10

7

57,39

7

Totals 92 31,818

538,6

26 22 2,410 12,459 20,331 97,583

22,74

1

110,0

42

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Logistics Support, Relief Commodities/Non-Food Items: Displaced from homes, many of which were damaged or destroyed, the affected populations in the proposed target areas have lost basic household supplies and are dwelling with host families, in government evacuation centers or in temporary relocation sites. Plan’s provision of key NFIs (household kits and family hygiene kits) will address immediate needs among affected populations.

Relief Commodities/NFIs for Displaced Populations

For those in temporary relocation sites and living in makeshift shelters and tents, conditions tend to be

cramped and uncomfortable. Conditions are most trying for stay-at-home parents and other caregivers,

young children, and seniors. In the eight sample villages, there are around 1,203 totally damaged and

1,521 partially damaged houses affecting around 2,700 families. For these displaced families, assistance

is required to make their temporary shelters habitable while permanent repairs are made to homes or

while other permanent shelter solutions are implemented. Table 6 describes the current shelter

arrangements available in each sample community, as well as detailing prior or ongoing shelter related

interventions (as related via key informant interviews and focus group discussions).

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Table 6: Status of shelter and shelter interventions in sample areas Sample

barangay

s

Housing

(DSWD data) Observations during the visit Interventions provided (KI,

FGD) Totally Partially

Bonbonon,

Iligan 95 380

No evacuation site. Plastic sheeting and tents erected

in temporary sites and repairs done to partially

damaged houses. Most families affected stay with

relatives/neighbors.

relief goods from different sources

San Roque,

Iligan 576 712

Families staying at school covered court, a tent city

within the village. Plastic sheeting, tarps, GI sheets (

new and salvaged) used to cover roof and walls of

partially damaged houses, temporary toilets and

bathroom, and temporary shed in relocation sites

tents, plastic sheeting, tarps and relief

goods (food and non-food items) from

different sources

Mandulog,

Iligan 245 300

Village hall and school still used as evacuation center.

Tents within school premises to give way to classes.

tents, plastic sheeting, tarps and relief

goods (food and non-food items)

Tubtubon,

Sibulan 80 7

Around 15 families erected temporary dwellings,

made of salvaged materials in relocation site near the

flooded portion of the barangay. 9 families who are

renting a private lot for Ps. 150/month are

constructing shelters with materials provided by the

social welfare office. During the visit a father installs

a family water-sealed toilet (bought by them)near

house under construction.

Ps. 5000 ($116) from DSWD for

totally damaged houses, Relief food

and non-food items from private

donors and NGOs

Palinpinon,

Valencia 25 53

eroded residential areas along the river are no longer

habitable. Temporary dwellings made of plastic

sheeting, and salvaged materials.

Ps. 5000 ($116) from DSWD for

totally damaged houses, Relief food

and non-food items from private

donors and NGOs

Junob,

Dumaguete 77 0

most have their temporary shelters in a relocation site

( higher ground)near the flooded residential area.

Women and young children in the temporary

relocation site.

Ps. 5000 ($116) from DSWD for

totally damaged houses, Relief food

and non-food items from private

donors and NGOs

Batinguel,

Dumaguete 85 65

5 units row-housing being constructed by affected

residents, near-along the river, many other whose

houses were totally damaged wait for the government

relocation site

Ps. 5000 ($116) from DSWD for

totally damaged houses, Relief food

and non-food items from private

donors and NGOs

Caidiocan,

Valencia 20 4

landslide, erosion destroyed houses. Affected people

in temporary dwellings put up by those with

destroyed houses

Ps. 5000($116)from DSWD for totally

damaged houses, Relief food and non-

food items from private donors and

NGOs

1203 1521

Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Storm damage from TS Washi destroyed piped water systems that were just restored and few still are on-

going repairs especially the distribution lines. The quality of water from the different sources has not been

tested. The quality of water supplies (except those relief bottled water) is unsure leaving thousands in

need of access to clean water to meet basic needs. The proposed program will address emergency needs

through the provision of “Water Kits” composed of Hyposol and covered jerry cans.

Access to water for drinking and domestic use

Level III water systems, from which most households get water, were affected. Electric power outages

stopped water pumps in the immediate aftermath of the storm. Water distribution lines were heavily

damaged. Water point sources, including hand pumps and protected springs, were often affected. While

water rations and bottled water were provided during the first few weeks after the typhoon, FGD results

show lower intake of drinking water among affected families, especially the initial two weeks post-

disaster.

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Table 7: Access to drinking water in sample areas and status of water systems (Feb 2012) Sample villages Water sources and status

Tubtobon,

Sibulan

Level 3 water system operational, jetmatic pump, public tap stand and protected spring with covering

in one relocation site within the village ( Purok Apitong and Dau). Just after typhoon, there were cases

of diarrhea when they drank water from the public faucet ( first 3 weeks)

Junob,

Dumaguete

Level 3 water system operational, hand pumps, water rations from relief agencies. Local gov’t ceased

to provide water ration last Feb 18). Water also bought at P25/jerry can. Residents along river were

most affected.

Palinpinon,

Valencia

Level 3 water system ( spring source and deep well), school has sufficient water supply coming from

the gravity type piped water system; distribution line broke down during the typhoon ( water

discoloration, with sand particles after being fixed). Main line is fixed, some HH water connections

and tap stands being repaired. Water was bought or bottled water were given just after typhoon.

San Roque,

Iligan

Government operated level 3 water system not yet fully restored, hand pumps are used for domestic

purposes, water rations from different relief agencies (now ceasing), water bought from refilling

stations for those who can afford

Bonbonon,

Iligan

Level 2 water systems(NIA, power generated), privately owned hand pumps; open wells near river;

scheduling of water distribution for piped water system since it has not been fully repaired. Four

puroks ( sub-villages) out of 13 are greatly affected.

Mandulog, Iligan

Protected spring (Level 2) with covering for domestic and drinking use; hand pumps privately owned;

Level 2 piped water system not functional after the typhoon ( not yet repaired); HS boys fetch water

from privately owned hand pump near school; Elem school has hand pump ( low water discharge); 10

out of 26 sub-villages(puroks) were affected by typhoon.

Daily intake of water by age and sex. Results illustrate consumption of different age groups. Consumption

was lower during the initial two weeks following the disaster. Tables 8 and 9 illustrate the daily

consumption of drinking water (disaggregated by age and sex) in sample villages of Negros Oriental and

Lanao Del Norte, respectively.

Table 8 : Daily intake of drinking water: Samples in three villages of Negros Oriental (Feb 2012) Age Range Sex Ave. intake ( in liters) Remarks

0-5 boy 0.75 includes babies who are breastfeeding up to more 1 year

old. Mothers are respondents. girl 0.41

6 to 12 boy 1.63

Derived from # of glasses of drinking water consumed

daily @ 250ml/glass. Average consumption taken from

the sample respondents per age/gender.

girl 1.45

13-17 boy 1.92

girl 1.92

Adults Male 2.50

Female 1.95

Table 9: Daily intake of drinking water: Samples in three villages of Iligan City (Feb 2012)

Age Range Sex Ave. intake ( in liters) Remarks

0-5 boy 1.12 includes babies who are breastfed. Most samples are

day care pupils girl 1.36

6 to 12 boy 1.67

Derived from # of glasses of drinking water

consumed daily @ 250ml/glass. Average

consumption taken from the sample respondents per

age/gender.

girl 1.51

13-17 boy 1.78

girl 2.08

Adults Male 2.25

Female 2.03

Consumption after the disaster has been within the range of Average Daily Water Requirements for

Survival as shown in table 10 (below).

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Table 10 : Range of Average Daily Water Requirements for Survival

Sources Daily Intake (liters/capita/day)

White, et al. (1972) 1.8 - 3.0

US EPA (1976), NAS (1977) 2

Vinograd a (1966), Roth a (1968), WHO (1971) 2.5

US DANRCS (1997) 0.23 - 3.78

UBFHOA (1996) 3.15

NRC - NASb (1989) 2.0 - 4.5

Quality of Drinking water in Sample Villages

While results of water testing showed two of 26 samples positive for E-coli bacterium, clean water

sources are still at risk of contamination. Potential causes of contamination of water sources (household

water jugs or faucets) include:

1) Improper handling and storage of drinking water especially for relocated families and families

living in temporary shelters;

2) Unclean surroundings in tap stands and hand pumps;

3) Stagnant water and wastes at point sources;

4) Unclean water container (including drinking cups and glasses) and not using waterine when

there are doubts of water quality. Some families said that they are not using the waterine because

the water rations being provided come from water refilling stations; and

5) Leaks in water pipe fittings, water point sources located in low areas.

Tests from several HH water containers (water

jugs) were also positive for contamination.

Implying that water containers were not clean or

were exposed to contaminated water sources. It

was observed that water containers are often

stored outside tent houses or temporary

dwellings without protection or covers.

Table 11 (below) shows water testing results for

drinking water sources in the eight sample

villages. Samples were taken from February 21

to 26 by the assessment team using a portable

microbiology lab water testing kit.

Figure 4. Results from a water quality test.

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Table 11: Water Testing results in eight sample villages

Test

# Location Water source

Tube

color

Did the

colilert

fluoresce?

Petrifilm

Ecoli

Count

Risk of

disease

Possible reason for

contamination

1 Junob public faucet clear no 0 low None

2 Junob jetmatic pump(used for bathing,

cooking, washing only) yellow no

Exceeded

scale high

surface run-off, unclean

surroundings

3 Junob HH water storage (jerry can) yellow no 0 low

improper handling &

storage, location outside

tent, water jug exposed to

elements

4 Palinpinon pvt faucet spring source clear no 0 low None

5 Palinpinon deepwell -electric pump clear no 0 low None

6 Palinpinon faucet - school hand washing

facility clear no 0 low None

7 Batinguel HH faucet-Judith Sillero clear yes 0 low washing and bathing area

8 Batinguel jetmatic pump - along river dike clear no 0 low unclean surrounding

9 Tubtobon public faucet clear no 0 low None

10 Tubtobon jetmatic pump clear no 0 low stagnant water at apron

and plastic wastes around

11 Tubtobon protected spring clear no 0 low water run-off, along

creek, washing area

12 Caidiocan Hose connected to water-line yellow no 1 moderate

temporary connection,

presence of

animals/waste in the

surroundings

13 Caidiocan hose connected to main water

pipe yellow no 0 low None

14 Bonbonon water tank connected to deep

well yellow yes 0 moderate

unclean storage, unclean

surroundings

15 Bonbonon faucet connected to spring yellow no 0 low None

16 Bonbonon HH water storage (plastic water

jug - spring water) yellow no 0 low unclean storage

17 San

Roque jetmatic pump (near river) clear no 0 low None

18 San

Roque jetmatic pump (tent city) yellow yes 0 moderate unclean surroundings

19 San

Roque HH water storage (jerry can) yellow yes 0 moderate

unclean handling and

improper storage

20 Mandulog jetmatic pump (near HS and EC) yellow no 0 low None

21 Mandulog jetmatic pump (in ES and tent

city) yellow no 0 low None

22 Mandulog hose connected to faucet

(spring) yellow yes 0 moderate

unclean hose and

surroundings

23 Mandulog HH water storage (fr spring

water source) yellow yes 0 moderate

unclean handling and

improper storage

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Domestic Tasks related to the use of water: In six sample barangays, the majority of focus group

members described the breakdown of domestic tasks related to water use as described in Table 12

(below). Among these tasks, collecting water is generally done by men or boys while all others are done

by women and girl children. Respondents indicated that these trends hold for both the pre- and post-

Washi periods.

Table 12: Household Tasks related to Water Use

Tasks

Who usually performs the tasks in the HH?

Parents/Guardian Children

Male Female Boys Girls

Fetching water

Preparing food and cooking

Washing dishes Washing clothes (laundry) Cleaning inside house (tents, temporary dwelling) Bathing infants and young children

Effects of the typhoon on gender roles: FGD participants reported little or no change in the roles

related to the tasks above. Following the storm, men and boys usually were the ones repairing family

belongings, repairing houses, and building temporary shelters. Women usually kept household things in

order, and did the majority of household chores. Children participants of an FGD in Junob, and

Palinpinon, however, observed that family members helped each other do the different household chores,

especially those who are relocated and in temporary houses.

Sanitation just after the disaster and during interview: The inquiry about open defecation shows that

the practice was more prevalent among those whose houses were totally damaged and thus relocated to

evacuation centers, temporary sites and living with host family relatives. Prior to the typhoon, most men,

women, boys and girls were using water-sealed toilets, however, following the TS forced population to

use temporary dug-pit type toilets, portalets, poorly maintained school toilet facilities, sharing toilets with

neighbors, and especially open defecation. FGDs with girls revealed their particular discomfort adjusting

to the loss of normal toilet facilities. Many girl children expressed unease at the loss of privacy and the

embarrassment of being forced to defecate in the open.

Table 13: Frequency of bathing of affected population in 6 villages.

Frequency

Before the disaster Within the month after the disaster

Adults Children Adults Children

Male Female Boy Girl Male Female Boy Girl

At least once a day X X X X X X X

3-5x a week X X X X X

2x a week X X X

Once a week X X X

3 or less a month

Remarks Access to level 3 water system , level 2

water systems, hand pumps and a nearby

river.

Especially to displaced families whose water

sources are not yet fully restored.

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Table 14: Estimated Water Requirements for Bathing Sources: Gleick (1996); Dangerfield (1983); UBFHOA (1996)

Location/Source Requirement (l/c/d)

By Region

Developed Countries 27 – 99

Developing Countries 5 to 25

Philippines 37.8

By Source Private wells 20 – 40

Piped connection 44.5

Standpipes 17.5

Morbidity Cases in three target municipalities of Negros Oriental

On all charts of the rural health units in the target city and two towns of Negros Oriental, diarrhea appears

to be consistently among the top five leading causes of morbidity. Dengue and malaria in Sibulan town

are also prevalent.

Table 15: Morbidity cases: Valencia _ 2011

Disease # of reported cases

Common cold 2487

Fever 967

Diarrhea 323

Pneumonia 72

Tuberculosis 39

Chicken pox 11

Mumps 7

Table 16: Morbidity cases: Sibulan_2010

Disease # of reported cases

Common cold 5116

Pneumonia 1118

Hypertension 550

Wound 735

Diarrhea 412

Muscle and Joint pains 258

Dengue 183

Malaria 142

Hyperacidity 51

abscess 98

Injuries 19

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Table 17: Morbidity Cases: Dumaguete City Health Office _2011

Disease # of reported cases

Upper respiratory tract infection 10133

Bronchitis 839

Diarrhea 695

Pneumonia 560

Hypertension 434

Animal bites 381

Dental carries 363

Wounds (all types) 359

PTB 311

Tension Headache 249

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Economic recovery and Market Systems (ERMS) With many members of the population facing a temporary disruption of their normal livelihood activities,

Cash-For-Work activities will provide immediate infusion of cash for families, help jump-start economic

activities in affected areas, and support clean-up and rehabilitation of communities. To date, there have

been some cash-for-work activities in the affected areas. However, these have been spotty and have not

been of sufficient duration to significantly address the clean-up needs of local communities. There have

been cash-for-work activities in four of the eight sample villages.

Table 18 (below) details cash-for-work activities (or lack thereof) in the eight sample villages.

Town/ Barangay Date of

interview Cash for work and status

Total Income

earned/person (US$)

Iligan City

Bonbonon 16-Feb 100 persons for 5 days @ Ps. 215/day by Dept of Social

Welfare - immediately after typhoon $25

Mandulog 18-Feb 150 persons for 10 days @Ps. 240/day by Plan – done $55.81

San Roque 16-Feb 100 persons for 5 days @ Ps. 215/day by Dept of Social

Welfare - immediately after typhoon $25

Dumaguete, Negros Oriental

Junob 21-Feb None 0

Batinguel 21-Feb None 0

Valencia

Caidiocan 22-Feb 3 days @ Ps. 350/day by ACCORD (done) $24.42

Palinpinon 21-Feb none 0

Sibulan

Tubtubon 22-Feb None 0

Note: 1$= Ps 43

Recommendations

To help improve prevailing conditions of affected population in the area of housing, water and sanitation,

and restarting economic activities, the following are recommended:

Project team should engage village officials to help identify target families with the greatest need. Project interventions are relevant to most affected families who are still in temporary shelters in

temporary and permanent relocation sites;

Post disaster water quality monitoring by local government is essential. The portable water testing kit used can be introduced to the Local government units and to all Plan program units;

Proper handling and storage of water, use of Hyposol, and other methods of treating water, maintenance of water point sources, and solid waste management should be topics of orientation

for affected families during the distribution of hygiene, water and shelter kits;

Cash-for work activities should be tied to community clean-up and the improvement drainage of water point sources and public tap stands, relocating tap stands to better locations, fixing leaks of

water pipes and fittings, enclosing with fence as protection to spring and water point sources,

cleaning wastes, installing household or public water sealed toilets and washing facilities;

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Proper management of temporary relocation sites will remain necessary as families await permanent relocation projects by the government;

Project team should engage village officials to identify target families. Those in temporary relocation sites and living in small makeshifts are in most need of the project support. Project

interventions are relevant to most affected families;

Post disaster water quality monitoring by local government is a must. The portable water testing kit can be introduced to the Local government units and to all Plan program units as part of the

assistance. Plan can use the kit during rapid assessments in emergencies and during normal times;

Proper handling and storing water, use of hyposol and other methods of treating water, maintenance of water point sources and solid waste management can be good topics on the

orientation of affected families during the distribution of hygiene, water and shelter kits. Specific

actions to eliminate water hazards that caused contamination in water test samples can be found

in a separate report;

Cash-for work activities can included be cleaning up debris and improving drainage of water point sources and public tap stands, relocating tap stands to better locations, fixing leaks of water

pipe fittings, enclosing with fence as protection to spring sources, cleaning wastes, and installing

household or public water sealed toilets and washing facilities;

Proper management of temporary relocation sites as families seem to stay longer bearing the conditions as they wait for permanent relocation projects by the government.

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Annex 1. Sample Barangays and respondents per survey methods

Town/

Barangay Dates Key informants # of FGD Observations/ Ocular inspection Water tests

Iligan City

Bonbonon 16-Feb

2 kagawad, 2

teachers, 1 BHW, 1

Midwife

1 group of parents (5F/3M)

doing CFw; 3rd year HS

students, grade 4 pupils, day

care pupils; Mixed groups

but there are specific

Questions for males/females

school water and sanitation

facilities, 1 source of water,

eroded areas caused by flooding

3samples

Mandulog 18-Feb 2 kagawad

group of teachers (8F/4M);

group of parents(8F/3M);

Grade 6 pupils; Mixed group

jetmatic water source outside

school, elementary school 4samples

San Roque 16-Feb

City councilor, 1

CSWD, 1DSWD,

1BHW, 1 kagawad

on water and

sanitation

committee; School

Principal

parents with totally damaged

houses (5 M/5F)- group

separated when there are

specific questions for

males/females

Food for work beneficiaries

clearing debris along river banks,

1 tent housing within the

barangay

3samples

Negros Oriental

Dumaguete

Junob 21-Feb

1 BHW, 1 brgy

tanod, Brgy

secretary

2 groups of parents in a

relocation area within the

village (7F/2M, 5F/1M) –

with separate group for men

relocation site (Purok Lunoy),

Barangay hall, water sources 3samples

Batinguel 21-Feb barangay captain no FGD

on-going construction of 5

housing units along protected

river bank

2 samples

Valencia

Caidiocan 22-Feb Day care worker no FGD

women Cfw beneficiaries clearing

debris within barangay hall

premises

3 samples

Palinpinon 21-Feb

barangay captain; 1

barangay kagawad,

brgy secretary; 2

women parents (

house damaged)

grade 6 pupils ( 7Boys/14

girls)- mixed

Purok Calamansi ( eroded part)

school, water sources 3 samples

Sibulan

Tubtubon 22-Feb Barangay Captain, 1

BHW, 1 kagawad

parents (4M/7F) living in the

relocation site : Mixed

groups but there are specific

Questions for males/females

two temporary relocation sites,

on-going housing construction

including HH toilet construction

of affected family

2 samples

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Annex II. Survey Questionnaires

Health, Water and Sanitation Data

Village : _____________________ Municipality: ______________________

# of HH = ________ Total Population= _________ (Male-_____ /Female-_______)

With Village Health Station ( ) Yes ( ) No

If none, nearest Village health Station ; (Barangay name/location) __________

Reported cases of children’s illnesses (specify date/source) from Village Health Station or

Rural Health units – Before the typhoon. Also take the Morbidity Report .

Illnesses/Health Problems/

Accidents

Number of children

reported sick Remarks (source, age group,

occurrence) Girls Boys

In form, if none write ‘none’; in

system, leave blank

Total

Emerging illnesses after the typhoon (enumerate):

_____________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________.

Nutritional status of children under five years old (Copy data from Operation Timbang Form of the Health Station: Nutritional status of children):

Date of Weighing (Month /Year- 2011) : _____________

Number of under five

children weighed

Status

# Above

Normal Normal (#)

Below Normal (#)

Low Very Low

Total

Boys

Girls

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Access to Water and Sanitation:

Target Population: Households without safe and adequate drinking water .

Method: FGD/KII with Water Users/Groups or review records (QC1: Cite actual source)

Purok

(specify)

All Water Sources

( Multiple choices,

use codes) Current

source only

# of HH with

difficult access

to safe water

(estimate)

Describe reasons/remarks ( who,

means, accessibility, potability,

affordability, capacity)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Difficult access means – more than 250 m distance from the HH, or even if it is a near source

but not safe (not protected) for drinking...

Water Sources

01 – Piped water system either connected to the Household or near a public stand pipe

(gravity type or electrically operated pumps)

02 - Hand pumps or protected dug well with or without hand pump

03 – Protected spring – natural spring with covering

04 – Rain water collection – rain water catchment

05 – Unprotected well/natural source– open well, rivers, springs, ponds available to the

whole community or open well for private use

06 – Bottled water or water from water refilling stations (usually bought)

07 – Tanker truck provided water – a tanker which brings water to the community

What’s the condition of water sources before the disaster? Any practice or forms of treating water to

make sure it is safe for drinking?

____________________________ ________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

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Average Daily Intake of drinking water of affected population:

Interview mothers, children 6-17 years old, adult male and female to accomplish the table below.

Interview 5 sample each grouping> For those aged 0-5, interview their mothers.

Using Standard glass/cup (250 ml), how many glasses or cups of drinking water are consumed

by each person in a day? ( use number: ex, 4, 7, 9, etc)

Age group Sex Number of glasses (250ml) consumed per day Average # of

glasses Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5

0-5 ( ask

mother)

Boy Girl

6-12 Boy Girl

13-17 Boy Girl

Adults Male Female

What’s the difference in the amount of water consumption before the typhoon?

_________________________________________________________________

Domestic tasks related to the use of water ( Current)

Tasks

In general, who usually performs these tasks ( please check)

Parents/guardian Children

Male Female Boys Girls

Fetching water

Preparing food/cooking

Washing dishes

Washing clothes (laundry)

Cleaning inside house

Bathing infants and young

Is there a difference or shift of gender roles before and after the typhoon?

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________.

Sanitation:

Are there indications of open defecation? Why?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

_____________

o when one household has excreta on its yard (improper disposal of human waste) o Human excreta in the field, street, shores, banks, rivers/seas o foul smell in the surrounding

Household ways of disposing human excreta:

For infants and young children: ___________________________________

______________________________________________________________

For children ( Male/Female): ______________________________________

______________________________________________________________

For adults ( Male/female): ________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Barangay Health Worker (BHW) records, etc. Cite specific record

# HH with

toilet

Estimated # of HH

practicing open

defecation (based on

KI/VBSI/BHW)

Reasons /Remarks

( reasons why openly defecating)

Other Observations:

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________

Frequency of Bathing: ( Focus group discussion)

Frequency

Before Disaster Within 1-2 months after the disaster

Adults Children Adults Children

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

At least once a day

3-5x a week

2x a week

Once a week

3 or less a month

Sources of water

Shelter and Shelter needs ( Key informants interview and reports)

1. Data of Current ECs ( NDRRMC report Jan 26, 2012) 2. Data on damaged houses ( NDRRMC report Jan 21, 2012) 3. Data on Permanent and Temporary relocation sites ( NDRRMC Jan 26, 2012)

For the villages targeted ( not for relocation):

Conditions of houses. How are people (men/women/boys girls) have started/ not started to build

/repair their houses? How many families? Extent of need of plastic sheeting?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________.

Cash for work data:

Number of people in the barangay employed through Cash for work:

Males: ____ Females: ______ Total

Average amount earned per person through Cash for work activities = Ps. ________

Results of water testing

Please use Contamination Level Indicator Result Sheet with the following information:

Test #

Date

Location

Water Source (river, well, etc)

Time sample taken

Incubation time

Tube color Y=yellow, C=clear

Did the colilert fluoresce? (Y/N)

Petrifilm Ecoli Count

Risk of disease (see risk level chart)

Possible reason for contamination

Recommended actions (ex. signage,

close facility, modify, etc

Recommended retesting schedule

Conducted by: ________________________

Analyzed by : ________________________

Acronyms Used