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Emergence of Civilization
Unit 1
GEOGRAPHY Study of people, their environment
and resources. Can give us contextual clues as to how they live their lives.
Every event happens somewhere Must know WHERE it happens to fully
understand WHY it happens.
GEOGRAPHY
5 Major Themes of Geographyto help us understand what and why things happen
1) LOCATION – Where, How do I get there?• exact location
• LATITUDE - North and South of equator• LONGITUDE - East and West or Prime Meridian
• Zero degrees, through Greenwich, England• Hemisphere – Half of the globe
• relative location
GEOGRAPHY
2) PLACE – What is it like to live there?• physical and human characteristics of the
LOCATION• mountains, rivers, beaches, topography, and
animal and plant life of a place• human-designed features of a place, i.e. land use,
architecture, forms of livelihood, religion, transportation communication.
GEOGRAPHY
3) Human Environment Interaction – How do people relate to the land?
• how people relate to it, are affected by it and have modified it.
• Positively and negatively
• interactions between 4 physical systems
• Earth’s atmosphere, land, water, and life.
GEOGRAPHY
4) MOVEMENT• food, religion, political, work, ideas,
products, disease – humans effect on the environment
GEOGRAPHY
5) REGIONS• areas with specific
characteristics, things in common
• Physical, political, religious, language, economic
• All can in some way be represented with or by maps
• sources for history
Geography Assignment Use the newspaper or magazines (whatever you have
available) to cut out an example of each of the five themes of geography (Use your notes to help you find examples.):
Location Place Human Environment Interaction Region Movement
1. Paste or tape each examples to a piece of paper. This will leave room for some writing.
2. Next to each example you cut out, write what theme it represents and a couple sentences stating why it represents that theme.
Create a title page (Title (5 Themes), Name, Period) Staple all together. Due : Next Class period.
Terms to Know PRE-HISTORY
Period before writing was invented
used pottery, buildings, bones, etc...to determine our best guess as to what life was like for them
ARTIFACTS objects studied by
archaeologists, shaped by humans, used to make our best guess of what life was like
tools, pottery, weapons, toys.
Terms to Know
Technology A change in thinking and practice
about how we do something to become more efficient and productive with less effort.
Scientists use the abbreviation BCE to mean “Before Common Era.” It is the
same thing as B.C. (Before Christ). After the year 0 scientists use the term CE for Common Era. It is the same as A.D. (Anno Domini). To figure out how long ago from today a date in BCE was, add the current
year to the BCE year.
6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1000 2000
Before Common Era (BCE) Common Era (CE)
Years
Before Common Era (BCE)
Terms to Know ARCHAEOLOGISTS
scientists who analyze ARTIFACTS left by early people try to piece together what life was like
Three step process of gathering and analyzing 1 - find site 2 - start digging 3 - analyze artifacts found
a - determine location within/around a structure b - determine age of the artifact
Vore Buffalo Jump
ANTHROPOLOGY study of cultures, the unique way that people live. To gain a better understanding of their lives and things that
effected them.
Stone Age Peoples
Stone Age - Period when people used simple tools made of stone (arrow heads, axe heads) before writing was invented
Old Stone Age - Paleolithic New Stone Age – Mesolithic & Neolithic
Stone Age Peoples Old Stone Age
Paleolithic Era ‘Paleo’ means Old Stone Started about 2.5 Million years ago.
Africa, China, Asia, Europe, and Americas
Old Stone Age Peoples Nomadic
Move with and in search of food Fished, hunted, gathered plants, roots,
fruits, nuts and seeds. Travel in groups of related families No permanent shelters, lived in caves and
lean-tos Some organizational structures Developed limited spoken languages Clothing
Wore animal skins
Old Stone Age Peoples Learned to control fire
light, cooking, protection and warmth
Simple tools start to become more specialized Used bone & stone chipped to make
sharp edges Made needles, axes, fish hooks, arrow
heads, spear points
Comb
Old Stone Age Peoples Some basic
religious beliefs but no real structure
Cave drawings could help a hunt be productive
Burying dead with food – Belief in an afterlife
End of Paleolithic Era Marked by the end of the last Ice Age
Glaciers start to melt and move back towards the poles
Land bridges become covered with water as the oceans start to fill back up
Believed to be the way in which people first came to this continent from Africa and Europe, following herds
Changed the climate of many areas, deserts appeared with new plants
New Stone Age Peoples New Stone Age
Mesolithic Era ‘Meso’ meaning middle Lasted about 10,000 years
18,000 B.C.E. to 8000 B.C.E.
Africa, China, Asia, Europe, Americas and Middle East (Mesopotamia)
New Stone Age Peoples
Mesolithic Era Developed the Bow and Harpoons Tamed dogs, used for hunting small
animals Built canoes from hollowed out logs
Cross large rivers Fish in deep waters
New Stone Age Peoples Neolithic Era
‘Neo’ meaning New Lasted about 4000 years
8000 B.C.E. to 3500 B.C.E.
Started grinding and polishing tools to sharper points and edges
New Stone Age Peoples Agricultural Revolution
Change from hunting and moving to farming Domesticated Animals – For work and food
Dogs, Sheep, goats and pigs Women farmed, men hunted
Permanent settlements Villages Built houses
Some remained hunters & gatherers and nomadic
New Stone Age Peoples Growth of political structure
Council of Elders Make decisions Settle disputes
Developed more complete spoken languages
Specialized tools Hoes – Granite Cloth – Wool Nets for fishing Pottery for cooking
New Stone Age Peoples Used animals for work
Oxen to pull plows Use of organic fertilizers Work more land, harvest more crops Support larger population
Simple religions based upon nature Gods control the forces of nature
New Stone Age Peoples Transportation Improvements
Wheel is invented improved land transportation replaced the wooden sleds
Sails start to be used for water transportation Quicker, more efficient means of travel
Metals start to be used Copper is the first Bronze
mix of copper and tin - stronger metal
New Stone Age Peoples By 3000 B.C.E. all of these inventions
and items are in use in some part of the world, BUT NOT ALL.
Change in the way people lived and survived
Brings more technological advances
Emergence of Civilization CIVITAS - Latin word meaning 'cities‘
Emerges at the end of the Neolithic era
First Civilizations develops in four different areas independently of each other.
5 Characteristics of Civilization
1- Surplus of Food
2- Complex Institutions More complex government and religions High level of cooperation for the benefit of the
group Technology Advances
3- Division of Labor - Specialized workers Specialized skills & occupations Creates a class of skilled worked called Artisans Merchants and Traders
5 Characteristics of Civilization
4- Writing - Record Keeping Priests were the first to start using marks or drawings
which evolved into writing Needed to keep track of when to do important ceremonies and
rituals to keep the gods happy A sacrifice at the wrong time could ruin a crop Scribes - Those who mastered the writing and
reading of the symbols – Keep Secretive Government
Births, deaths, taxes Ownership, marriages, business contracts, etc..
Became a way to pass down traditions, learning, wisdom, information, ideas and religious beliefs
Characteristics of Civilization
5- Calendar Needed to know when river would flood Time from flood to flood was a year
Time from full moon to next full moon was a month
Not completely accurate – about 11 days off
GROWTH OF CITIES4 Areas of the world develop independently of each
other1. Valley of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers - Middle East2. Valley of the Nile River in Africa – Egypt3. Indus River Valley in South Asia – India4. Yellow River Valley East Asia - China
• All Develop around Rivers• Fertile soil
• Rivers consistently flood every year• Bring moisture to the land• Can be used for Transportation and food
• Fish and animals
GROWTH OF CITIES – Govt.
• Construction projects increased as number of people increased• Organized projects
• Clear land for farming• Irrigation systems for dry times of the
year• Temples and palaces• Defense of cities from invaders
- increased size and power of government
Religion POLYTHEISTIC - Belief in many Gods and
Goddesses that control the forces of nature Believed in spirits Believed that the Gods controlled forces of
nature Gave sacrifices to win the gods favor and get peace,
good harvests, rainfall, etc. Gave thanks to Gods when the outcome was favorable Wanted to keep the Gods happy
Priests gained power because they carried out the rituals to keep the gods happy
Powerful positions in the governments
Religion THEOCRACY - Government controlled
by a church or religion Military leaders worked in conjunction with
priests to keep the gods happy and provided a defense against enemies
Military leaders increased in power Became judges, made laws, supervised building
projects Collected taxes - earliest system of taxation
Labor for construction projects Part of harvest Used to pay for government and building projects
Economy and Society Technology was important
made work easier, faster and more efficient Bronze Age - Vessels, tool, weapons, longer lasting Farming improved
Develop use of irrigation through ditches and canals Fewer farms needed Excess food used for trading with merchants for goods
Barter Economy - Trading goods or services for something you need
Creates a demand for more specialized skills and goods Still used to some extent today
Social structure starts to change Social Classes - Defines a persons place in society Movement between classes
THEN --> No movement – born there die there NOW --> Movement is possible but still hard
Social Classes Kids generally took over
parents profession or occupation
Artisans - People with a specialized skill or trade Skilled Craftsperson
Indentured Servants - People working off debts
Family Women managed the family
Cared for children, prepared food, made clothing Probably invented weaving and pottery making Probably discovered plants could be grown from
seeds Increased women’s power and status as primary food
provider Lead to the Agricultural Revolution and drastic change
in the way people lived. As technology increased men became the
primary food providers and primary authorities in society
Important Point to Note Although civilization developed in
different areas and at different times there was still limited contact between them Trading Migration Wars Brought a spread of ideas, skills, and a
diversity of culture – Cultural Diffusion
The End