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Emergence of a New World1500 - 1800
NEW ENCOUNTERS: THE CREATION OF A WORLD
MARKET
Ch. 14
General Focus Questions
• How did Portugal and Span acquire their overseas empires, and how did their methods differ?
• What were some of the consequences of the arrival of the European traders and missionaries for the peoples of Asia and the Americas?
• What were the main features of the African Slave trade and what effects did European participation have on traditional African practices?
General Identifications
• Columbian Exchange• Factors of European Domination• Islam & Spice Trade/Malacca• Paramesvara & Converso• Malian Empire & Mansa Musa• Alfonso de Albuquerque/Malacca• Vasco de Gama/Prince Henry/ Africa• Spanish/Americas• Bull Romanus Pontifex/Bull intercaeterus
Context
• 16th – 18th C several factors contributed to creating the conditions of our time:
• Extension of Maritime Trade– The Chinese in East Africa– Portuguese and Spanish in Africa & the
Americas
• Emergence of a global economic network• Rise of European Capitalism
Columbian Exchange: Why is the age of Columbus a crucial period in world History?
• Marked the end of isolation of the western hemisphere
• Creation of first global network – Transmission of commodities, ideas, plants,
diseases– Increased trade & manufacturing
• Major economic changes in Europe
• The west emerged as the dominant world power
What factors allowed Europeans to Dominate?
• Technology– Improvements in Navigation, Ship building,
Weaponry• Based on earlier achievements of china, India and the
middle east
• Desire for unfettered economic gain• Religious Zeal, political conflict between
Christendom & Islam• Europe’s Political stability, sources of Capital
& modernizing elite
Islam and the Spice TradeAsia and Africa
• Focus Question:– Where were the early centers of trade and
influence between the 13th and 16th Centuries– How did Muslim Merchants expand the world
trade network in the late 1400s?
• Identifications: – Malacca– Malian Empire & Mansa Musa– Songhai Kingdom & Sunni Ali
The Strait of Malacca
•13th C Muslims established trade in Sumatra and Java
•14th C Muslim merchants monopolized the spice trade
•15th C The Sultanate Paramesvara established operations at Malacca to expand trade and influence
•Vassal of China under Ming Dynasty (Zenghe)•Converso (Islam)
•16th C Malacca was the leading economic power in the region
• Spread of Islam •South East Asia
Malian Empire 14th -15th C
• Early Islamic Influence in West Africa
• Malian Empire under Mansa Musa
• 14th C Musa made Haj to Mecca– Islamic Merchants transmitted
• Islamic values• Political culture• Legal traditions• Trade items
– Continued to expand into west Africa
Trans-Saharan Trade Routes
1. One of the keys to the trans-Saharan trade was Carthage, established about 813 B.C.E. in North Africa by Phoenicia. Carthage did not directly carry out the African trade but used the nomadic Berbers as intermediaries. Utilizing camels that were domesticated sometime at the beginning of the Christian era, the traders could move about 500 pounds for each animal and travel around twenty-five miles a day. Merchants usually walked and guided the animals. Travel, which could last three months, was predominantly at night since the desert day temperatures reached well over a hundred degrees while the low at night would be in the twenties. One caravan in the fourteenth century reportedly contained 12,000 camels. After about the fifth century the Berbers adapted the saddle for the camel thereby giving them powerful political and military advantage, especially in controlling the trade routes.
2. Ancient trade routes included trans-Saharan links between North Africa and the Nile River. There was also an ancient route connecting the Nile and Niger Rivers. Since at least 130 B.C.E West Africa shipped north and east gold, precious stones, cola nuts, slaves, and wild animals. In turn, horses, cattle, millet, leather, cloth, and weapons came from the north.
3. One of the most important areas of West Africa was Ghana with its capital at Saleh, a city of 15,000-20,000 by the twelfth century. Emerging in the fifth century C.E. north of the Senegal and Niger Rivers, it was located near one of the richest gold producing areas in Africa. The gold was procured from neighboring people and transported to Marrakech and Morocco where it was distributed to the northern world. Ghana also exported to the Mediterranean ivory, ostrich feathers, hides, leather goods, and ultimately slaves. In 992 Ghana captured the Berber town of Awdaghast which gave it control of the southern portion of the major trans-Saharan trade routes. By the thirteenth century, Ghana was destroyed and in its place grew several states including Mali, Songhai, Kanem-Bornu, and the Hausa. Mali extended from the Atlantic coast to the Niger River. Timbuktu was not only one of the main trading centers from which gold was traded to build the power of wealth of Mali but also by the fifteenth century had developed into a great center of scholarship and learning. Songhai, at the eastern end of the Niger, was under Mali's control until 1375. By the late fifteenth century Songhai dominated the entire upper Niger and had captured Timbuktu. Under Songhai the trans-Saharan trade reached its height focusing on gold and other commodities of West Africa such as slaves and ivory. At the end of the sixteenth century Songhai collapsed. The fourth significant state was Kanem-Bornu near Lake Chad. Kanem from 1100 to 1500 controlled the trade routes north to the Mediterranean and east to the Nile. In the fifteenth century power shifted to Bornu.
Question:1. What was the relationship between the growth of empire and trade?
Trans-Saharan Trade Routes
1. One of the keys to the trans-Saharan trade was Carthage, established about 813 B.C.E. in North Africa by Phoenicia. Carthage did not directly carry out the African trade but used the nomadic Berbers as intermediaries. Utilizing camels that were domesticated sometime at the beginning of the Christian era, the traders could move about 500 pounds for each animal and travel around twenty-five miles a day. Merchants usually walked and guided the animals. Travel, which could last three months, was predominantly at night since the desert day temperatures reached well over a hundred degrees while the low at night would be in the twenties. One caravan in the fourteenth century reportedly contained 12,000 camels. After about the fifth century the Berbers adapted the saddle for the camel thereby giving them powerful political and military advantage, especially in controlling the trade routes.
2. Ancient trade routes included trans-Saharan links between North Africa and the Nile River. There was also an ancient route connecting the Nile and Niger Rivers. Since at least 130 B.C.E West Africa shipped north and east gold, precious stones, cola nuts, slaves, and wild animals. In turn, horses, cattle, millet, leather, cloth, and weapons came from the north.
3. One of the most important areas of West Africa was Ghana with its capital at Saleh, a city of 15,000-20,000 by the twelfth century. Emerging in the fifth century C.E. north of the Senegal and Niger Rivers, it was located near one of the richest gold producing areas in Africa. The gold was procured from neighboring people and transported to Marrakech and Morocco where it was distributed to the northern world. Ghana also exported to the Mediterranean ivory, ostrich feathers, hides, leather goods, and ultimately slaves. In 992 Ghana captured the Berber town of Awdaghast which gave it control of the southern portion of the major trans-Saharan trade routes. By the thirteenth century, Ghana was destroyed and in its place grew several states including Mali, Songhai, Kanem-Bornu, and the Hausa. Mali extended from the Atlantic coast to the Niger River. Timbuktu was not only one of the main trading centers from which gold was traded to build the power of wealth of Mali but also by the fifteenth century had developed into a great center of scholarship and learning. Songhai, at the eastern end of the Niger, was under Mali's control until 1375. By the late fifteenth century Songhai dominated the entire upper Niger and had captured Timbuktu. Under Songhai the trans-Saharan trade reached its height focusing on gold and other commodities of West Africa such as slaves and ivory. At the end of the sixteenth century Songhai collapsed. The fourth significant state was Kanem-Bornu near Lake Chad. Kanem from 1100 to 1500 controlled the trade routes north to the Mediterranean and east to the Nile. In the fifteenth century power shifted to Bornu.
Question:1. What was the relationship between the growth of empire and trade?
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Trans-Saharan Trade Routes
14
The Songhai Kingdom, 15th C• Sunni Ali 1464 – 1492
forged new Empire– Restored influence of trading
centers• Jenne and Timbuktu
– system of provincial administration
– Extended boundaries, by mid 1500’s dominated Central Sudan
The Songhai Empire•.
African Empires
• 16th C Kingdom of Songhai dominated most of western Africa– Under Muslim rule city of Tombouctou in
modern day Mali– Great commercial center & cultural center– Major university– Declined in 1591 with Morocan forces seizing
the city and taking control of the gold trade
Timbuktu• Great Sankore mosque– Library– University– Scholars, Jurists,
Theologians– Book symbolized the
Islamic world• Book trade, most
lucrative Business in Timbuktu
The Portuguese Maritime Empire
• Focus Question: – Why were the Portuguese so successful in
taking over the spice Trade?
• Identifications:– God, Glory and Gold Vasco De Gama– Crusading Mentality Alfonso de Albuquerque– Technological Exchange– Prince Henry Institutions of Conquest– Gold Coast
“God, Glory and Gold”
• Motives for European Exploration– Rise of Capitalism in Europe– Sought precious metals, spices and spheres
of influence for trade– Conversions (justification?)
• Crusading mentality– Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal and Hernan
Cortes of Spain
Crusades & Crusading Mentality
• 1,000’s of years of invasion for commercial interest
• 711 Moors defeat last Gothic/Christian King– Muslim Contributions to Europe
• science, arts and letters• Cordoba, Spain – intellectual showplace from
which knowledge & ideas flowed into christian lands
Crusades
• Crusades beginning in 1095 beginning 600-700 years of struggle– Crusades – series of military campaigns waged
by Christians– Castilian way of life, Class of warrior nobles– Land & Labor– Crusading Mentality
• Valued war• Valued accumulated wealth• Sense of Religious superiority• Sense of Religious Mission
Crusades Mentality
• Crusades Mentality – Begin to identify expansion with conquest of
peoples rather than trade– Led exploration over seas– formed the rationalization for conquest and
invaders assumed an innate and absolute superiority over all other people because of divine endowment
– Religion – tool of conquest
Technological Exchange allowed for European travel
• 1. New Map technology– Cartography: 15th C took into account the
curvature of the earth – Portolani: detailed charts made buy medieval navigators
and mathematicians, 13th/14th C
© The Art Archive/Museo de la Torre del Oro, Seville/Gianni Dagli Orti
2. Sea worthy Ships or Caravels •Sternpost Rudder (Chinese)•Lateen Sails with a square rig
© The Art Archive/Marine Museum, Lisbon/Gianni Dagli Orti
3. Navigational techniques• Compass (Chinese),• Astrolabe (Arab),• Knowledge of Wind Patterns
Portuguese in Africa
• Led European expansion in Africa–Prince Henry of Portugal
–His Objectives:• Find Christian kingdom to ally against Islam• Expand Trade• Expand Christianity
Trade in Humans
• 1441 Portuguese ships reached the Senegal River
• Exported first human cargo to Lisboa
• 1443, 1,000 people were being enslaved– Circumvented the traditional trans-Saharan
slave route from central Africa to the Mediterranean
Ivory Mask from Benin
•1471 New source of gold “Gold Coast”
•Contact with Bakongo state – Congo river
•State of Benin – inland–Trade in gold, ivory and humans
–15th C Benin grew powerful
© British Museum, London/HIP/Art Resource, NY
Portuguese in India
• Maritime Contact– 1487 Captain Bartolomeu Dias sailed to the
Cape of Good Hope – 1497 Vasco De Gama stopped at Muslim ports
of Sofala, Kilwa and Mombasa• Continued through the Arabian Sea
• Arrived in Calicut, India
• Objectives– Destroy Muslim monopoly over spice trade– Calicut major hub of spice trade
Fort Jesus at Mombasa© William J. Duiker
The port of Calicut, India, in the mid-1500s
© Mary Evans Picture Library/The Image Works
Began the European takeover of existing trade routes
Began colonization Of Africa, Asia, andthe Americas
The Spice Islands
•15th C PortugueseSeized control of spice Trade from Muslim Merchants
•1511 Afonso de Albuquerque•Gained control of Malacca•Massacred local Arab Population
Institutions of Conquest:FortsFactoryChurchNotable brutality
European Voyages and Possessions in the 16th & 17th C
Spain’s Challenge to Portuguese Expansion
• Identifications:– Treaty of Tordesillas– Cortez, the Tlaxcalans & Monteczuma– Columbus, Arawak/Taino & De Las Casas– Institutions of conquest– Pizarro and Inca Atahualpa
Empire Building• Pope Nicholas V, 1452 – Bull Romanus
Pontifex “to capture & Vanquish and subdue the Saracens, pagans & other enemies of Christ, to put them into perpetual slavery & to take all their possessions & property” – Declared war against all non Christians, – Sanctified slavery and exploitation– Promoted conquest & exploitation of people and
their land• Canary Islands 1400-1490s• extermination of Guanches
Intercaeteras
• 1493 Pope Alexander VI issued a Bull, Intercaeteras – dividing all non Christian lands between Spain
and Portugal.– Castile – exclusive right acquire territory,
trade west of the meridian
Treaty of Tordesillas
• 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas –– Divided western hemisphere into Portuguese
and Spanish spheres of influence– route east around the Cape of Good Hope
(Portuguese)– The route across the Atlantic (Spanish)
Bull Intercaeteras & Treaty of
Tordesillas
14931494
Western Hemisphere from Mexico South becomes Spanish “Sphere of Influence”
Institutions of Conquest
• Enslavement & Exploitation• Mission System (Presidio, pueblo, Missions,
Rancho) • Encomienda –
– Number of Indians entrusted to an encomendero for labor
– civilization and Christianization – uprooted to work and die in the mines, plantations
and public works
Columbus
Christopher Columbus has recently become a controversial figure in world history. Why do you think this is so, and how would you evaluate his contribution to the modern world?
– Heroification– Motives– Impact on Taino/Arawak
Massacre of the IndiansCollections of the Library of Congress, USA
Taino/Arawak Population of today’s Haiti
• At Contact, 8,000,000 +/- • Traditional texts count 100,000 to one million
• Today 8,000,000 +/-
• Following Spanish Colonization, within the first 10 years – 1570: Population reduced to 100’s– 1600: Population 0
Bartholome De Las cases
• Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies– First protests against the excesses of
European colonization• Argued against the legalism’s that conferred upon
the Castilian crown the right to exploit the labor and resources of the indigenous peoples of Americas
• Behavior of colonists gave reasons for Christianity to be loathed and abominated by people
European Settlements in the West Indies
The Arrival of Herna´n Corte´s in Mexico
Mayan City – Pre-Aztec
New World Exploits: Mesoamerica
• Aztec Empire• Cortez entered Tenochtitlan in 1519 • Montezuma held prisoner• Disease & Tlaxcalans
Aztec Court
Tenochtitlan
Cortez meets with Monteczuma
Cortez & Tlaxcalans
Spanish Perspective of Conquest
Copyright © North Wind Picture Archives
Aztec Perspective of Conquest
© Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY
New World Exploits: Andes
• Inca Empire• 8-12 million people of Inca Empire• Advanced in city planning, sciences, agriculture,
art…• Cotton Textiles pre-date fertile crescent• 1531 Francisco Pizarro enters Cuzco• Inca Atahualpa• Disease & civil strife
Impact of European Expansion
• Focus Questions:– What were some of the Consequences of the
arrival of the European Traders and Missionaries for the peoples of Asia and the Americas?
• Identifications:– Genocide– Eurocentric perspective– Columbian Exchange – The Rise of Capitalism
Columbian Exchange: Impact• Disease• Indigenous population decline• Perpetuation of Eurocentric perspective
– White/European superiority complex
• Gold and silver exports from the Americas quadrupled imports into Europe between 1503 – 1650– Price revolution and economic revolution in Spanish
economy– Creation of 1st and 3rd worlds
Demographic Impact of Contact
• 1492: 100-300 million people in western hemisphere
• Epidemic Disease killed 65% - 100% of populations
The Columbian ExchangeNew World gets:• Diseases: bubonic
plague, pneumonic plague, tuberculosis, small pox, measles, chicken pox, cholera, influenza, typhus
• Plants: mainly cultigens (weeds), citrus fruits, grapes, wheat
• Animals: pigs, horses, sheep, cattle, goats and rats
New World gives:• Diseases: syphilis
(debated) • Plants: corn,
beans, squash, potatoes, peanuts, tobacco…
• Animals: turkey
Patterns of World Trade Between 1500 and 1800
Manioc, Cassava or Yucca Food for the Millions
© William J. Duiker
The Rise of Capitalism
• Sugar, dyes, cotton, vanilla, hides, potatoes, cacao, corn, manioc, Tobacco, Spices, jewels, silk, carpets, ivory, leather, perfumes– influenced the economy, trade and diet of
Europe– played a crucial role in the rise of commercial
capitalism and the modern global economy– Increased European imperial rivalry
• English and Dutch began challenging Iberian power
Africa In Transition• Focus Question:
– What were the main features of the African Slave trade, and what effects did European participation have on traditional African practices?
• Identifications: – East Indian Company – Dutch East Indian Company– Impact and Rationalization of Chattel slavery– African Intermediaries– Middle Passage
Portuguese in Africa• Francisco de Almeida
– East African Port cities: Kilwa, Sofala, Mombasa
• Built forts along the coast
• Take monopoly on gold trade away from the Shona people of Zimbabwe under the dynasty of Mwene Metapa– 1561 opened treaty relations– Jesuit priests posted to court– Land grants expanded influence
• Resulted in Colony of Mozambique
Imperial Rivalries
• Imperial challenges to Portugal– Spain acquired the Philippines following the
voyages of Ferdinand Magellan in 1529– England sent the first expedition to the Indies in
1591• 1600 the (English) East Indian Company
• Began expanding Influence
– Dutch arrived in Indian 1595• 1621 established the Dutch East India Company
• Challenged Portuguese and English possessions
Dutch in South Africa
• Dutch arrived in South Africa– 1652 established a way station a the Cape of
Good Hope• Base for fleets in Route to the East Indies
• Dutch Boers– Afrikaans dialect– Threatened African and Portuguese control
• Hegemony until 1992
Trans Atlantic Slavery
• 1450 – Portuguese Slave Factories– Madeira Islands, Azores, Cape Verde, Sao
Tome
• West & Central Africa – Malian Empire in decline by 1550– 200 warring states
• Agricultural population, skilled craftsmen• Acquired by Portuguese raiding villages, later
through African warring
Fort Jesus at Mombasa© William J. Duiker
•
Birth of Trans Atlantic African Slavery
• Middle Passage– Journey from Africa to the Americas– 1/3 of those enslaved died en route
• Conditions, disease, malnourishment, suicide, infanticide
• 20% children• Majority of enslaved were male
• 1518, First enslaved Africans shipped by the Spanish to the Americas
Slave Traders
• Traditionally enslaved peoples were those captured in war or had inherited their status
• European demand increased,– local African slave traders began moving
inland and kidnapping people from villages.– African Intermediaries (private merchants,
local elites and trading state monopolies)• active in acquiring more enslaved peoples,
dictating price, volume and availability of slaves to European purchasers)
•Gore’e off the coast of Senegal, near Cape Verde was a gateway to slavery. 12 million Africans were shipped to all parts of the world by the Portuguese, Dutch, British and French © William J. Duiker
The sign by the doorway reads, ‘‘From this door, they would embark on a voyage with no return, eyes fixed on an infinity of
suffering.’’•Sugar cultivation throughout the Americas fueled the rise of the
European Trans Atlantic Chattel slavery system © William J. Duiker
Growth of Slavery
• 16th C 275,000 people exported, 2/3 to the Americas
» 1,000/year to colonies
• 17th C >million people exported» 20,000/year to Colonies
• 18th C >6 million people exported» 60,000/year to Colonies/America
– 16Th C – 19Th C 21 million taken» 12 million people exported
17th C The Slave Trade routes
Rationalization
• Traders carried on an ancient tradition that had existed in the Mediterranean and African world
• Exposed “savages” to Christianity
• Would be able to replace Indian workers with African – (mortality and destruction of indigenous
peoples)– De Las Casas
European Chattel Slavery
• Endless toil to produce staple crops• Inherited position• Chattel conditions• Inhumane status, rape & torture
– Rulers of the Congo & Christian Kingdom of Benin – tried to end cruelty of European enslavement
• became victims when they began to protest the trade
Impact of African Enslavement
• Depopulation in some regions: – modern day Angola and East Africa
• Political and Social Structures on a changing continent: – Western economic penetration of Africa –
dislocating effects:– Importation of manufactured goods from
Europe undermined the foundations of local cottage industries and impoverished families
Impact• Demand for slaves and introduction of
firearms intensified political instability and civil strife– Weakening of Songhai trade empire and
eventual conquest by Morocco– Competition and civil strife between introduced
religions • Islam and later Christianity and traditional traditions• In West Africa: decline and collapse of Mwene
Metapa
A French Pepper PlantationSouthern India
•One of the most sought after spices found in Asia and Indonesia
© The Art Archive/Bibliothe`que Nationale, Paris
The Rise of the West
• Imperial Rivalries for control of the Spice trade: Portuguese, Spain, Dutch, English and French
• Dutch East India Company consolidated military and political power over spice trade in Indonesia by 18th C
• The Mainland resisted encroachment– Burma, Thailand, Vietnam