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1 Emerald ash borer management plan* AshTown, Ontario March, 2013 *This emerald ash borer management plan, for the fictional town of AshTown, Ontario, is for illustrative purposes only. AshTown is located in a region of Ontario currently not known to have emerald ash borer (EAB) infestation.

Emeraldashborer(management(plan*( AshTown,(Ontario( March,(2013( - invasive insects · 2014-12-11 · tableof(contents(executivesummary! 3! background! 4! history!of!emerald!ashborer!

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Page 1: Emeraldashborer(management(plan*( AshTown,(Ontario( March,(2013( - invasive insects · 2014-12-11 · tableof(contents(executivesummary! 3! background! 4! history!of!emerald!ashborer!

 

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Emerald  ash  borer  management  plan*    

AshTown,  Ontario    

March,  2013                

*This  emerald  ash  borer  management  plan,  for  the  fictional  town  of  AshTown,  Ontario,  is  for  illustrative  purposes  only.  AshTown  is  located  in  a  region  of  Ontario  currently  not  known  to  have  emerald  ash  borer  (EAB)  infestation.    

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Table  of  Contents  

EXECUTIVE  SUMMARY   3  

BACKGROUND   4  HISTORY  OF  EMERALD  ASH  BORER   4  IMPACT  OF  EAB  IN  URBAN  ENVIRONMENTS   4  POTENTIAL  IMPACTS  OF  EAB  IN  ASHTOWN   5  EAB  BIOLOGY   5  ROLES  AND  RESPONSIBILITIES   7  MANAGEMENT  OPTIONS   7  

GOALS  AND  OBJECTIVES  OF  THE  EAB  MANAGEMENT  PLAN   8  

SCOPE  OF  THE  PLAN   8  

MANAGEMENT  PLAN  COMPONENTS:   8  INVENTORY   8  SURVEILLANCE   9  PRIORITIES  AND  PLAN  OF  ACTION   10  

IMPLEMENTATION   13  

COMMUNICATIONS  PLAN   13  

PUBLIC  EDUCATION  AND  OUTREACH   13  

BUDGET  AND  TIMELINE   15  

REFERENCES   16        

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Executive  summary    

AshTown  Ontario  has  an  abundance  of  ash  trees  on  its  streets,  in  its  woodlots  and  on  private  property.  These  trees  are  threatened  with  the  imminent  arrival  of  an  invasive  beetle,  the  emerald  ash  borer  (EAB).  This  insect  has  killed  millions  of  trees  in  eastern  North  America  since  its  discovery  in  2002.      The  Town  has  an  estimated  25%  ash  in  its  urban  canopy.  Like  other  trees,  these  ash  trees  provide  a  range  of  economic,  ecological  and  aesthetic  benefits  to  Town  residents.  The  financial  costs  to  the  Town  of  managing  EAB-­‐killed  ash  will  be  considerable.  This  impact  may  be  mitigated  through  a  timely  EAB  management  plan  identifying  the  approach  and  plan  of  action  for  addressing  this  threat.    There  is  no  evidence  that  EAB  is  currently  infesting  trees  in  the  Town,  however,  the  beetle  is  expected  to  arrive  within  four  years.  This  allows  time  to  conduct  a  street  tree  inventory,  which  will  permit  the  planning,  and  implementation  of  an  EAB  management  program  that  provides  the  best  combination  of  costs  and  benefits.  This  proposed  plan  will  guide  the  municipal  response  to  EAB  including  the  treatment  of  a  proportion  of  ash  trees  to  preserve  tree  canopy,  removal  of  remaining  ash  trees  with  replacement  using  other  tree  species,  ash  biomass  disposal,  and  municipal  communications  and  outreach  strategie

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Background  

History  of  emerald  ash  borer  Emerald  ash  borer  (EAB)  is  a  wood-­‐boring  beetle  native  to  eastern  China,  Japan,  Korea  and  Russia,  however,  it  is  uncommon  outside  of  China  [1-­‐3].    In  its  native  range  EAB  prefers  declining  trees  and  trees  at  forest  edges,  but  attacks  healthy  trees  as  well,  occasionally  causing  more  severe  stand  damage  [4].      EAB  arrived  accidentally  in  North  America,  probably  transported  in  wood  packing  material  (pallets,  crates  etc.)  [5].  It  was  first  identified  in  Michigan  in  2002  [5]  and  Canadian  authorities  were  then  contacted  and  efforts  were  made  to  locate  the  insect  in  Canada;  it  was  detected  in  Windsor,  Ontario  in  the  same  year  [6].  By  the  time  EAB  was  discovered  in  North  America  there  were  already  millions  of  trees  affected  by  it  [5],  suggesting  that  the  insect  had  been  in  this  region  for  at  least  ten  years  before  it  was  first  found.  Despite  large-­‐scale  attempts  by  Canadian  Food  Inspection  Agency  (CFIA)  to  stop  the  spread  of  this  insect  into  the  rest  of  Ontario,  the  beetle  quickly  expanded  its  range,  probably  aided  by  the  movement  of  infested  wood  and  nursery  stock  [5,  7].  It  is  now  (as  of  2013)  present  through  much  of  southwestern  and  eastern  Ontario,  with  areas  of  infestation  in  northern  Ontario  and  Quebec.  

Impact  of  EAB  in  urban  environments  In  North  America,  EAB  attacks  and  kills  most  ash  regardless  of  their  species,  health,  size  or  location,  and  within  six  years  of  the  initial  detection  of  EAB  in  an  area  most  ash  will  be  dead.  The  financial  impact  (in  2010  currency)  in  urban  centres  will  be  upward  of  $890  million  dollars  in  the  next  30  years  for  the  cost  of  treating  trees  with  insecticide,  and  removing  and  replacing  dead  ones  [8].  In  addition  to  the  economic  impacts,  trees  in  urban  areas  perform  a  variety  of  functions  including  reducing  household  energy  use,  water  management,  improving  air  quality,  and  have  aesthetic  benefits  that  are  harder  to  quantify.  The  loss  of  ash  has  been  also  been  linked  to  increased  death  rates  in  EAB-­‐infested  areas  of  the  US  [9].  Public  safety  is  of  concern  since  ash  trees  deteriorate  rapidly  after  death,  and  can  quickly  become  hazardous  [10].  The  impact  of  ash  mortality  in  urban  areas,  especially  where  a  high  proportion  of  ash  are  planted,  could  be  profound.      Loss  of  ash  in  urban  woodlots  will  have  significant  ecological  impact  where  ash  forms  a  large  component  of  the  stand.  Studies  show  that  98%  of  ash  trees  in  forest  ecosystems  die  within  six  years  of  initial  EAB  attack  [11].  Impacts  of  this  include  biodiversity  loss,  altered  hydrology,  habitat  loss,  air  quality  changes  and  increased  fire  risk.  The  effects  of  this  could  be  especially  significant  in  riparian  forests  where  the  loss  of  a  substantial  portion  of  the  forest  could  result  in  increased  stream  bank  erosion,  altered  stream  water  quality  and  loss  of  shoreline  habitats  [12].  Invasive  understory  plant  species  such  as  buckthorn  outcompete  other  tree  species  in  the  understory  [13];  with  the  loss  of  ash,  these  invasive  species  may  become  dominant.  Because  of  this  insect’s  ability  to  attack  and  kill  all  age  and  size  classes  of  ash  including  larger  saplings  (>  3cm  dbh)  the  ash  seed  bank  in  affected  forests  will  be  lost;  this  phenomenon  is  already  evident  in  some  Michigan  forests  [14,  15].  Also  of  concern  is  

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public  safety  for  users  of  walking  and  cycling  trails  through  these  woodlots  when  ash  tree  die  and  fall  apart.  

Potential  impacts  of  EAB  in  AshTown  EAB  is  not  known  to  be  present  in  AshTown;  as  of  this  date,  the  nearest  known  infestation  is  100  km  south.  Using  the  estimated  natural  dispersal  rate  of  EAB  of  up  to  20km  per  year,  we  anticipate  EAB  to  arrive  in  AshTown  within  five  years.  Movement  of  infested  ash  material  may  cause  EAB  to  arrive  earlier.    The  impact  of  EAB  on  AshTown  will  be  considerable.  Although  there  is  no  current  tree  inventory  for  the  town  a  high  proportion  of  street  trees  are  ash,  and  there  are  numerous  ash  trees  in  municipal  parks  and  woodlots,  as  well  as  on  private  property.  In  addition  to  the  financial  costs  to  the  municipality  for  managing  ash  trees  on  public  property,  there  will  be  considerable  economic  pressures  on  homeowners  to  treat  ash  trees  with  insecticide  or  remove  EAB-­‐infested  trees  on  their  property.  Increased  heating  and  cooling  costs  are  anticipated  for  homeowners  and  businesses  that  lose  ash  shade  trees.  Increased  storm  water  runoff  could  overload  existing  infrastructure  and  cause  local  flooding.  Loss  of  recreational  opportunities  may  occur  if  hiking,  cycling  and  cross  country  ski  trails  need  to  be  closed  in  municipal  parks  and  woodlots  because  of  ash  hazard  trees  near  the  trails.      

EAB  Biology  

EAB  lifecycle    Adult  EAB  are  a  metallic  green  beetle,  about  13mm  long.  The  male  and  female  beetles  look  similar  to  each  other.  After  mating,  and  feeding  on  ash  leaves  the  female  beetle  lays  eggs  individually  in  bark  crevices  or  slits,  or  under  bark  flaps  [4].  The  tiny,  oval  eggs  (about  1.2  mm  long)  and  are  well  hidden,  so  they  are  difficult  to  detect  [4].  They  are  white  when  they  are  first  laid  but  turn  brown  after  a  few  days  [4].      Larvae  hatch  from  the  eggs  after  approximately  2-­‐2.5  weeks;  the  larvae  are  translucent  white,  flattened,  relatively  thin  and  have  ten  trapezoidal  segments  the  last  one  having  two  dark  brown  spines  [4].  The  young  larva  bores  through  the  tree  bark  into  the  phloem  tissue  (the  inner  bark  layer)  of  the  tree  where  it  feeds  throughout  its  larval  stage  [4].  The  entire  larval  stage  lasts  300  days  or  more  [4].  At  later  stages,  larvae  bore  into  the  sapwood  or  into  the  bark  (approx.  1-­‐7mm  deep)  to  overwinter  and  to  pupate  [4,  6].      After  the  pupal  stage  (lasting  5-­‐13  days  [4])  is  completed,  the  adult  beetle  emerges.  Adults  emerge  in  the  spring,  boring  out  of  the  overwintering  chamber  and  through  the  tree  bark.  Adults  live  two  to  three  weeks.    The  entire  EAB  lifespan  usually  lasts  one  year,  but  some  EAB  require  two  years  to  develop  [5,  16].  Two-­‐year  development  is  common  at  locations  with  lower  populations  of  the  insect;  conversely,  larvae  develop  more  quickly  in  stressed  ash  trees  [16].  Other  factors  such  as  climate  could  also  affect  the  beetle’s  development  time.  The  one-­‐year  life  cycle  results  in  faster  population  growth  than  the  two-­‐year.  

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Damage  and  symptoms  Signs  and  symptoms  of  EAB  are  usually  not  noticeable  until  the  tree  has  been  infested  for  a  year  or  more.  At  early  stages  of  infestation,  the  beetle  usually  attacks  the  upper  trunk  of  the  tree  and  the  lower  parts  of  the  main  branches,  so  signs  of  the  insect  may  difficult  to  detect.  In  successive  attacks  the  insect  activity  is  found  lower  on  the  trunk,  but  this  is  often  seen  after  the  tree  is  already  symptomatic  and  declining  [5,6].      It  is  the  larval  stage  of  the  beetle  damages  and  eventually  kills  the  tree.  Larvae  feed  on  the  phloem  (inner  bark)  tissue,  which  conducts  nutrients  throughout  the  tree,  and  when  this  tissue  is  destroyed  the  tree  is  harmed  and  eventually  killed.  Larvae  feed  in  the  in  a  serpentine  pattern  either  up  or  down  the  tree  typically  leaving  an  S-­‐shaped  gallery  in  their  wake  [4];  this  gallery  is  distinctive  and  when  found  under  ash  bark  is  a  good  indicator  that  the  tree  is  infested  by  EAB.  Woodpeckers  feeding  on  the  EAB  larvae  leave  distinctive  evidence  –  they  peel  layers  of  bark  off  of  the  tree  when  foraging  for  larvae  (flecking)  and  holes  are  evident  where  the  woodpecker  has  extracted  EAB  larvae  or  pupae.  Woodpecker  damage  is  often  the  first  noticeable  sign  that  EAB  has  infested  a  tree.    When  adult  beetles  emerge  from  the  tree  they  tunnel  their  way  through  the  bark.  This  leaves  a  distinctive  D-­‐shape  exit  hole  (approx.  3.6  mm  by  2.8  mm  [4]),  evident  from  the  outside  of  the  tree.  The  first  exit  holes  appear  a  year  or  more  after  the  tree  has  first  been  infested.  If  EAB  density  is  low,  it  can  be  difficult  to  see  these  exit  holes  at  the  top  of  the  tree  without  binoculars  or  a  spotting  scope.  After  emergence,  adult  EAB  feed  on  ash  leaves,  this  feeding  is  visible  on  the  edges  of  leaves  but  the  adult  beetle  does  not  eat  much  so  the  feeding  damage  isn’t  extensive  [4].      Trees  that  are  successfully  attacked  by  EAB  will  start  to  show  symptoms  of  stress  or  decline.  The  tree  crown  may  start  to  thin  the  year  following  the  first  EAB  attack  [6]  starting  at  the  top  of  the  tree  and  becoming  progressively  worse  over  time.  Epicormic  shoots  grow  from  the  base  of  the  tree,  or  sometimes  from  the  trunk,  when  trees  are  stressed,  dying  or  already  dead.    Vertically-­‐oriented  splits  in  the  bark  (5-­‐10  cm  long)  occur  over  EAB  larval  galleries.  

EAB  host  trees  In  North  America,  EAB  attacks  and  kills  most  ash  regardless  of  their  species,  health,  size  or  location.  North  American  ash  species  are  less  resistant  to  EAB  attack  than  native  Asian  ash  species  [17,  18].  All  native  North  American  ash  species,  with  the  possible  exception  of  blue  ash,  are  vulnerable  [17,  19].  European  ash  and  Manchurian  ash  hybrids  planted  in  some  urban  areas  in  North  America  are  also  expected  to  be  susceptible.  Although  EAB  has  been  reported  to  infest  non-­‐ash  tree  species  in  Japan,  this  is  not  seen  in  China  where  the  beetle  is  more  common  [6],  nor  have  non-­‐ash  species  been  found  infested  in  North  America  to  date.  It  is  unlikely  that  the  beetle  will  begin  to  attack  non-­‐ash  species  here.    All  saplings  and  trees  greater  than  3-­‐4  cm  dbh  are  considered  vulnerable  to  EAB  [14,  20].    

Ash  mortality  Most,  if  not  all,  urban  ash  trees  are  vulnerable  to  EAB  attack.  These  trees  will  die  within  a  few  years  (1-­‐4)  of  attack,  unless  the  trees  are  treated  with  an  appropriate  insecticide  either  

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prior  to  initial  attack,  or  at  very  early  stages.  The  proportion  of  EAB  infested  trees  within  a  municipality  increases  slowly  in  the  first  but  after  the  first  few  years,  infestation  rates  increase  exponentially.  Without  a  proactive  approach,  municipal  resources  will  be  overwhelmed  at  later  stages  of  infestation.  Currently  there  are  no  other  pest  management  options  for  this  pest.  

Roles  and  responsibilities  All  levels  of  government  and  all  landowners  have  roles  and  responsibilities  in  managing  EAB.  

Federal    The  CFIA,  via  its  plant  protection  program,  is  responsible  for  preventing  the  introduction  and  spread  of  plant  pests.  Because  EAB  is  now  established  in  Canada  and  cannot  be  eradicated,  the  CFIA  has  enacted  federal  regulatory  measures  to  slow  the  spread  of  EAB  through  the  rest  of  Canada.  A  ministerial  order  is  in  place  that  prohibits  the  movement  of  ash  materials,  unless  treated  or  processed  in  a  manner  approved  by  the  CFIA,  from  regulated  regions  of  Ontario  and  Quebec  to  uninfested  regions.  

Provincial    The  Ontario  Ministry  of  Natural  Resources  is  responsible  for  forest  health.  This  includes  forest  health  monitoring,  conducting  or  facilitating  research,  knowledge  transfer,  policy  development,  crown-­‐forest  management  and  conducting  control  programs  when  appropriate.  

Municipal  Municipalities  are  responsible  for  managing  their  tree  resources  and  mitigating  risk  to  the  public  associated  with  hazard  trees.  

Private  property  owners  Private  property  owners  are  responsible  for  maintaining  trees  on  their  private  property.  This  can  be  costly,  and  may  be  a  significant  financial  burden  for  some  property  owners.  Providing  property  owners  with  information  to  help  them  determine  if  they  have  ash  trees  on  their  property,  and  if  so,  their  treatment  and  management  options  will  be  essential.  

Management  options  The  three  main  strategies  to  manage  for  EAB  are:  a  do-­‐nothing  approach,  a  treat-­‐all-­‐trees  approach  and  a  hybrid  between  the  two.  Regardless  of  the  approach,  there  will  be  significant  costs,  which  include  costs  for  tree  removal,  replacement  and  disposal,  and  costs  for  tree  treatment.  A  tree  inventory  and  ongoing  monitoring  for  tree  infestation  and  decline  is  required  no  matter  what  the  approach  in  order  to  plan  treatment  and/or  removals.    

1.  Do  nothing  approach  With  this  strategy  no  intervention  is  planned.  Ash  trees  are  treated  as  any  other  tree  species  and  are  removed  as  they  become  hazardous.  All  ash  trees  will  be  lost  with  this  approach,  and  mortality  rates  will  increase  exponentially  as  the  infestation  progresses.  The  costs  of  this  approach  are  low  at  first  but  when  ash  tree  mortality  starts  to  increase  exponentially  costs  can  become  considerable.  

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2.  Treat  all  ash  trees  In  this  approach,  all  suitable  ash  trees  are  treated.  Treatment  continues  on  a  biennial  basis  until  the  EAB  population  subsides  and  ash  trees  are  no  longer  at  risk.  This  strategy  requires  an  ongoing  commitment.  Over  time,  this  option  has  the  highest  financial  cost.  

3.  Targeted  canopy  conservation  A  combination  of  treating  a  portion  of  ash  trees  with  insecticide,  and  removals  of  the  remaining  trees  is  recommended.  With  this  method,  economic,  ecological  and  aesthetic  benefits  of  the  tree  canopy  are  retained,  and  costs  can  be  managed  over  time.  Smaller  and  less  robust  trees  can  be  replaced,  with  the  most  ideal  trees  receiving  treatment.  A  more  diverse  urban  forest  canopy  can  be  created  with  tree  replacements  using  a  range  of  species,  potentially  reducing  the  impact  of  future  invasive  species.  This  option  provides  the  best  combination  of  costs  and  benefits.  

Goals  and  objectives  of  the  EAB  management  plan  Ash  trees  comprise  a  significant  component  of  the  urban  forest  cover  in  the  Town.  Without  intervention,  EAB  will  kill  all  or  most  of  these  ash  trees  in  the  coming  years,  having  asignificant  economic,  ecological  and  social  effects  on  the  Town  and  its  residents.  By  being  proactive,  and  planning  for  EAB  the  Town  can  spread  the  costs  for  managing  EAB  over  a  longer  period  of  time,  and  potentially  reduce  overall  costs,  both  economic  and  ecological.  This  plan  aims  to  mitigate  these  impacts,  with  the  goals  to:    

• Manage  public  risk  and  liability  from  hazard  trees  • Distribute  urban  forestry  costs  associated  with  managing  

for  EAB  • Minimize  and  mitigate  social  and  environmental  impacts  

of  EAB  infestation  • Increase  urban  tree  species  diversity  

 

Scope  of  the  plan  This  plan  addresses  all  municipally  owned  street,  park  and  woodlot  ash  trees,  within  AshTown,  Ontario,  that  are  located  where  they  have  the  potential  to  become  a  risk  to  the  general  public.    

Management  plan  components:  

Inventory  A  subsample  drive-­‐through  (“windshield”)  survey  of  a  representative  sample  of  20%  of  the  Town’s  streets  shows  that  ash  species  make  up  about  25%  of  the  total  canopy,  and  maple  species  20%;  about  5%  of  the  maple  appear  to  have  significant  structural  issues.  This  indicates  a  high  potential  public  safety  and  liability  risk  to  the  Town  with  the  impending  arrival  of  EAB,  as  well  as  significant  economic  and  ecological  repercussions.    

Examples  of  other  possible  objectives:    • Identify  liability  associated  with  tree  death  •Minimizes  costs    •Manage  urban  canopy  cover    •Engage  community  in  urban  forest  conservation  •Public  outreach  plan  for  private  tree  issues  

   

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 The  town  will  arrange  for  a  complete  inventory  of  street  trees,  and  trees  in  maintained  areas  of  parks,  playgrounds  and  cemeteries.  This  inventory  will  provide  location,  tree  species,  tree  size  (dbh,  height,  canopy  width),  tree  condition  and  hazard  data  for  each  of  the  trees.  This  is  crucial  in  order  to  effectively  plan  for  impending  EAB  infestation,  to  efficiently  manage  non-­‐ash  trees,  and  to  plan  for  optimum  tree  diversity  in  future  re-­‐planting  programs.  It  is  critical  that  this  inventory  be  completed  within  one  year  so  that  planning  can  commence  and  additional  funding  to  augment  the  current  budget  can  be  sought.    There  will  be  no  formal  inventory  of  ash  in  municipal  woodlots  and  unmaintained  areas  of  parks.  Parks  staff  will  conduct  a  walk  through  assessment  of  existing  trails  to  determine  areas  where  ash  are  located  within  a  trees  length  of  the  trail.      Results  of  the  inventory  will  be  used  to  select  appropriate  ash  trees  for  treatment  and  to  identify  ash  trees  in  poor  condition  or  with  high  failure  potential  that  can  be  removed  and  replaced  before  EAB  arrives.  As  well,  non-­‐ash  trees  that  have  significant  hazard  potential  will  be  removed  and  re-­‐placed  prior  to  the  arrival  of  EAB,  which  is  expected  to  monopolize  the  Parks  budget  for  several  years  after  its  arrival.    After  completion  of  this  inventory,  it  will  be  essential  to  keep  this  inventory  up  to  date.  This  will  be  done  using  a  rolling  method  where  approximately  15%  will  be  assessed  each  year.    

Surveillance  The  Town  will  monitor  for  the  arrival  of  EAB  using  a  combination  of  methods.  Since  the  beetle  is  expected  to  infest  all  ash  trees  in  town  within  a  few  years  of  arrival,  no  delimitation  survey  is  planned.    Survey  trapping  will  be  conducted  in  high-­‐risk  areas  of  the  Town  beginning  in  the  spring  of  2013.  These  areas  will  include  the  block  of  Main  Street  between  3rd  and  4th  Avenue  where  there  are  a  number  of  ash  trees  in  poor  condition,  along  the  major  transportation  routes  through  town,  and  near  the  tree  nurseries  at  the  edge  of  town.    Survey  traps  will  be  green  prism  traps  with  green  leaf  volatile  lures.    To  augment  the  prism  traps  all  parks  and  maintenance  staff  will  be  trained  to  recognize  signs  and  symptoms  of  EAB  so  that  they  can  monitor  for  potentially  infested  ash  trees  during  their  normal  course  of  work.  Branch  sampling  will  be  conducted  on  any  trees  identified  as  being  potentially  infested  by  the  beetle.      

An  ash  only  inventory  is  another  strategy  if  budget  is  

limited.  This  will  be  sufficient  for  planning  and  managing  for  EAB,  but  does  not  allow  for  planning  for  

non-­‐ash  trees.  

Other  trapping  approaches  are  a  grid  survey  or  a  

modified  grid  survey.  These  methods  could  be  useful  for  determining  the  distribution  

of  EAB.      

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Priorities  and  plan  of  action  The  Town  will  use  the  tree  inventory  to  plan  a  multi-­‐faceted  approach  to  urban  tree  management.  Since  all  management  costs  will  increase  with  time  and  with  increasing  demand  for  services  and  products,  and  because  one  of  the  goals  of  the  plan  is  to  spread  costs  over  a  number  of  years,  work  will  be  initiated  this  summer.    

i) Proactive  removals  and  replacement  of  declining  ash.  Ash  with  a  moderate  to  high  risk  of  failure  and  small  ash  (<20cm  dbh)  as  identified  in  the  inventory  will  be  removed  proactively.  This  approach  will  allow  flexibility  in  removal  schedules,  as  well  as  the  opportunity  to  spread  costs  over  a  greater  length  of  time.  The  goal  is  to  conduct  a  portion  of  these  proactive  removals  yearly  beginning  in  2014  (i.e.  the  summer  after  the  inventory  is  complete).  Replanting  of  alternate  tree  species  is  planned  within  one  year  of  removal.  

ii) Protection  of  selected  ash  trees  with  insecticide.  The  goal  of  insecticide  treatment  

is  to  preserve  ash  trees  in  the  urban  tree  canopy  both  for  the  environmental  and  social  benefits  that  these  mature  trees  provide,  but  also  for  their  cultural  value  in  AshTown.  This  method  is  selected  because  even  with  repeated  treatments  it  is  economical  for  most  size  classes  of  tree  (Table  1),  and  it  allows  better  control  over  costs  than  a  no  action  management  plan  where  trees  are  removed  as  they  die.      The  target  percentage  or  number  of  trees  that  will  be  treated  will  be  determined  after  the  tree  inventory  is  completed  and  the  data  analyzed.  Treatment  will  begin  within  a  year  of  the  first  detection  of  EAB  either  within  AshTown  or  within  20km  of  AshTown.  Candidate  trees  will  meet  the  following  criteria:  

i. Good  or  excellent  crown,  stem  and  root  condition  ii. Minimal  or  no  canopy  decline  (≤15%  foliage  loss)  iii. ≥25  cm  dbh  iv. Acceptable  location  (not  encroaching  on  structures)  

 Areas  where  ash  are  especially  meaningful  for  the  community,  or    streets  with  a  high  proportion  of  ash  will  be  prioritized  for  treatment  to  mitigate  the  impact  of  canopy  loss.  Ash  trees  around  the  municipal  office  will  be  treated,  to  preserve  the  cultural  integrity  of  the  Town.  Ash  trees  in  playgrounds  will  also  be  prioritized  for  the  shading  benefits  that  they  provide.    

 TreeAzin  systemic  insecticide  will  be  used  for  the  initial  years  of  treatment  because  of  its  scientifically  documented  efficacy  and  minimum  of  environmental  effects.  Insecticide  use  will  be  reviewed  yearly  and  if  other  insecticides  registered  in  Canada  for  EAB  are  shown  to  be  effective,  insecticide  selection  may  change.    

 

 

Other  treatment  options  currently  registered  in  Canada:  Confidor  200  SL,  systemic  insecticide,  Acecap  97  systemic  insecticide  implants  

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Diameter  at  breast  height  

(cm)  

Average  cost  of  removal*  and  stump  grinding  

Replacement  cost  

Total  remove  and  

replacement  cost  

Average  cost  per  tree  per  treatment**  ($6/cm  dbh)  

10.0-­‐24.9   $318.75     $400.00     $718.75     na  25.0-­‐30.0   $318.75     $400.00     $718.75     $165.00    30.1-­‐40.0   $625.70     $400.00     $1,025.70     $210.00    

40.1-­‐50.0   $625.70     $400.00     $1,025.70     $270.00    50.1-­‐60.0   $625.70     $400.00     $1,025.70     $330.00    

60.1-­‐70.0   $1,325.00     $400.00     $1,725.00     $390.00    70.1-­‐80.0   $1,325.00     $400.00     $1,725.00     $450.00    

80.1-­‐90.0   $1,325.00     $400.00     $1,725.00     $510.00    90.1-­‐100.0   $2,090.00     $400.00     $2,490.00     $570.00    *cost  will  be  greater  if  tree  dead  and  cannot  be  removed  safely    **at  least  4-­‐5  treatments  estimated,  every  two  years  

 

Table  1  Comparison  of  removal  and  replacement  vs.  treatment  costs  (based  on  2013  pricing).  

   

iii) Proactive  hazard  tree  monitoring  and  removal.  Town  parks  and  operations  staff  will  be  trained  to  recognize  ash  with  signs  and  symptoms  of  EAB  infestation,  as  well  as  hazardous  trees  in  general,  with  the  intention  that  they  will  identify  these  trees  during  their  usual  work  routine.  This  will  augment  annual  monitoring  for  symptomatic  and  declining  ash,  which  will  occur  yearly  for  street  and  park  trees.  Symptomatic  ash  trees  will  be  removed  as  soon  as  possible  after  detection  before  they  become  brittle  and  them  more  difficult  (and  expensive)  to  remove.    

 iv) Replanting.  Replanting  will  occur  as  soon  as  feasible  after  tree  removal.  The  

objectives  of  future  plantings  will  be  a  1:1  replacement  ratio  with  site-­‐appropriate  species,  as  well  as  a  maximization  of  urban  tree  diversity.  Minimum  standards  will  be  the  30-­‐20-­‐10  guideline  where  there  will  be  no  more  than  30%  trees  of  one  family,  20%  of  one  genus,  and  10%  of  one  species;  however,  the  goal  will  be  no  more  than  15%  of  one  genus  and  no  more  than  7%  of  one  species.  There  is  currently  limited  tree  diversity  in  AshTown  and  this  may  lead  to  similar  problems  in  the  future  should  another  invasive  insect  or  pathogen  arrive  (e.g.  Asian  Longhorned  Beetle).  Ash  trees  will  not  be  planted  in  AshTown  until  a  reasonable  method  of  managing  EAB  is  identified.  Planting  will  be  deferred  if  the  budget  is  not  adequate  to  both  replace  and  properly  maintain  the  newly  planted  tree  (watering,  training  pruning  etc.).  Areas  with  the  greatest  canopy  loss  will  be  prioritized  for  replanting.  

 

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v) Park  trails  closures.  Due  to  the  public  risk  posed  by  dead  ash  trees  along  woodland  trail  systems,  sections  of  trail  with  adjacent  ash  trees  will  be  closed  to  the  public  when  severely  declining  or  dead  ash  are  found  along  them.  These  trails  will  stay  closed  until  all  dead  ash  trees  have  fallen  and  the  trails  can  be  cleared  (est.  10-­‐15  years  after  EAB  arrival).  

 vi) Maintenance  of  non-­‐ash  trees.  We  aim  to  complete  routine  maintenance  of  non-­‐

ash  trees  species  before  the  arrival  of  EAB  with  only  maintenance  for  hazard  trees  or  limbs  during  the  EAB  infestation  phase.  Routine  tree  maintenance  resume  will  as  soon  as  possible  after  the  infestation  abates.    

 vii) Private  ash  trees.  It  is  estimated  that  more  than  50%  of  the  ash  trees  in  the  Town  

are  located  on  private  property  and  many  of  these  trees  are  large,  mature  trees.  Costs  to  private  landowners  for  treatment  or  removal  could  be  considerable.  Strategies  will  be  implemented  to  increase  public  awareness  of  EAB  and  options  for  treating  ash.  The  Town  will  liaise  with  interest  groups  (e.g.  horticulture  groups),  resident’s  associations  and  local  ENGO’s  to  help  increase  awareness.  In  addition,  the  Town  will  conduct  open  houses,  approach  local  television  and  radio  outlets  to  broadcast  public  service  ads,  place  print  ads  in  the  community  newspaper,  and  make  pamphlets  available  in  municipal  buildings  and  on  the  Town  website.  There  are  helpful  existing  publications  such  as  “What  you  need  to  know  about  the  Emerald  Ash  Borer  (EAB);  guidelines  for  hiring  tree  care  services  to  manage  urban  trees”  that  will  be  made  available  on  the  Town  website.    

 Private  ash  trees  are  an  important  part  of  AshTown’s  urban  canopy  cover.  Therefore  a  tax  incentive  program  to  defray  treatment  costs  for  homeowners  choosing  to  treat  healthy  ash  is  being  investigated.      

viii) Ash  biomass  utilization  and  disposal.  Infested  wood  will  be  chipped  (tub-­‐grinder)  to  destroy  EAB  larvae;  resulting  mulch  will  be  used  for  new  plantings,  trails  etc.  and  be  provided  free  of  charge  to  residents.  The  Town  will  work  with  local  upper  and  lower  tier  municipalities  to  identify  suitable  marshaling  yards  and  disposal  facilities  for  unused  woodchips.    

ix) Limit  movement  of  high-­‐risk  ash  products  into  AshTown.  The  Town  will  work  with  local  firewood  dealers  to  promote  use  of  local  wood.  One  option  is  to  provide  wood  waste  from  removal  of  un-­‐infested,  disease-­‐free  street  trees.      

x) Research.  The  Town  will  support  research  projects  on  various  aspects  of  EAB  detection,  management  or  biocontrol  through  providing  research  sites,  sharing  data  and  providing  technical  support  where  feasible.  In  return  the  Town  will  have  access  to  the  latest  research  findings.    

Since  EAB  feeds  superficially  most  of  the  wood  of  the  tree  is  usable.  Other  

utilization  options  include  selling  larger  ash  trees  for  lumber  (within  quarantine  zone);  purchasing  a  portable  mill  to  

produce  lumber  for  municipal  projects  (e.g.  picnic  tables,  flooring).  

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Implementation    The  Manager  of  Parks,  Recreation  and  Forestry  will  be  responsible  for  overseeing  the  plan  and  its  implementation.  An  RFP  will  be  tendered  for  the  initial  street  tree  inventory.  We  will  retain  the  services  of  a  tree  care  company  for  the  tree  removal  and  re-­‐planting.    

Communications  plan    Key  stakeholders  are  identified  and  a  preliminary  communications  plan  compiled  (Table  2).    

 Table  2  Communication  plan  for  EAB  arrival  

 

Public  education  and  outreach    EAB  is  an  aggressive  tree-­‐killing  insect  that  will  kill  all  or  most  ash  trees  in  AshTown  unless  they  are  treated  with  insecticide.  Beetle-­‐killed  ash  trees  quickly  become  hazardous  and  expensive  to  remove.  The  arrival  of  this  beetle  will  be  costly  for  both  the  town  and  private  landowners.  By  delaying  its  arrival,  through  the  co-­‐operation  of  businesses,  residents  and  visitors,  costs  will  be  deferred  and  may  be  reduced  through  greater  planning  time;  

 Message  content  (what)  

Objective  (why)  

Stakeholder  (who)   Timing  or  frequency  (when)  

Method    (how)  

Initial  communications  Threat  of  EAB  &  impact  on  AshTown  

Inform   Mayor  &  councila,  residentsb  

aCompleted  bASAP  

 aMeeting,  formal  report  bPost  on  Town  website,  media  releases    

Additional  budget  requirements  for  tree  inventory  and  communications  plan    

Obtain  additional  budget  

Mayor,  council,  budget  committee  

Next  council  meeting   Meeting,  formal  report  

EAB  arrival  in  proximity  of  AshTown  

Inform   Mayor  &  councila,  residents,  professional  and  interest  groupsb  

On  confirmation  of  find  

aInformal  report,  phone  call  or  email  bMedia  release,  website  

Recurring  communications  Management  plan  status,  infestation  status  

Inform   Mayor  and  council   Quarterly  or  more  frequently  as  needed  

Informal  report,  meetings  

Subsequent  budget  increases  

Meet  budgetary  needs  

Mayor,  council,  budget  committee  

Yearly   Meeting,  formal  report  

EAB  status  in  county  and  in  AshTown;  status  of  management  interventions.  

Update/status  report   All  stakeholders     Website,  media  releases  

   

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moreover  this  time  delay  may  allow  for  other  treatment  or  management  options  to  emerge.  Secondly,  through  the  co-­‐operation  of  all  stakeholders  we  may  have  more  timely  knowledge  of  the  beetle’s  arrival  in  the  Town  and  management  strategies  can  be  initiated  with  optimum  timing,  potentially  reducing  costs.    

Goal:    Engage  stakeholders  and  provide  them  with  information  about  the  threat  of  EAB,  what  they  can  do  to  prevent  its  introduction,  and  how  to  identify  its  arrival.    

Key  messages:    1. Buy  local  firewood.    

Stakeholders  for  messaging:  • Firewood  dealers  • Camper  registration  employees  • Hunting  and  fishing  license  applicants  • Boating  license/rental  applicants  

 2. Know  the  signs  and  symptoms  of  EAB  and  report  them.    

Stakeholders  for  messaging:  • Nature  groups  • Master  gardeners  • Forestry  workers  • Arborists  • Landscapers  • Greens  keepers  • Homeowners  

Messaging:  • News  releases  • Fact  sheets  (campgrounds,  garden  centres,  community  centres,  marinas,  outfitters  

and  outdoor  stores,  municipal  events)  • Information  packages  to  professional  associations  (foresters,  arborists  etc.)  and  

interest  groups  (nature  groups,  master  gardeners)    • Email  updates  to  stakeholders  and  other  interested  parties  (closest  EAB  detections,  

new  information  about  EAB  detection  and  management)  • Open  house  • Centralized  information  source:  city  website  will  post  updates  as  well  as  digital  

copies  of  fact  sheets  and  information  packages;  links  to  other  up-­‐to-­‐date  sources  of  information  and  printed  materials;  inquiry  line  for  questions  and  reports  of  possible  sightings.  

Inspection  and  verification  protocol:    Within  two  working  days  of  the  stakeholder’s  report  of  a  possible  EAB-­‐infestation,  trained  Town  staff  will  assess  the  tree(s)  reported  to  have  signs  or  symptoms  of  EAB.    

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Funding:    The  Department  of  Parks,  Recreation  and  Forestry  will  seek:  $8,000  from  the  budget  committee  to  fund  the  current  communications  plan.  The  Department  is  seeking  partnerships  with  other  towns  in  the  county  to  produce  materials  and  to  obtain  bulk  rates  for  publications.    

Budget  and  timeline  Managing  for  EAB  will  involve  a  long-­‐term  monetary  commitment  (est.  10-­‐15  years).  This  will  be  addressed  in  the  Towns  short  and  long-­‐term  operating  budgets  (Table  3).    Table  3.  Budget  illustrating  relative  costs  per  year  of  street  tree  management  

       

 Action   Yr  1   Yr  2   Yr  3     Yr  4*   Yr  5   Yr  6   Yr  7   Yr  8   Yr  9   Yr  10  Full  inventory  and  analysis  of  street  and  park  trees  

$$$                    

Monitor  for  EAB  and  hazard  trees  

        $   $   $   $   $   $  

Ash  tree  selection  and  treatment  (2  sets  of  trees  with  alternating  treatment  years)  

      $$   $$   $$   $$   $$   $$   $$  

Proactive  ash  removal  and  replanting  

  $$   $$   $$              

Removals  and  replanting  of  declining  ash    

        $$   $$   $$   $$$$   $$$$   $$$$  

Communications  and  outreach  

$       $              

Maintenance  non-­‐ash  hazard  trees  

$   $   $   $   $   $   $   $   $   $  

Staff  support  to  oversee  EAB  plan  

$   $   $   $   $   $   $   $   $   $  

*  EAB  expected  to  be  within  15  km    

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References    

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