Emely ManriqueLorena Ferreira

ARCH

INDEX• INTRODUCTION• HISTORY• TYPES OF ARCHES

• ARCH IN THE CITY

• PARTS OF THE ARCH• ELEMENTS

DERIVED FROM THE ARCH

• CONCLUSION

An arch is a structure that spans a space

while supporting weight

In masonry construction, arches have several great advantages over horizontal beams, or lintels:

INTRODUCTION

• They can span much wider openings.

• An arch can also carry a much greater load than a horizontal beam can support.

Arches were known in ancient Egypt and Greece.

HISTORY

The Romans used the semicircular arch in bridges, aqueducts, and large-scale architecture.

The Arabs popularized the pointed arch.

In the late Middle Ages the segmental arch was introduced.

Modern arches of steel, concrete, or laminated wood are highly rigid and lightweight.

TYPES OF ARCHES

1) A roman arch: is a strong, rounded arch that forms a semi-circle.

2) The pointed or gothic arch: developed as a more sinuous and elegant successor to the Roman arch.

4) Tudor arches: feature a point at the crown, but the span is much wider than the Gothic style.

3) A syrian, or segmental arch: forms a partial curve, or eyebrow, over a door or window.

6) A horseshoe arch, extends beyond a semi-circle. The top of the arch is rounded and then curves in slightly before descending.

5) A flat arch: extends straight across an opening with no curvature, creating a horizontal emphasis.

OTHER TYPES

1) A blind arch: is an arch infilled with solid construction.

2) A dome: is an arch rotated 360 degrees about its

vertical axis.

3) Natural rock formations may also be referred to as arches.

4) A vault: is an arch extended along the axis perpendicular to the its plane

PARTS OF THE ARCH

• Voussoir: The keystone is surrounded on each side by voussoirs, or wedge-shaped bricks or stones.

• Keystone: is the center stone found at the top of the arch and helps distribute the weight of the remainder of the arch.

• Pier: The keystone and voussoirs of an arch need a base on which to rest .

Archivolt: An architrave that follows the line of an arch.

ELEMENTS DERIVED FROM

THE ARCH

Flying buttress:   A flying buttress is a specific form of buttressing most strongly associated with Gothic church architecture. Early English Gothic architecture emphasized height and used the pointed arch

The introduction of flying buttresses, distributed the weight of roofs and walls right down to the ground

ARCH IN THE CITY

Principal example of arch in the city is the triumphal arch, , often designed to span a road. In its simplest form a triumphal arch consists of two massive piers connected by an arch

Triumphal arches are one of the most influential and distinctive types of architecture associated with ancient Rome. Arches in the Roman style have been built in many cities around the world, most notably the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, the Siegestor in Munich and the Wellington Arch in London.

The Arc de Triomphe in Paris is one of the most famous monuments in Paris. It stands in the centre of the Place Charles de Gaulle , . The Arc de Triomphe honours those who fought and died for France in the French Revolutionary and the Napoleonic Wars, with the names of all French victories and generals inscribed on its inner and outer surfaces. Beneath its vault lies the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier from World War I.

The Siegestor is built in the style of a triumphal arch, not unlike Paris' Arc de Triomphe or the Arch of Constantine in Rome, on which it was modeled.

This victory gate consists of three arches - a large one in the center and a smaller one on each side. The arch is decorated with winged statues - symbolizing victory - and bas-reliefs depicting battle scenes. Atop the arches sits a statue of Bavaria with a lion quadriga, designed by German sculptor Martin von Wagner.

Wellington Arch, also known as Constitution Arch , is a triumphal arch located to the south of Hyde Park in central London . The arch, were planned in 1825 by George IV to commemorate Britain's victories in the Napoleonic Wars. The Wellington Arch was also conceived as an outer gateway to Constitution Hill and therefore a grand entrance into central London from the west. The Wellington Arch was built between 1826-1830 to a design by Decimus Burton.

The arch is significant because, in theory at least, it provides a structure which eliminates

tensile stresses tensoin spanning an open space. All the forces are resolved into compressive

stresses , this is useful because several of the available building materials such as stone, cast

iron and concrete can strongly resist compression but are very weak when tension,

shear or torsional stress is applied to them. By using the arch configuration, significant spans

can be achieved.

CONCLUSION