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UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE.TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING.
EMC Engineering and Verification
EMC for Large Installations
Frits J.K. Buesink, Senior Researcher [email protected]
Funded by the European Union on the basis of Decision No 912/2009/EC, and identified in theEuropean Metrology Research Program (EMRP) as Joint Research Project (JRP) IND60 EMC (2013-2016).Additional funding was received from the EMRP participating countries.
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE.TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Contents
2EMC Engineering and Verification
The research leading to these results has receivedfunding from the European Union on the basis ofDecision No 912/2009/EC, and identified in theEuropean Metrology Research Program (EMRP)as Joint Research Project (JRP) IND60 EMC,Improved EMC test methods in industrial environments.Additional funding was received from the EMRPparticipating countries
Acknowledgements
1. Engineering vs. Verification of EMC
2. Performance Criteria
3. Standards and Environments
4. Front door vs. Back door Coupling
5. Definition of Regions and Zones
6. System Aspects
7. Example: Power Quality
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UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE.TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Two Aspects of Achieving EMC
Engineering Compatible Equipment and then Qualifying it for EMC
3EMC Engineering and Verification
“White Box” approach
Partner in the Design Team
Incorporate EMC in the Design
Get information from the EM-Network
Formulate Design Rules
Find Problems and Fix them
“Black Box” approach
Independent
“GO” or “NO-GO”
Standardized Approach
Engineering Verification
EMRP IND60: Improved EMC methods (to qualify)In Industrial Environments
Large Stationary Installations in Industry
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE.TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
There is much interest for EM-Engineering
Phenomena – Measures Presentation (100+ attendees/stakeholders}
4EMC Engineering and Verification
3
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE.TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERINGEMC Engineering and Verification
EMC has two aspects: Immunity and Emissions
“The ability of the System to Operate according to its Specificationsin its Intended Electromagnetic Environment” [IMMUNITY]
“Without generating Unacceptable Electromagnetic Disturbancesinto that Environment” [EMISSION]
5
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UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE.TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Three Criteria for EMC
EMC Engineering and Verification
1. No (intolerable) emissions into the environment
2. Operate satisfactorily in its EM environment
Sou
rce:
You
Tub
e 3. Not cause interference with itself3. Not cause interference with itself
6
4
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE.TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERINGEMC Engineering and Verification
Systems Perspective: Performance Criteria
what happens when immunity threshold levels are approached?
ASystem continues to work according to specificationDegradation not acceptableGenerally applies to all interference with a continuous nature
BTemporary degradation acceptable, auto recovery.Usually applies to sporadic interferenceto a non-critical function.
C Degradation acceptable. Recovery after manual RESET.e.g. at mains interruptions. Only for non-critical functions. A
n U
NS
AF
Esi
tuat
ion
is n
ever
acc
epta
ble
!
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UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE.TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
8EMC Engineering and Verification
Good EMC behavior insensitive to standard used
systems EMC requirements are set by the environment it is intended for
Ground BasedAirborneAt Sea
Industry
Domestic
Small
MediumLarge
[Tests to cover]
5
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE.TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERINGEMC Engineering and Verification
Standards address different EM Phenomena
tests are defined to check each aspect
9
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE.TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERINGEMC Engineering and Verification
Front Door / Back Door EMI
Front Door: Intended Coupling Path; Back Door: Unintended Coupling Path
Receiver87 - 108 [MHz]
Mains Cord
100
[MH
z] in
-ban
din
terf
eren
ce
Front DoorCM
9 [MHz] out-of-bandinterference
Back Door
10
Back Door
I/O interface
6
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE.TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERINGEMC Engineering and Verification
Engineering Solution: Define Regios or Zones
Regions are defined Electromagnetic Environments
0
1
2
Aim: use commercial equipment in region 2 (susceptibility level 10 V/m)
Shielding between successive regions: 20 - 40 dB (factor 10 to 100)
Define where EM zones will be Define the EM levels per region Use adequate current boundaries between regions
11
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE.TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Create Environments using Current Boundaries
any environment can be created following simple physical principles
12EMC Engineering and Verification
common-mode loopthrough cabling
common-mode loopequivalent model
removal of the paththrough equipment
using a Current Boundary
7
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE.TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Cables are either Source or Victim of CM-currents
Cables create CM-currents through transfer-impedance: ZT
13EMC Engineering and Verification
Category
red = “source” =“Emission”
1. Noisy (E)
green =“sensitive” =“Immunity”
2. Sensitive (I)
blue =“indifferent” =
“Neutral”
3. Indifferent (N)
Model
ICM
E
I N
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE.TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Three types of Current Boundaries (CB)
cables can be short-circuited using a metal cable tray (type II CB)
14EMC Engineering and Verification
Enclosure / EMC Cabinet / Shielded Room
Environment Region “0”
Environment Region “1”
type 1: Connector Plate
type 3: shielded enclosure
8
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE.TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERINGEMC Engineering and Verification
Regions/Environments can be Nested
this makes it easier to go from harsh to very quiet
15
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE.TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERINGEMC Engineering and Verification
Only Limited Shielding can be achieved per Enclosure
20 -40 [dB]; but it can be applied recursively!
16
9
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE.TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Two ways to achieve EMC: 1. The Crisis Approach
“Build the plane, push it off the cliff, let it crash and start all over again”
EMC Engineering and Verification 17
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UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE.TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERINGEMC Engineering and Verification
2. The “Systems Approach”
Consider EMC right from the start throughout the design
0
many
Ava
ilabl
e M
itiga
tion
Opt
ions
Concept Design Manufacture Test Operational
Requirements
Measures
0
M$$C
ost o
f Mod
ifica
tion
Check bonding
Repair/redesign
Bankruptcy
phase in the lifecycle
18
10
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE.TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
19EMC Engineering and Verification
“Systems Designers Heaven”
independent building blocks with “abstract” behaviour
System
Software
HardwareModules
Components
Object Oriented
realise complex from simpler behaviour
make assemblies independent
solve “undesired” as low as possible
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE.TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Product Development/Program Support
perform engineering & qualification tests
20EMC Engineering and Verification
http://www.thales-ecc.nl/onze-expertise/emc/
11
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE.TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
21EMC Engineering and Verification
EMC approach through the Knowledge Cycle
insert electro magnetic behavior up front
Problem definition:“desired behavior”
Research/Analyses
Behavioral Model
Validatedmodels
KnowledgeTransfer &Education
DevelopmentSupport
Validation/Verification
“Test”
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE.TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERINGEMC Engineering and Verification
Example: Power Quality
EMI related; Compatibility required
Power LinePower Supply -
Mains GeneratorPower User
Conducted Emissions
Conducted Susceptibility
Other users
Various Powerdisturbances
User Load Fluctuations
“Voltage Quality” or “Quality of Supply”
“Current Quality” or “Quality of Consumption”Reference: Bollen, Math H.J. “Understanding Power Quality Problems”, IEEE Press, 2000ISBN 0-7803-4713-7, IEEE Order Number PC5764
22
12
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE.TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Modern Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL)
electronic circuit with diode bridge and bulk capacitor
23EMC Engineering and Verification
Diode Bridge
Bulk Capacitor Current Waveformon a “Decent” Sine-Shaped
Voltage Waveform
Source: Wikipedia
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE.TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Monitor synchronous noise on the mains
special interface box that filters out frequencies below 2 kHz
24EMC Engineering and Verification
The filter is intended for measurements from 2 – 150 kHz (high cutoff around 3 MHz)
PE
Line
Protective Earth (PE)
MonitorVmains
50 kNeutral
50 k
50
L - N L-PE N-PE
13
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE.TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Monitor synchronous noise on the mains
special interface box that filters out frequencies below 2 kHz
25EMC Engineering and Verification
The filter is intended for measurements from 2 – 150 kHz (high cutoff around 6 MHz)
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE.TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Analyze Filter Characteristics
e.g. using a SPICE simulator
26EMC Engineering and Verification
14
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE.TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Filter Performance
simulated and measured filter transfer function
27EMC Engineering and Verification
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE.TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Problem 2: Switcher Frequencies Pollute Environment
low power fast switching requires short risetime IGBT’s and MOSFETs
28EMC Engineering and Verification
So
urc
e:
Yo
uT
ub
e
15
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE.TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Problem 3: Power Islands: Overproduction
mains voltage too high at high illumination levels
29EMC Engineering and Verification
>253 VAC@ 45 KVAgeneration
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE.TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Mechanism of Overvoltage at Sunny Days: Ohm’s Law
farm’s powercable cannot handle 45 KVA in the opposite direction
30EMC Engineering and Verification
400V/10kV
2.5 km
R R
∆ 2
16
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE.TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
What if all Neighbours Install Solar Panels?
like the little lamp-currents, many small ones make one big one!
31EMC Engineering and Verification
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE.TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
How to Solve these Conflicts?
supply and demand, storage, who is in control? the Smart Grid!
32EMC Engineering and Verification
Traditional: One Way Traffic
Now: Everybody can Supply or Use
17
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE.TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Thank you for your attention!
33EMC Engineering and Verification
http://literature.rockwellautomation.com/idc/groups/literature/documents/rm/gmc-rm001_-en-p.pdf
http://www.engineering.schneider-electric.dk/Attachments/ia/instal/electromagnetic_compatibility_install_guide.pdf
UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE.TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
34EMC Engineering and Verification
Relation of MIL-STD-461E tests to Phenomena
survey of test identifiers
CE102 Conducted Emissions, Power Leads, 10 kHz to 10 MHz
RE101 Radiated Emissions, Magnetic Field, 30 Hz to 100 kHz
RE102 Radiated Emissions, Electric Field, 10 kHz to 18 GHz
RE103 Radiated Emissions, Antenna Spurious and Harmonic Outputs, 10 kHz – 40 GHz
CS101 Conducted Susceptibility, Power Leads, 30 Hz to 150 kHz
CS114 Conducted Susceptibility, Bulk Cable Injection, 10 kHz to 200 MHz
CS116 Conducted Susceptibility, Damped Sinusoidal Transients, 10 kHz to 100 MHz
RS101 Radiated Susceptibility, Magnetic Field 30 Hz to 100 kHz
RS103 Radiated Susceptibility, Electric Field, 2 MHz to 40 GHz
RS105 Radiated Susceptibility, Transient Electromagnetic Field (NEMP)