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Business of Waste Recycling
Dr. Prasad Modak
Waste Generation - India
• MSW generated in India 2012 – 68.8 million TPY
• 50% increase in last decade
• BAU scenario for 2041 – 160.5 million TPY
• Class I cities contribute 72% to MSW in urban area
• In 2021 towns will contribute 60%
Source: Environmental Management Centre, LLP, Promoting Recycling in Municipal Solid Waste Management through Sustainable Business Models, Project Preparation Support for Livable Cities in Asia, 2012
Governance
• MSW rules (Management & Handling) came in 2000
• ULBs to follow the rules
• No ULB is compliant
• Special rules for Biomedical waste, E-waste and Plastics with regulatory guidelines framed for recycling of batteries and waste oil.
Source: Environmental Management Centre, LLP, Promoting Recycling in Municipal Solid Waste Management through Sustainable Business Models, Project Preparation Support for Livable Cities in Asia, 2012
Waste Recycling
• Waste recycling as prime strategy in sustainable waste management
• Establishes waste-resource linkage
• Recycling reduces operating and transport costs, emissions; creates green jobs, substitutes virgin materials and yields economic benefits.
• Recycling takes place majorly in mega cities which needs to be taken to small towns and cities
Source: Environmental Management Centre, LLP, Promoting Recycling in Municipal Solid Waste Management through Sustainable Business Models, Project Preparation Support for Livable Cities in Asia, 2012
New waste streams
• E-Waste, biomedical or health-care waste, construction demolition waste and plastic waste
• E-Waste - high generation, high value
• Plastic recycling - 1777 units • C&D waste – Conversion to low cost
construction materials
• Problem of household hazardous waste and composting
Source: Environmental Management Centre, LLP, Promoting Recycling in Municipal Solid Waste Management through Sustainable Business Models, Project Preparation Support for Livable Cities in Asia, 2012
Informal waste pickers
• Informal sector recycles 70% of plastic waste and up to 56% of all recyclable waste
• The informal sector in Delhi alone employs about 150,000 people
• Delhi – Informal sector transports 1088TPD. Thus, ULB saves INR 795 million/year and avoids 1Million tons of CO2Eq
• However waste pickers – exposed to high risk condition
Source: Environmental Management Centre, LLP, Promoting Recycling in Municipal Solid Waste Management through Sustainable Business Models, Project Preparation Support for Livable Cities in Asia, 2012
Recycling of Inerts
• Extent of waste segregation is low between 30 to 60%
• Recycling
– India 56% – Europe and US 30%
• Separation of waste however needs space that is
not made available as the informal sector is not recognized by the ULBs
Source: Environmental Management Centre, LLP, Promoting Recycling in Municipal Solid Waste Management through Sustainable Business Models, Project Preparation Support for Livable Cities in Asia, 2012
Houses Offices Market
Formal collection (mixed)
Informal system
(recyclables)
Dhalaos Dustbins
Municipal truck
Landfill
Waste pickers
Small Kabaris
Big kabaris
Recyclers
Thiawalas
SW
M s
yste
m -
In
dia
Source: CHINTAN. "Space for Waste:Planning for the Informal Recycling Sector." New Delhi, 2003
Recyclers
Big Kabaris
Small Kabaris
Thiawalas
Waste pickers
Hierarchy of Stakeholders in
Hierarchy Informal SWM
Source: CHINTAN. "Space for Waste:Planning for the Informal Recycling Sector." New Delhi, 2003
Generator/ end user
Collection
Disposal Waste picker
Junk shop
Processor
Municipal activities
Value chain activities
Waste recycling in developing countries
Waste recycling in high-Income countries
Cash flow
Material flow
Partial Material flow
Formal and Informal SWM systems
Generator/ end user
Collection
Disposal Waste picker
Junk shop
Processor
Municipal activities
Value chain activities
Cash flow
Material flow
Partial Material flow
Adopted from Anne Scheinberg, WIEGO, Informal Sector Integration and High Performance Recycling: Evidence from 20 Cities, Working Paper (Urban Policies) No. 23, 2012
City Number
of waste
pickers
Average
earnings
(Euro per
day)
Child
earnings
(% of
adult)
Women earnings
(as % of men’s
earnings)
Total
recycled
(formal)
%
Total
recycled
(informal)
%
Total avoided costs
for collection plus
avoided costs for
disposal for waste
system (x Euro
1000/year)
Cairo (Egypt) 40,000 4,3 - 13% 66% 14,473
Cluj –Napoca
(Romania)
3,226 6,28 - 87% 5% 9% 63
Lima (Peru) 17,643 5,4 25% 60% 0.3% 20% 15,758
Economic Aspects of the Informal Sector
(GIZ Study)
Source: GTZ/CWG, Economic Aspects of the Informal Sector in Solid Waste 2007, Agnes 2009; WATSAN 2010
Weigh bridge
Sorting Inert Storage
Organic storage
Bio-methanation or Composting plants
Material Recycling Hub
Innovation centre
Street lights
Waste Sorting Centres
Gardens
Methane gas for street lights and to fuel transport vehicles
Processed materials for users
Compost to gardens
Waste Sorting Centre
Waste Generators/Users
City with No Landfill
Waste Concern starts pilot community based resource recovery project in Dhaka
Regional Urban Development Office (RUDO)-South Asia supports to increase the capacity of the project and to further test the model
With support from MoEF, UNDP, Waste Concern under SEMP selected to replicate the model in 5 (five) communities of Dhaka City
Partnership agreement signed between public-private sector-community to implement the project
Replication of the model in Dhaka, Khulna& Sylhet cities.
38 replications of this model in more than 18 cities/ towns of Bangladesh
1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2004
Solid waste management in Bangladesh
Source: Solid Waste Management system in Bangladesh, http://www.unescap.org/pdd/prs/ProjectActivities/Ongoing/Best%20practice/Bangladesh.pdf
Composting
• Organic compost - Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium, and other essential micro nutrients.
• India – centralized and decentralized • Potential - 4.3 million tons of compost each year
from MSW
• Compost sold to city gardens and residential areas
• 70 centralized plants in India • Decentralized plants are getting implemented
but need to be promoted • Segregation at source is the key
Source: Environmental Management Centre, LLP, Promoting Recycling in Municipal Solid Waste Management through Sustainable Business Models, Project Preparation Support for Livable Cities in Asia, 2012
Waste to energy
• Waste to energy business in India looks at four routes – Biomethanation focusing on organic fraction
– Refuse Derived Fuels (RDFs)
– Direct combustion or Mass burn
– Landfill Gas (LFG) Recovery
Source: Environmental Management Centre, LLP, Promoting Recycling in Municipal Solid Waste Management through Sustainable Business Models, Project Preparation Support for Livable Cities in Asia, 2012
Biomethanation
• Decentralized – cooking fuel
• Fuel – to – electricity for commercial units -Business models not still attractive
• Bio-gas used to “fuel” buses – Swedish technology – Pilots proposed in Mysore
Source: Environmental Management Centre, LLP, Promoting Recycling in Municipal Solid Waste Management through Sustainable Business Models, Project Preparation Support for Livable Cities in Asia, 2012
RDF
• RDF an alternative to coal
• India – 2.48 million TPY of RDF, 8 RDF facilities (Four not in working conditions)
• Hyderabad & Vijaywada – Electricity generation
• Jaipur & Chandigarh – Fuel for cement kilns
Source: Environmental Management Centre, LLP, Promoting Recycling in Municipal Solid Waste Management through Sustainable Business Models, Project Preparation Support for Livable Cities in Asia, 2012
Mass – burn plants
• Not present in India
• Use of high temperature technologies such as Plasma Arc
• Barriers – high capital costs,
– need of auxiliary fuel
– high costs of emission control and monitoring and resistance from local neighborhood and environmental groups
Source: Environmental Management Centre, LLP, Promoting Recycling in Municipal Solid Waste Management through Sustainable Business Models, Project Preparation Support for Livable Cities in Asia, 2012
LFG
• LFG recovery – Ahmedabad, Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata
• 7 LGFs potential in India - 7.4 million tons of CO2 equivalent emission reduction
• Gorai - GHG emissions reduction of 2.2 million tons of CO2 equivalents by 2028
Source: Environmental Management Centre, LLP, Promoting Recycling in Municipal Solid Waste Management through
Sustainable Business Models, Project Preparation Support for Livable Cities in Asia, 2012
Landfill mining
• Recovering valuable materials from land filled MSW – Landfill mining
• Prime objective – To clear space or incoming land
• Still an untapped resource of economic gains, resource saving, generating employment, reduce risks to neighborhood environment
• Business models not yet established
Source: Environmental Management Centre, LLP, Promoting Recycling in Municipal Solid Waste Management through Sustainable Business Models, Project Preparation Support for Livable Cities in Asia, 2012
Observation
• India - WTE market not yet mature, High capital costs, environmental and social concerns
• Biomethanation – attractive choice
• LFG – Still unexplored on larger scale, attractive with accrual of carbon credits
Source: Environmental Management Centre, LLP, Promoting Recycling in Municipal Solid Waste Management through Sustainable Business Models, Project Preparation Support for Livable Cities in Asia, 2012
40 waste Recycling Companies contacted
1. Profile
2. Impact
3. Contact
Highlight
Photo
E-coli Waste
E-coli waste is a profit organization deals with E-waste and Biomedical waste in Ahmadabad. They follow collect-segregate-process-sell operation. E.coli Waste Management Company has signed MOU with Government of Gujarat for recycling the e-waste generated by corporate¸ small entities and individuals due to dumping of electric and electronic equipments like mobiles, computers¸ ACs etc. ..
They claim as the only company of Gujarat which is actively involved in recycling of e-waste in a systematic & eco-friendly manner following the safety norms set by the pollution control board.
Website http://www.ecoliwaste.com Place:
Email [email protected]
Number 079-27556348 9825494049
Contact Person
At E-Coli waste management system the collection of Bio-medical waste is done in accordance with direction contained in the notification of BMW rules as per the provisions of the BMW rules '98 - BY (GPCB). They provides technical as well as legal guidelines to institute for safe collection, storage & disposal of biomedical waste as well as necessary statutory requirement of State Pollution Control Board as per BMW rules.
THANK YOU…