Emc Dr.modak

Business of Waste Recycling

Dr. Prasad Modak

Waste Generation - India

• MSW generated in India 2012 – 68.8 million TPY

• 50% increase in last decade

• BAU scenario for 2041 – 160.5 million TPY

• Class I cities contribute 72% to MSW in urban area

• In 2021 towns will contribute 60%

Source: Environmental Management Centre, LLP, Promoting Recycling in Municipal Solid Waste Management through Sustainable Business Models, Project Preparation Support for Livable Cities in Asia, 2012

Governance

• MSW rules (Management & Handling) came in 2000

• ULBs to follow the rules

• No ULB is compliant

• Special rules for Biomedical waste, E-waste and Plastics with regulatory guidelines framed for recycling of batteries and waste oil.


Waste Recycling

• Waste recycling as prime strategy in sustainable waste management

• Establishes waste-resource linkage

• Recycling reduces operating and transport costs, emissions; creates green jobs, substitutes virgin materials and yields economic benefits.

• Recycling takes place majorly in mega cities which needs to be taken to small towns and cities


New waste streams

• E-Waste, biomedical or health-care waste, construction demolition waste and plastic waste

• E-Waste - high generation, high value

• Plastic recycling - 1777 units • C&D waste – Conversion to low cost

construction materials

• Problem of household hazardous waste and composting


Informal waste pickers

• Informal sector recycles 70% of plastic waste and up to 56% of all recyclable waste

• The informal sector in Delhi alone employs about 150,000 people

• Delhi – Informal sector transports 1088TPD. Thus, ULB saves INR 795 million/year and avoids 1Million tons of CO2Eq

• However waste pickers – exposed to high risk condition


Recycling of Inerts

• Extent of waste segregation is low between 30 to 60%

• Recycling

– India 56% – Europe and US 30%

• Separation of waste however needs space that is

not made available as the informal sector is not recognized by the ULBs


Houses Offices Market

Formal collection (mixed)

Informal system

(recyclables)

Dhalaos Dustbins

Municipal truck

Landfill

Waste pickers

Small Kabaris

Big kabaris

Recyclers

Thiawalas

SW

M s

yste

m -

In

dia

Source: CHINTAN. "Space for Waste:Planning for the Informal Recycling Sector." New Delhi, 2003

Recyclers

Big Kabaris

Small Kabaris

Thiawalas

Waste pickers

Hierarchy of Stakeholders in

Hierarchy Informal SWM

Source: CHINTAN. "Space for Waste:Planning for the Informal Recycling Sector." New Delhi, 2003

Generator/ end user

Collection

Disposal Waste picker

Junk shop

Processor

Municipal activities

Value chain activities

Waste recycling in developing countries

Waste recycling in high-Income countries

Cash flow

Material flow

Partial Material flow

Formal and Informal SWM systems

Generator/ end user

Collection

Disposal Waste picker

Junk shop

Processor

Municipal activities

Value chain activities

Cash flow

Material flow

Partial Material flow

Adopted from Anne Scheinberg, WIEGO, Informal Sector Integration and High Performance Recycling: Evidence from 20 Cities, Working Paper (Urban Policies) No. 23, 2012

City Number

of waste

pickers

Average

earnings

(Euro per

day)

Child

earnings

(% of

adult)

Women earnings

(as % of men’s

earnings)

Total

recycled

(formal)

%

Total

recycled

(informal)

%

Total avoided costs

for collection plus

avoided costs for

disposal for waste

system (x Euro

1000/year)

Cairo (Egypt) 40,000 4,3 - 13% 66% 14,473

Cluj –Napoca

(Romania)

3,226 6,28 - 87% 5% 9% 63

Lima (Peru) 17,643 5,4 25% 60% 0.3% 20% 15,758

Economic Aspects of the Informal Sector

(GIZ Study)

Source: GTZ/CWG, Economic Aspects of the Informal Sector in Solid Waste 2007, Agnes 2009; WATSAN 2010

Weigh bridge

Sorting Inert Storage

Organic storage

Bio-methanation or Composting plants

Material Recycling Hub

Innovation centre

Street lights

Waste Sorting Centres

Gardens

Methane gas for street lights and to fuel transport vehicles

Processed materials for users

Compost to gardens

Waste Sorting Centre

Waste Generators/Users

City with No Landfill

Waste Concern starts pilot community based resource recovery project in Dhaka

Regional Urban Development Office (RUDO)-South Asia supports to increase the capacity of the project and to further test the model

With support from MoEF, UNDP, Waste Concern under SEMP selected to replicate the model in 5 (five) communities of Dhaka City

Partnership agreement signed between public-private sector-community to implement the project

Replication of the model in Dhaka, Khulna& Sylhet cities.

38 replications of this model in more than 18 cities/ towns of Bangladesh

1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2004

Solid waste management in Bangladesh

Source: Solid Waste Management system in Bangladesh, http://www.unescap.org/pdd/prs/ProjectActivities/Ongoing/Best%20practice/Bangladesh.pdf

http://www.unescap.org/pdd/prs/ProjectActivities/Ongoing/Best practice/Bangladesh.pdf

Composting

• Organic compost - Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium, and other essential micro nutrients.

• India – centralized and decentralized • Potential - 4.3 million tons of compost each year

from MSW

• Compost sold to city gardens and residential areas

• 70 centralized plants in India • Decentralized plants are getting implemented

but need to be promoted • Segregation at source is the key


Waste to energy

• Waste to energy business in India looks at four routes – Biomethanation focusing on organic fraction

– Refuse Derived Fuels (RDFs)

– Direct combustion or Mass burn

– Landfill Gas (LFG) Recovery


Biomethanation

• Decentralized – cooking fuel

• Fuel – to – electricity for commercial units -Business models not still attractive

• Bio-gas used to “fuel” buses – Swedish technology – Pilots proposed in Mysore


RDF

• RDF an alternative to coal

• India – 2.48 million TPY of RDF, 8 RDF facilities (Four not in working conditions)

• Hyderabad & Vijaywada – Electricity generation

• Jaipur & Chandigarh – Fuel for cement kilns


Mass – burn plants

• Not present in India

• Use of high temperature technologies such as Plasma Arc

• Barriers – high capital costs,

– need of auxiliary fuel

– high costs of emission control and monitoring and resistance from local neighborhood and environmental groups


LFG

• LFG recovery – Ahmedabad, Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata

• 7 LGFs potential in India - 7.4 million tons of CO2 equivalent emission reduction

• Gorai - GHG emissions reduction of 2.2 million tons of CO2 equivalents by 2028

Source: Environmental Management Centre, LLP, Promoting Recycling in Municipal Solid Waste Management through

Sustainable Business Models, Project Preparation Support for Livable Cities in Asia, 2012

Landfill mining

• Recovering valuable materials from land filled MSW – Landfill mining

• Prime objective – To clear space or incoming land

• Still an untapped resource of economic gains, resource saving, generating employment, reduce risks to neighborhood environment

• Business models not yet established


Observation

• India - WTE market not yet mature, High capital costs, environmental and social concerns

• Biomethanation – attractive choice

• LFG – Still unexplored on larger scale, attractive with accrual of carbon credits


40 waste Recycling Companies contacted

1. Profile

2. Impact

3. Contact

Highlight

Photo

E-coli Waste

E-coli waste is a profit organization deals with E-waste and Biomedical waste in Ahmadabad. They follow collect-segregate-process-sell operation. E.coli Waste Management Company has signed MOU with Government of Gujarat for recycling the e-waste generated by corporate¸ small entities and individuals due to dumping of electric and electronic equipments like mobiles, computers¸ ACs etc. ..

They claim as the only company of Gujarat which is actively involved in recycling of e-waste in a systematic & eco-friendly manner following the safety norms set by the pollution control board.

Website http://www.ecoliwaste.com Place:

Email [email protected]

Number 079-27556348 9825494049

Contact Person

At E-Coli waste management system the collection of Bio-medical waste is done in accordance with direction contained in the notification of BMW rules as per the provisions of the BMW rules '98 - BY (GPCB). They provides technical as well as legal guidelines to institute for safe collection, storage & disposal of biomedical waste as well as necessary statutory requirement of State Pollution Control Board as per BMW rules.

THANK YOU…

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Emc Dr.modak