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EMBEDDED SYSTEMS & ITS APPLICATIONS

Prepared by

N.SHANMUGASUNDARAMProfessor – ECE Department

Vidyaa Vikas College of Engg & Tech

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1. What is Embedded system?

2. Components of Embedded system

3. Hardware Components

4. Programming languages

5. Embedded system development tools

6. Typical application development

7. Exemplary cases of Embedded applications

8. Opportunities & Career in Embedded systems

Overview of the Presentation

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Embedded systems are combination of hardware and software.

Any CPU based system other than general purpose computers

An embedded system has specific requirements and performs pre-defined tasks.

An embedded system is a programmed hardware device.

Often the user of the device is not even aware that a computer is present.

What is Embedded System?

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What is Embedded System?

DRIVES

Embedded system is a Hardware with Software embedded in it,

for a dedicated application.

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Why Embedded system?

There are Environments where the general purpose computers system do not really get into action.

For example: AC has a temperature control sub-system It is not viable to use a PC’s there for achieving task

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Redefining - Embedded System

Embedded system is a

Microcontroller based hardware

Software driven

Real time control system

Autonomous or Human interactive

Reliable system

Operating in diverse environments

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SMART Embedded Systems …

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SMART Embedded Systems …

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SMART Embedded Systems …

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SMART Embedded Systems …

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SMART Embedded Systems …

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SMART Embedded Systems …

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ASIMO Robot made by Honda, Japan.

• Robot can run at speed of 6 kmph & walking speed 1 kmph• Turns ON light switches, open doors, carry objects, and push carts.

Embedded System in ROBOTICS

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SMART Embedded Systems …

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Applications of Embedded Systems

Consumer Electronics

Automobile

Communication

Office EquipmentsHousehold Appliances

Avionics

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Applications of Embedded Systems

Consumer Electronics Industrial Applications Automobiles Communication systems Aerospace Robotics Medical instrumentation Military applications

and Every where in our day-to-day life.

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CLASSIFICATION of Embedded Systems

Classification is made based on the following…

Processor type

Complexity of H/w & S/w design

Usage of RTOS (Real Time Operating System)

Usage of Source code engg. tools

Type of Power supplied

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• SMALL SCALE: 8/16 bit CPU, little H/w, less S/w complexity, No RTOS, Battery operated. Eg. Toys, Washing machine, …

• MEDIUM SCALE: 16/32 bit µC or DSPs, Complex H/w & S/w design, RTOS Source code Engg tools, IDE. Eg. Mobile phone, ATM, …

• SOPHISTICATED: Configurable processors, Cutting edge applications, Highly complex H/w and S/w design. Eg. RT Video processing, …

CLASSIFICATION of Embedded Systems

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SKILLS for Embedded System Engineer

HARDWARE skills required in:

• Processors (µP, µC, DSP, EP, …)

• Memories (EEPROM, RAM, ..)

• Peripheral devices (8255, 8251, 8253, 8279,…)

• Sensors (Temp, Pressure, Light,…),

• Electronic system design,

• Digital electronics,

• Computer architecture,

• Control system,

• Data communication.

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SKILLS for Embedded System Engineer

SOFTWARE skills required in :

Programming languages - Assembly, C, C++, Java

IDE - Editor, Assemblers, Compilers, Linkers, Debuggers, Simulator.

RTOS – µC / OS-II, Vxworks, Win CE, RTLinux, etc.

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Let us begin with Mobile phone…

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What are the hardware present

in

MOBILE PHONE?

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Contents inside Mobile phone…

• Processors i.e., GPP, DSP, ASSP, etc.

• Memory EEPROM (Flash), RAM, etc.

• Peripheral ICs ADC/DAC, Ports, Timers, etc.

• Communication circuits Modulation/De-Modulation ckts

• Power supply circuits

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HARDWARE Processor, RAM, ROM, ADC, DAC, Timers, Ports, etc.

APPLICATION SOFTWARE written in Assembly, C, C++, Java, etc.

RTOS (to supervise the Application Software) µC OS-II, Win CE, VxWorks, Embedded Linux, etc.

3 MAIN COMPONENTS of Embedded System

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COMPONENTS of Embedded System Hardware

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PROCESSORS for Embedded Systems

ALU

Control Unit

PROCESSOR

Types of Processor

• General Purpose Processor (µc, µP, DSP, EP,MP)

• Application Specific System Processor

• Multiprocessor system

• GPP/ASIP core with other hardware integrated in ASIC chip.

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Microprocessor Vs Microcontroller

ALU

ACC.

REGISTERS

PC

INT

SP

CLK

ALU

REG.

ACC.

INT.RAM

SP

T/C

INT.ROM

I/O

I/O

INTCLK

PC

UART

No in-built Peripherals No Bit Manipulation, General Purpose

More in-built Peripherals Bit Manipulation operations, Dedicated Purpose

PROCESSORS for Embedded Systems

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PROCESSORS for Embedded Systems

DSP Processor:

It has additional hardware to perform special operations like

CONVOLUTION, FFT, DFT, DCT, etc.

Embedded Processor:

Processor specially designed for Embedded system applications

with FAST CONTEXT SWITCHING and LATENCY CONTROL.

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Intel 8051 Family (8051, 89C51, 8752…) - 8 bit

PIC 16Fxx Family (PIC 16F77, …) - 8 bit

ARM Family (ARM7TDMI, ARM9TDMI, …) - 32 bit

Other processors from Motorola, Philips, Renaisse, …

PROCESSORS for Embedded Systems

Commonly used PROCESSORS for Embedded system applications are ….

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Intel 8051 Family Microcontrollers

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OTHER HARDWARE for Embedded Systems

1. Power supply circuit

2. Memory - EPROM, RAM, EEPROM (flash), CACHE

3. I/O Ports - 8255 (PPI), 8251 (UART)

4. Timers - 8253

5. ADC / DAC - ADC0809, DAC0800

6. Display & Keyboard Controllers - 8279

7. Programmable Interrupt Controllers - 8259

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Types of I/O Devices

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Structure of Serial Port

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Structure of Parallel Port

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BUSES for Communication

I2C : Bus for communication between multiple ICs.CAN: Bus used in automobiles with centrally controlled network.USB: Bus for communication between CPU and devices like mouse, etc.

ISA, EISA, PCI are standard buses for parallel communication used in PCs, computer network devices, etc.

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Types of TIMERS

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Structure of Hardware Timer

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Usage of TIMERS

1 Real Time Clock (RTC) for the system

2 Initiating an Event after a preset time delay

3 Initiating an Event after a comparison of preset times

4 Capturing the count value in timer on an event

5 Finding time interval between two events

6 Watchdog timer

7 Baud rate control for Serial communication

8 Scheduling of various tasks in RTOS

9 Time slicing of various tasks

10 Time division multiplexing

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SOFTWARE Components in Embedded Systems

Programming Languages: 1. Machine code

2. Assembly language

3. High level languages ie., C, C++

Editor Simulator

Assembler Loader

Compiler Stethoscope

Linker Trace scope

Debugger IDE

Software Tools:

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SOFTWARE Tools

Editor to TYPE the program. Eg. Notepad, Wordpad, …

Assembler to COVERT Assy program (x.asm) into object file (x.obj).

Compiler to COVERT C program (x.c) into object file (x.obj).

Linker to LINK Object file (x.obj) with Library functions into (x.exe).

Simulator to SIMULATE all Functions of ES hardware circuit.

Debugger to CHECK and TRACE errors.

Stethoscope to dynamically TRACK any variable in program.

RTOS Real Time Operating SystemOS for Embedded system. Eg. Vxworks

IDE Integrated Development EnvironmentA single package comprising of all S/w tools.

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Assembler, Compiler & Linker

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Software Development Chain

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Assembly Language Programming

Advantage

Assembly Language programming is the efficient programming language for accessing the hardware features.

The assembly language op codes directly work on the target machine, so it is faster in operation.

Disadvantage

Tough to understand and Program.

Have to learn instruction set for different processors.

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Programming using C

Modularity

Usage of Scalar data types, Control statements, …

Easy maintenance

Reusable codes

Portability

Minimal hardware knowledge required

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Programming Embedded Systems using C++

Combines the advantage of OOPS, C & Assembly.

Special features: Data Encapsulation, inheritance, etc.

Advantages : Reusability of software components.

Disadvantages: Standard C++ programming makes code complex and lengthy, due to features like Templates, Multiple inheritance, Exception handling, Virtual base classes, Namespaces, etc.

Solution : Special version of C++ (Embedded C++) has provision for selective disabling of features.

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STRUCTURE of Operating System

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KERNEL of Operating System

- OS is a middle layer between Application Software & Hardware.

- It consists of KERNEL and other functions not provided by Kernel.

KERNEL Services

Process Management Memory Management Inter Process Communication I/O management Interrupt Control Device drivers

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Application

Operating System

Device Driver

Firmware

Hardware

ApplicationSoftware

combined withRTOS, DD & FW

Hardware

General Purpose COMPUTER (GPC) EMBEDDED SYSTEM

GENERAL PURPOSE COMPUTER (GPC) and EMBEDDED SYSTEM

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Typical Device Driver

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Real Time Operating System (RTOS)

RTOS is an OS for Embedded system

for response time and event controlled processes.

RTOS Services:

• Basic OS functions - PM, RM, MM, DM, FSM, I/o, etc.

• RTOS main functions - RT Task scheduling and Latency control

• Time management - Time Allocation, time slicing & monitoring for efficiency.

• Predictability - Predicting time behaviour and initiation of task synchronization

• Priorities Management - Allocation and Inheritance

• IPC - Synchronization of Tasks using IPC.

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Why need RTOS?

Reasons for need of RTOS Occasions for NO need of RTOS

When efficient scheduling in needed for multitasks with time constraints.

Task synchronization is needed.

Interrupt Latency Control is essential.

Small scale embedded system never use RTOS.

Instead of functions in RTOS, standard lib functions in C can be used.

eg. malloc(), free(),

fopen(), fclose(), etc.

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Real Time Systems

Hard real time - Systems with Hard Deadlines

No Critical Deadlines can be missed

Eg. Missile Control Systems, Atomic Reactors, …

Soft real time - Timing Constraints a little tolerable Occasional misses are permitted Average response time for an event should be within a specified time

Eg. Washing machines, Microwave oven, …

In RTS, “ A late answer is a wrong answer ”.

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Options in RTOS

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µC/OS-II (MUCOS)

µC/OS-II is Free Open-source RTOS designed by Jean J. Labrosse in 1992.

µC/OS-II is intended for Non-commercial use.

µC/OS-II codes are in C and few CPU specific modules are in ASSY.

µC/OS-II code Port on MANY Processors that are commonly used in ES design.

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EMBEDDED DEVELOPMENT TOOLS

PROM Programmer

Chip Programmer

CPU Emulator

In-Circuit-Emulator

In-Circuit-Debugger

Oscilloscope , Logic Probe, DVM, Logic-Analyzer etc…

ROM Emulator

IDE – integrated development environment

{Hardware & peripherals simulator, project manager, debugger, linker, Compiler, Assembler}

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PROM Programmer

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HOST

ROM EMULATOR

ROM Emulator

TARGET Board

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Chip programmer

HOST

TARGET Board

CPU Programmer

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Device Programmer Tools (for PIC µC)

• PRO MATE II Universal Programmer

• PICSTART Plus

• PROPIC XP

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Others Software Tools

MPLAB IDE for PIC Microcontrollers

MPASM (Assembler)

MPLAB-C (C Compiler)

MPLAB-SIM (Simulator)

Other Compilers

Kiel C (for Intel family µCs)

Hi-Tech C

CCS C

Pacific C

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Issues in Embedded System Designs

Energy-efficient

Real-time

Safety

Upgradeable

Cost sensitive

Security

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Energy efficiency:Must run for years on a tiny battery (Hearing aid, Pacemaker and Remote operating devices)

Real-time:Great harm is done, if deadlines are missed. (process control, avionics, weapons)Few time constraints (microwave)

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Safety critical:Device is safety critical (nuclear plant)Some processes in furnace petrochemical

Upgradeability: Impossible to update (spacecraft, pacemaker)

Availability / fault-toleranceMust be operating all the time (pacemaker, spacecraft control)

Can shutdown at any time (cell phone)

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Architecture of 8051 Family

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Pin Diagram of 8051 µC

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AT89C2051 Micro controller

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Pin configuration of AT89C2051

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Minimum configuration - AT89C2051

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Compiler for the project

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Operation of the Project

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Circuit Diagram for the project

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LED Pattern displayed for different DICE numbers

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Software coding (in C)

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Breakthrough in Embedded System Designs

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HOT167C-1 Version 2.5

Engine Control

Anti- Lock

Brakes

Trans- mission Control

Active Suspension

Dash- board

Lighting A/CPower Locks

Power Seats

Power Windows

Airbag

Embedded systems in Passenger Car

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Automotive embedded systems

• Today’s high-end automobile have > 80 microprocessors

• 4-bit microcontroller checks seat belt

• microcontrollers run dashboard devices

• 16/32-bit microprocessor controls engine

• Millions lines of code

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BMW 850i Brake and Stability control system

Anti-lock brake system (ABS): pumps brakes to reduce skidding.

Electronic stability control (ASC+T): controls brakes and engine to improve stability.

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Embedded system in Digital camera

Microcontroller

CCD preprocessor Pixel coprocessorA2D

D2A

JPEG codec

DMA controller

Memory controller ISA bus interface UART LCD ctrl

Display ctrl

Multiplier/Accum

Digital camera chip

lens

CCD

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According to analyst firm, the embedded system opportunity is expected to touch

• US$ 360 billion (in terms of devices)

• US$ 36 billion (up from the existing US$ 2 billion).

Experts also predict that there will be a ten-fold increase in the number of people employed in the embedded systems industry,

from the current 60,000 professionals to over six lakh people by 2015.

- Source: NASSCOM

Market Potential for Embedded Systems

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A few of the Embedded Majors

HCL INFOSYS TCS Cognizant Agilent Technologies Boeing BPL Ford Hitachi Hyundai Philips Playstation Sega Siemens Sony SCM Microsystems TATA ELXSI Texas Instruments Tektronix Vestion

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Embedded Systems Companies in Bangalore

SadhanasoftClick Technologies (I) Pvt. Ltd.

Nihar Infoway Ltd. Infobahn (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Vision Comptech Integrators Ltd

Datamation Consultants Pvt. Ltd.

Koenig Solutions Pvt. Ltd. Convergent Communications (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Optimal Infotech Pvt. Ltd. Compucom Software Ltd. Surya Soft-Tech Ltd Kale Consultants Ltd

Datamation Consultants Pvt. Ltd.

Surya Soft-Tech Ltd Mphasis-BFL Ltd Rhombus Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

Mphasis-BFL Ltd Global Automation ( Kale Consultants Ltd MindEdge Solutions

Karishma Software Ltd. Parsec Technologies (India) Ltd.

Binary Semantics Ltd. Netmumbai

Virgosys Software Pvt. Ltd. Polaris Software Lab Ltd Cybersol Technologies Pvt Ltd

SolutionNet India Pvt. Ltd.

IQura Technologies Pvt. Ltd. SDI Infotech Pvt. Ltd.

Datum Technologys (India) Ltd

Gateway WebSystems Pvt. Ltd.

Worldwide Infotech Inc. Java Softech Pvt. Ltd. Binary Semantics Ltd. Learnet India Ltd.

Intrepid Solutions Private Ltd

Global Software Initiatives Pvt. Ltd.

Webspectrum Software Pvt. Ltd.

KPIT Infosystems Ltd

iBilt Technologies Ltd iTech Workshop Pvt. Ltd. Datum Technologys (India) Ltd

Perfect E Com Solution Pvt Ltd.

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References

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References (Contd.)

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References (Contd.)

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Thank Youfor your PATIENCE.