ENVIRONMENT

ENVIRONMENT

MANAGEMENT

ASSIGNMENT

NAME: UTSAV GOEL

SECTION & ROLL NO.: E-20 COURSE: BBA (GEN.) SEMESTER: 2nd SEMESTER

Ques:-What production capacity do we have in the Indian context, so far as the Renewable and Non-Renewable energy is concerned? Draw a comparative chart between that of the developed nations (any five) and developing nation India. Conclude as to from where India to become a superpower in the future era will be able to meet out its energy requirement? Give estimates. Ans: with the cost of fossil fuels that have been traditional sources of energy such as coal, gas and crude oil depleting the world over, the focus is now shifting more and more towards renewable energy sources or green power. Indias renewable energy resource use increased substantially through the expansion of the role of the private sector in technology commercialization. Commercial, industrial, and residential sectors benefit because of increased access to reliable and reasonably priced electricity. Other benefits include land price increases, improved quality and availability of power in the vicinity of wind farms, and infrastructure development, such as improved roads. The development of a commercial solar PV market has created a large, private-sector-led manufacturing base (60 firms in 2002 compared with 10 in 1992), a competitive marketplace where product costs are now among the lowest in the world, and increased participation by financial intermediaries. Corporate such as Suzlon, Enercon, NEG Micon, Vestas RR have already installed 400 MW of installed capacity of wind power in the state.The following is the short summary on Indias renewable resources capacity at present:-

HYDRO ENERGYOver 113 MW of small hydro capacity (33 projects) was commissioned and financed, compared with a target of 100 MW. Installed capacity has risen to more than 1,340 MW. Construction of 17 more small hydro systems (over 34 MW) has begun. An additional 155 MW has been financed in part with domestic market borrowings. The vast majority of new installations are owned and operated by private-sector

companies. Installations produce an aggregate annual energy output of 465,000,000 kWh at an average plant factor of 47%. Unit costs average US$1,150 in real (year 2000) terms. Average estimated cost was US$1,000/kW (year 2000 dollars) in comparison to US$3,000/kW when installations were developed by the public sector. As the time from groundbreaking to commissioning has decreased from 20 to 54 months in 1997

to 11 to 20 months today, project cash flows have improved.

WIND POWERInstalled capacity is now 1,340 MW as compared to 40 MW in 1992; more than 92% of capacity was implemented by the private sector. Unit costs are about US$1,070/kW (year 2000). Rural employment amounting to 7,000 to 9,000 jobs in Tamil Nadu resulted from the 800-MW wind farms installed in the state.

Estimated Wind Power Potential in India

State

Gross Potential (MW)

Andhra Pradesh 9063

Gujarat 7362

Karnataka 7161

Kerala 1026

Madhya Pradesh 4978

Maharashtra 4519

Orissa 1520

Rajasthan 6672

Tamil Nadu 4159

West Bengal 32

TOTAL46,092

Total No. of Stations in operation at the

end of February 2006 59

Total No. of Stations closed down in

March 2006 1

Total No. of stations commissioned in March 1

Total No. of stations in operation as on

31st March 2006 59

The wind power potential on a national level, base data collected from 10 states considering only 1% of land availability, is

around 46,092 MW. SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICSBecause of its location between the Tropic of Cancer and the Equator, India has an average annual temperature that ranges from 25C 27.5 C. This means that India has huge solar potential. The sunniest parts are situated in the south/east coast, from Calcutta to Madras. Seventy-eight projects with a combined capacity of 2,145 MWp generate 3,000,000 kWh annually; 40% of the 20 MWp produced in 2000 was exported. Average unit cost in real terms has declined from US$22/Wp at appraisal

to US$11/Wp. There has been a five-fold income increase among farmers using PV pumps and a 50% increase in net income by some traders using solar rather than kerosene lighting. The income of some rural households is rising by 15 to 30% due to increased home industry output. In addition to these performance measures, the carbon emissions avoided by RRD are estimated at about 3.6 million,0.74 million, and 87,000 tons over the lifetime of the small hydro, wind, and PV projects financed under the project, respectively. BIOMASS ENERGYIndia is very rich in biomass. It has a potential of 19,500 MW (3,500 MW from bagasse based cogeneration and 16,000 MW from surplus biomass). Currently, India has 537 MW commissioned and 536 MW under construction. The facts reinforce the idea of a commitment by India to develop these resources of power production.

Following is a list of some States with most potential for biomass production:

Andhra Pradesh (200 MW) Bihar (200 MW)

Gujarat (200 MW)

Karnataka (300 MW)

Maharashtra (1,000 MW)

Punjab (150 MW) Tamil Nadu (350 MW) Uttar Pradesh (1,000 MW)The potential available and the installed capacities for Biomass and BagasseSource

Potential Installed

Biomass 16,000 MW 222 MW

Bagasse (Cogeneration)

in existing

sugar mills 3,500 MW 332 MW

ACTUAL INSTALLEDRENEWABLE - BASED PLANTS IN INDIA Source Units Installed

Wind farmsMW557

Wind pumps Nos3289

Small Hydro

(up to 3 MW) MW122

Biomass Gasifiers X 10 6 2.12

Solar PV kW825

Chart showing energy consumption in India CHART

Republic of India

India is going to be the biggest economy in the world. It is going to be the biggest superpower of the 21st century." India as the underdog, facing more challenges then advantages, yet it is approaching superpower status. Despite the hardships of large amount of poverty, and social inequality, India is overcoming all of this.

India has a fine chance at becoming a superpower. Pointing out that India's young population coupled with the second largest English-speaking population in the world could give India an advantage over China. Also believes that while other industrial countries will face a youth gap, India will have lots of young people, or in other words workers. Another strength that India is that despite being one of the poorest countries in the world, its democratic government has lasted for 60 years, stating that a democracy can provide for long-term stability.

India also has been gaining influence in Asia with trade agreements, direct investment, military exercises, and aids funds. It is good allies with countries such as Iran and Japan, and has emerging ties with countries such as Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar, and India even has an air force base in Tajikistan.

India is "big but not important," has a highly successful professional class, while millions of its citizens still live in poverty. It is "almost completely third world". China borders a dozen more countries than India does, is not hemmed in by a vast ocean and the world's tallest mountains, has a loyal Diaspora twice the size of India's and enjoys a head start in Asian and African marketplaces.

India and China will be superpowers. However, China is decades ahead of India, and that the average Chinese person is better off than the average Indian person.

China and India rising to superpower status is not inevitable. Millions mired in poverty and ineffective government prevents China or India from rivaling the EU or the US any time soon.