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EM BOMBEM BOMB

The Next Generation Weapon ???The Next Generation Weapon ???

-PARTH MEHTA

-07EC441

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Modern World is a BattlefrontModern World is a Battlefront

Present era can be classified as an era ofPresent era can be classified as an era ofTechnology, eraTechnology, era of computers or age ofcomputers or age ofindustries.industries.

But in history it will be surely classified as an eraBut in history it will be surely classified as an eraof WAR and Terrorismof WAR and Terrorism

In modern world its impossible for any country toIn modern world its impossible for any country toremain aloof from wars however peaceful andremain aloof from wars however peaceful andnon violent it may claim to be.non violent it may claim to be.

Be it for progress or on ethical grounds, be itBe it for progress or on ethical grounds, be itinvasive or defensive but war is inevitable.invasive or defensive but war is inevitable.

And if a nation has to be indulged in war the onlyAnd if a nation has to be indulged in war the onlynecessity is to win or at least be able to protectnecessity is to win or at least be able to protectitself from invasion.itself from invasion.

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The efficient execution of a war campaignagainst a modern industrial or post-industrial

opponent will require the use of specialized toolsdesigned to destroy or disrupt informationsystems, Power Supply Systems And MajorIndustries of opponents.

In case of a War situation between a highlyadvanced nation and a technologically backwardnation it becomes all the more necessary andunavoidable to use such means which aretechnologically and economically feasible yethighly devastating.

Today the technical and intellectual progress ofmankind has presented us with many suchweapons one of the most important of which is

EM BOMB

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WHAT IS AN EM BOMB???WHAT IS AN EM BOMB???

AnAn electromagnetic bomb or Ebomb or E--bomb is abomb is aweapon designed to disable electronicsweapon designed to disable electronics

with anwith an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) that(EMP) that

can couple with electrical/electroniccan couple with electrical/electronic

systems to produce damaging current andsystems to produce damaging current andvoltage surges by electromagneticvoltage surges by electromagnetic

induction.induction.

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HISTORYHISTORY

The theory behind the EThe theory behind the E--bomb was proposed inbomb was proposed in1925 by physicist Arthur H. Compton1925 by physicist Arthur H. Compton not tonot tobuild weapons, but to study atoms.build weapons, but to study atoms.

Compton demonstrated that firing a stream ofCompton demonstrated that firing a stream ofhighly energetic photons into atoms that have ahighly energetic photons into atoms that have alow atomic number causes them to eject alow atomic number causes them to eject astream of electrons.stream of electrons.

Physics students know this phenomenon as thePhysics students know this phenomenon as the

Compton Effect.Compton Effect. The resulting electromagnetic pulse inducedThe resulting electromagnetic pulse induced

intense electrical currents in conductiveintense electrical currents in conductivematerials over a wide area.materials over a wide area.

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The electromagnetic pulse was first observedThe electromagnetic pulse was first observed

during highduring high--altitude nuclear weapon detonations.altitude nuclear weapon detonations.

Ironically, this nuclear research led to anIronically, this nuclear research led to an

unexpected demonstration of the power of theunexpected demonstration of the power of the

Compton Effect, and spawned a new type ofCompton Effect, and spawned a new type of

weapon.weapon.

In 1958, nuclear weapons designers ignitedIn 1958, nuclear weapons designers ignitedhydrogen bombs high over the Pacific Ocean.hydrogen bombs high over the Pacific Ocean.

The detonations created bursts of gamma raysThe detonations created bursts of gamma rays

that, upon striking the oxygen and nitrogen inthat, upon striking the oxygen and nitrogen in

the atmosphere, released a tsunami of electronsthe atmosphere, released a tsunami of electronsthat spread for hundreds of miles.that spread for hundreds of miles.

Street lights were blown out in Hawaii and radioStreet lights were blown out in Hawaii and radio

navigation was disrupted for 18 hours, as farnavigation was disrupted for 18 hours, as far

away as Australia.away as Australia.

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The US Army Corps of Engineers issued aThe US Army Corps of Engineers issued a

publicly available pamphlet in the late 1990s thatpublicly available pamphlet in the late 1990s that

discusses in detail how to harden a facilitydiscusses in detail how to harden a facilityagainst "HEMPagainst "HEMP -- high frequencyhigh frequency

electromagnetic pulse.electromagnetic pulse.

According to some reports, the U.S. Navy usedAccording to some reports, the U.S. Navy used

experimental Eexperimental E--bombs during the 1991 Gulfbombs during the 1991 GulfWar.War.

These bombs utilized warheads that convertedThese bombs utilized warheads that converted

the energy of conventional explosives into athe energy of conventional explosives into a

pulse of radio energy.pulse of radio energy.

It describes how water pipes, antennas,It describes how water pipes, antennas,

electrical lines, and windows allow EMP to enterelectrical lines, and windows allow EMP to enter

a building.a building.

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The Soviet Union conducted significant researchinto producing nuclear weapons speciallydesigned for upper atmospheric detonations, adecision that was later followed by the UnitedStates and the United Kingdom.

Though only the Soviets ultimately produced any

significant quantity of such warheads. But the most of them were disarmed following

the Reagan-era arms talks.

CBS News also reported that the U.S. dropped

an E-bomb on Iraqi TV during the 2003 invasionof Iraq, though this has not been confirmed.

Its Doubtless that EMP-specialized nuclearweapon designs belong to the third generation

of nuclear weapons

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The Basic Principle.The Basic Principle. The basic principle is characterized by theThe basic principle is characterized by the

production of a very short but intenseproduction of a very short but intenseelectromagnetic pulse, which propagates away fromelectromagnetic pulse, which propagates away fromits source with ever diminishing intensity, governedits source with ever diminishing intensity, governedby the theory of electromagnetism. Theby the theory of electromagnetism. The

Electromagnetic Pulse is in effect an electromagneticElectromagnetic Pulse is in effect an electromagneticshock wave.shock wave.

Small nuclear weapons detonated at high altitudesSmall nuclear weapons detonated at high altitudescan produce a strong enough signal to disrupt orcan produce a strong enough signal to disrupt or

damage electronics many miles from the locus of thedamage electronics many miles from the locus of theexplosionexplosion..

During a nuclear EMP, the magnetic flux lines of theDuring a nuclear EMP, the magnetic flux lines of theEarth alter the dispersion of energy so that it radiatesEarth alter the dispersion of energy so that it radiates

very little to the North, but spreads out East, West,very little to the North, but spreads out East, West,and South of the blastand South of the blast

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The signal is divided into several timeThe signal is divided into several time

components, and can result in thousands ofcomponents, and can result in thousands of

volts per meter of electromagnetic energyvolts per meter of electromagnetic energyranging from extreme negative to extremeranging from extreme negative to extreme

positive polarities. This energy can travel longpositive polarities. This energy can travel long

distances on power lines and through the air.distances on power lines and through the air. This pulse of energy produces a powerfulThis pulse of energy produces a powerful

electromagnetic field, particularly within the vicinity ofelectromagnetic field, particularly within the vicinity of

the weapon burst.the weapon burst.

The field can be sufficiently strong to produce shortThe field can be sufficiently strong to produce shortlived transient voltages of thousands of Volts onlived transient voltages of thousands of Volts on

exposed electrical conductors, such as wires, orexposed electrical conductors, such as wires, or

conductive tracks on printed circuit boards, whereconductive tracks on printed circuit boards, where

exposed.exposed.

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This aspect of the EMP effect is of militaryThis aspect of the EMP effect is of military

significance, as it can result in irreversible damage tosignificance, as it can result in irreversible damage toa wide range of electrical and electronic equipment,a wide range of electrical and electronic equipment,particularly computers and radio or radar receivers.particularly computers and radio or radar receivers.

Subject to the electromagnetic hardness of theSubject to the electromagnetic hardness of the

electronic equipment, a measure of the equipment'selectronic equipment, a measure of the equipment'sresilience to this effect, and the intensity of the fieldresilience to this effect, and the intensity of the fieldproduced by the weapon, the equipment can beproduced by the weapon, the equipment can beirreversibly damaged or in effect electrically destroyed.irreversibly damaged or in effect electrically destroyed.

The damage inflicted is not unlike that experiencedThe damage inflicted is not unlike that experiencedthrough exposure to close proximity lightning strikes,through exposure to close proximity lightning strikes,and may require complete replacement of theand may require complete replacement of theequipment, or at least substantial portions thereof.equipment, or at least substantial portions thereof.

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What is inside the EMWhat is inside the EM--Bomb?Bomb?

EM Bomb Basically consists of one of theEM Bomb Basically consists of one of the

followingfollowing

Flux Compression Generators (FCG)Flux Compression Generators (FCG)

Explosive or propellant driven MagnetoExplosive or propellant driven Magneto--

Hydrodynamic (MHD) generatorsHydrodynamic (MHD) generators

A range of HPM devices, the foremost ofA range of HPM devices, the foremost of

which is the Virtual Cathode Oscillator orwhich is the Virtual Cathode Oscillator or

Vircator.Vircator.

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The FCG was first demonstrated by ClarenceThe FCG was first demonstrated by Clarence

Fowler at Los Alamos National Laboratories inFowler at Los Alamos National Laboratories in

the late fifties.the late fifties.

The FCG is a device capable of producingThe FCG is a device capable of producing

electrical energies of tens of Mega Joules in tenselectrical energies of tens of Mega Joules in tens

to hundreds of microseconds of time, in ato hundreds of microseconds of time, in a

relatively compact package.relatively compact package. With peak power levels of the order of TerawattsWith peak power levels of the order of Terawatts

to tens of Terawatts, FCGs may be usedto tens of Terawatts, FCGs may be used

directly, or as one shot pulse power supplies fordirectly, or as one shot pulse power supplies for

microwave tubes.microwave tubes. The current produced by a large FCG isThe current produced by a large FCG is

between ten to a thousand times greater thanbetween ten to a thousand times greater than

that produced by a typical lightning strokethat produced by a typical lightning stroke

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The central idea behind the construction of FCGs isThe central idea behind the construction of FCGs isthat of using a fast explosive to rapidly compress athat of using a fast explosive to rapidly compress a

magnetic field, transferring much energy from themagnetic field, transferring much energy from theexplosive into the magnetic field.explosive into the magnetic field.

The initial magnetic field in the FCG prior to explosiveThe initial magnetic field in the FCG prior to explosiveinitiation is produced by a start current supplied by aninitiation is produced by a start current supplied by an

external source, such a a high voltage capacitor bank ,external source, such a a high voltage capacitor bank ,a smaller FCG or an MHD device.a smaller FCG or an MHD device.

In principle, any device capable of producing a pulseIn principle, any device capable of producing a pulseof electrical current of the order of tens of kiloof electrical current of the order of tens of kilo

Amperes to Mega Amperes will be suitable.Amperes to Mega Amperes will be suitable. A number of geometrical configurations for FCGsA number of geometrical configurations for FCGs

have been publishedhave been published

The most commonly used arrangement is that of theThe most commonly used arrangement is that of the

coaxial FCG.coaxial FCG.

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Explosive and Propellant DrivenExplosive and Propellant Driven

MHD GeneratorsMHD Generators The fundamental principle behind the design ofThe fundamental principle behind the design of

MHD devices is that a conductor moving throughMHD devices is that a conductor moving througha magnetic field will produce an electrical currenta magnetic field will produce an electrical currenttransverse to the direction of the field and thetransverse to the direction of the field and the

conductor motion.conductor motion. In an explosive or propellant driven MHD device,In an explosive or propellant driven MHD device,

the conductor is a plasma of ionised explosive orthe conductor is a plasma of ionised explosive orpropellant gas, which travels through thepropellant gas, which travels through the

magnetic field.magnetic field. Technical issues such as the size and weight ofTechnical issues such as the size and weight of

magnetic field generating devices required formagnetic field generating devices required forthe operation of MHD generators suggest thatthe operation of MHD generators suggest that

MHD devices will play a minor role in the nearMHD devices will play a minor role in the nearterm.term.

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High Power Microwave SourcesHigh Power Microwave Sources --

The VircatorThe Vircator The fundamental idea behind the Vircator is thatThe fundamental idea behind the Vircator is that

of accelerating a high current electron beamof accelerating a high current electron beam

against a mesh (or foil) anode.against a mesh (or foil) anode.

Many electrons will pass through the anode,Many electrons will pass through the anode,forming a bubble of space charge behind theforming a bubble of space charge behind the

anodeanode

Under the proper conditions, this space chargeUnder the proper conditions, this space chargeregion will oscillate at microwave frequencies. Ifregion will oscillate at microwave frequencies. If

the space charge region is placed into athe space charge region is placed into a

resonant cavity which is appropriately tuned,resonant cavity which is appropriately tuned,

very high peak powers may be achieved.very high peak powers may be achieved.

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Conventional microwave engineering techniques mayConventional microwave engineering techniques may

then be used to extract microwave power from thethen be used to extract microwave power from the

resonant cavity.resonant cavity.

Power levels achieved in Vircator experiments rangePower levels achieved in Vircator experiments range

from 170 kilowatts to 40 Gig Watts over frequenciesfrom 170 kilowatts to 40 Gig Watts over frequencies

spanning the decimeter and centimetric bands.spanning the decimeter and centimetric bands.

The two most commonly described configurations forThe two most commonly described configurations for

the Vircator are the Axial Vircator (AV) , and thethe Vircator are the Axial Vircator (AV) , and the

Transverse Vircator (TV) .Transverse Vircator (TV) .

The Axial Vircator is the simplest by design, and hasThe Axial Vircator is the simplest by design, and has

generally produced the best power output ingenerally produced the best power output in

experiments.experiments.

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Technical issues in Vircator design are output pulseTechnical issues in Vircator design are output pulse

duration, which is typically of the order of aduration, which is typically of the order of amicrosecond and is limited by anode melting, stabilitymicrosecond and is limited by anode melting, stability

of oscillation frequency, often compromised by cavityof oscillation frequency, often compromised by cavity

mode hopping, conversion efficiency and total powermode hopping, conversion efficiency and total power

outputoutput.. Coupling power efficiently from the Vircator cavity inCoupling power efficiently from the Vircator cavity in

modes suitable for a chosen antenna type may alsomodes suitable for a chosen antenna type may also

be an issue, given the high power levels involved andbe an issue, given the high power levels involved and

thus the potential for electrical breakdown inthus the potential for electrical breakdown ininsulators.insulators.

An axial Vircator is shown in the figure.An axial Vircator is shown in the figure.

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NonNon--Nuclear EM BOMBSNuclear EM BOMBS

This sort of eThis sort of e--bomb has a fairly simple,bomb has a fairly simple,potentially inexpensive design, illustrated below.potentially inexpensive design, illustrated below.

The bomb consists of a metal cylinder (calledThe bomb consists of a metal cylinder (called

thethe armaturearmature), which is surrounded by a coil of), which is surrounded by a coil of

wire (thewire (the statorwindingstatorwinding).).

The armature cylinder is filled with highThe armature cylinder is filled with high

explosive, and a sturdyexplosive, and a sturdy jacketjacket surrounds thesurrounds the

entire device. The stator winding and theentire device. The stator winding and thearmature cylinder are separated by emptyarmature cylinder are separated by empty

space. The bomb also has a power source, suchspace. The bomb also has a power source, such

as a bank of capacitors, which can be connectedas a bank of capacitors, which can be connected

to the stator.to the stator.

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Here's the sequence of events when the bombHere's the sequence of events when the bombgoes off:goes off:

A switch connects the capacitors to the stator,A switch connects the capacitors to the stator,sending an electrical current through the wires. Thissending an electrical current through the wires. Thisgenerates an intense magnetic field.generates an intense magnetic field.

A fuze mechanism ignites the explosive material.A fuze mechanism ignites the explosive material.The explosion travels as a wave through the middleThe explosion travels as a wave through the middleof the armature cylinder.of the armature cylinder.

As the explosion makes its way through theAs the explosion makes its way through thecylinder, the cylinder comes in contact with thecylinder, the cylinder comes in contact with the

stator winding. This creates a short circuit, cuttingstator winding. This creates a short circuit, cuttingthe stator off from its power supply.the stator off from its power supply.

The moving short circuit compresses the magneticThe moving short circuit compresses the magneticfield, generating an intense electromagnetic burst.field, generating an intense electromagnetic burst.

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It is a Non Lethal Weapon..It is a Non Lethal Weapon..

Generally considered 'nonGenerally considered 'non--lethallethal

weapons', these weapons are not directlyweapons', these weapons are not directly

responsible for the loss of lives .responsible for the loss of lives . But the electromagnetic weaponry doBut the electromagnetic weaponry do

however pose health threats to humans.however pose health threats to humans.

Affects the human central nervous systemAffects the human central nervous systemresulting in physical pain, difficulty inresulting in physical pain, difficulty in

breathing, vertigo, nausea, disorientation,breathing, vertigo, nausea, disorientation,

or other systemic discomfort.or other systemic discomfort.

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Light and repetitive visual signals canLight and repetitive visual signals can

induce epileptic seizures.Vection andinduce epileptic seizures.Vection and

motion sickness can also occur.motion sickness can also occur.

Cavitation, which affects gas nuclei inCavitation, which affects gas nuclei in

human tissue, and heating can result fromhuman tissue, and heating can result fromexposure to ultrasound.exposure to ultrasound.

Microwave pulses can also affect theMicrowave pulses can also affect theepidermis generating a burn from as far asepidermis generating a burn from as far as

700 yards700 yards

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Electronic AttackElectronic Attack

Electronic attack involves the use of the EMElectronic attack involves the use of the EMenergy, or antienergy, or anti--radiation weapons to attackradiation weapons to attackpersonnel, facilitites, or equipment with the intentpersonnel, facilitites, or equipment with the intentof degrading, neutralizing, or destroying enemyof degrading, neutralizing, or destroying enemycombat capability.combat capability.

EA include communcations jamming, IADSEA include communcations jamming, IADS

suppression, DE/LASER attack, expendablesuppression, DE/LASER attack, expendabledecoys (e.g., flares and chaff), and counter radiodecoys (e.g., flares and chaff), and counter radiocontrolled improvised explosive devicecontrolled improvised explosive device

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In modern warfare, the various levels of attackIn modern warfare, the various levels of attack

could accomplish a number of importantcould accomplish a number of importantcombat missions without racking up manycombat missions without racking up many

casualties. For example, an ecasualties. For example, an e--bomb couldbomb could

effectively neutralize:effectively neutralize:

Vehicle control systemsVehicle control systems

Targeting systems, on the ground and on missilesTargeting systems, on the ground and on missiles

and bombsand bombs

Communications systemsCommunications systems

Navigation systemsNavigation systems

Long and shortLong and short--range sensor systemsrange sensor systems

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The modern research has taken EM weapons to suchThe modern research has taken EM weapons to such

limits that they can easily ruin even the satelliteslimits that they can easily ruin even the satellites

orbiting around the earth.orbiting around the earth.

What is worse is that presently research is in progressWhat is worse is that presently research is in progress

in order to control the satellites of opponents for ourin order to control the satellites of opponents for our

use or to misguide them.use or to misguide them.

As with modern military aircraft, naval surfaceAs with modern military aircraft, naval surfacecombatants are fitted with a substantial volume ofcombatants are fitted with a substantial volume of

electronic equipment, performing similar functions inelectronic equipment, performing similar functions in

detecting and engaging targets and warning of attack.detecting and engaging targets and warning of attack.

They are vulnerable to electromagnetic attack, if notThey are vulnerable to electromagnetic attack, if notsuitably hardened.suitably hardened.

Should they be hardened, volumetric, weight and costShould they be hardened, volumetric, weight and cost

penalties will be incurred.penalties will be incurred.

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EMP weapons could be especially useful in anEMP weapons could be especially useful in aninvasion of Iraq, because a pulse might effectivelyinvasion of Iraq, because a pulse might effectively

neutralize underground bunkers. Most of Iraq'sneutralize underground bunkers. Most of Iraq'sunderground bunkers are hard to reach withunderground bunkers are hard to reach withconventional bombs and missilesconventional bombs and missiles

A nuclear blast could effectively demolish many ofA nuclear blast could effectively demolish many ofthese bunkers, but this would destroy the surroundingthese bunkers, but this would destroy the surrounding

areas.areas. An electromagnetic pulse could pass through theAn electromagnetic pulse could pass through the

ground, knocking out the bunker's lights, ventilationground, knocking out the bunker's lights, ventilationsystems, communicationssystems, communications ---- even electric doors. Theeven electric doors. Thebunker would be completely uninhabitable.bunker would be completely uninhabitable.

While EMP weapons are generally considered nonWhile EMP weapons are generally considered non--lethal, they could easily kill people if they werelethal, they could easily kill people if they weredirected towards particular targets. If an EMP knockeddirected towards particular targets. If an EMP knockedout a hospital's electricity, for example, any patient onout a hospital's electricity, for example, any patient on

life support would die immediatelylife support would die immediately

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The DeliveryofConventionalThe DeliveryofConventionalElectromagnetic BombsElectromagnetic Bombs

The height of delivery of an EM BOMB by an aircraftThe height of delivery of an EM BOMB by an aircraftdepends on the type of activation, damage estimateddepends on the type of activation, damage estimatedand weight of the BOMB.and weight of the BOMB.

The figure shows two different launch profiles forThe figure shows two different launch profiles forGPS/Inertial guided weapons.GPS/Inertial guided weapons.

Fusing could be provided by a radar altimeter fuse toFusing could be provided by a radar altimeter fuse toairburst the bomb, a barometric fuse or in GPS/inertialairburst the bomb, a barometric fuse or in GPS/inertialguided bombs, the navigation system.guided bombs, the navigation system.

The warhead fraction could be as high as 85%,The warhead fraction could be as high as 85%,with most of the usable mass occupied by thewith most of the usable mass occupied by theelectromagnetic device and its supportingelectromagnetic device and its supporting

hardwarehardware

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Lethal Radius Depends onLethal Radius Depends on

Frequency of OperationFrequency of Operation

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Defense against EM BombDefense against EM Bomb The most effective method is to wholly contain theThe most effective method is to wholly contain the

equipment in an electrically conductive enclosure,equipment in an electrically conductive enclosure,termed atermed a FARADAY CAGEFARADAY CAGE, which prevents the, which prevents the

electromagnetic field from gaining access to theelectromagnetic field from gaining access to the

protected equipment.protected equipment.

It harmlessly routes the signal around the electronicsIt harmlessly routes the signal around the electronics

inside, but the conductors inside must be insulatedinside, but the conductors inside must be insulated

from spurious currents that are induced as the signalfrom spurious currents that are induced as the signal

passes around the surface of the cagepasses around the surface of the cage However most such equipment must communicateHowever most such equipment must communicate

with and be fed with power from the outside world, andwith and be fed with power from the outside world, and

this can provide entry points via which electricalthis can provide entry points via which electrical

transients may enter the enclosure and effect damagetransients may enter the enclosure and effect damage

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Limitations Of EM BOMBLimitations Of EM BOMB

Limited Range.Limited Range.

Thermionic technology ( vacuum tubeThermionic technology ( vacuum tube

equipment) more resilient to theequipment) more resilient to theelectromagnetic weapons effects thanelectromagnetic weapons effects than

solid state devices.solid state devices.

Radiating targets such as radars orRadiating targets such as radars or

communications equipment may continuecommunications equipment may continue

to radiate after an attack even though theirto radiate after an attack even though their

receivers and data processing systemsreceivers and data processing systems

have been damaged or destroyed.have been damaged or destroyed.

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Conversely an opponent may shut down anConversely an opponent may shut down anemitter if attack is imminent and the absence ofemitter if attack is imminent and the absence of

emissions means that the success or failure ofemissions means that the success or failure ofthe attack may not be immediately apparent.the attack may not be immediately apparent.

EM absorption effect the HPM weapons toEM absorption effect the HPM weapons toshorter radii than are ideally achievable in the Kshorter radii than are ideally achievable in the K

and L frequency bands.and L frequency bands. Should the delivery error be of the order of theShould the delivery error be of the order of the

weapon's lethal radius for a given detonationweapon's lethal radius for a given detonationaltitude, lethality will be significantly diminished.altitude, lethality will be significantly diminished.

An inaccurately delivered weapon of largeAn inaccurately delivered weapon of largelethal radius may be unusable against alethal radius may be unusable against atarget should the likely collateral electricaltarget should the likely collateral electricaldamage be beyond acceptable limitsdamage be beyond acceptable limits

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CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

In theblinkofan eye,In theblinkofan eye,

electromagneticbombscould throwelectromagneticbombscould throwcivilization back 200 yearscivilization back 200 years ;and;andterroristscan build themforonlyterroristscan build themforonly$400$400 ........