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VOLTAGE SOURCE
Independent Voltage Source
Dependent Voltage Source
Voltage-controlled Voltage Source (VCVS)
Current-controlled Voltage Source
1
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CURRENT SOURCE
2
Independent Current Source
Dependent Current Source
Voltage-controlled current source (VCCS)
Current-controlled current source (CCCS)
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NETWORK TOPOLOGY
3
Branch:
A branch is a single element, e.g. resistor, voltage source.
Node:A node is the point of connection between 2 or more
branches.
Loop:A loop is any closed path in a circuit.
Fundamental Theorem of Network Topology:
b = l + n 1
b: branches
n: nodes
l: independent loops
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Series Connection
Same current through all resistors
If all resistors have the same value R, it is:
In general:
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Example: Voltage divider
2
1 2
0
2
1 2
} 21 2:
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Potentiometer
Symbol:
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Parallel Connection
1
1
Same voltage across all resistors
If all resistors have the same value R, it is:
1
In general:
.
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Reference: Lee, R. C, Dougherty, W., Electrical Injury:,
IEEE Trans. Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Vol. 10,No. 5, 2003
EXERCISE HUMAN BODY
Presume you put one hand to both feet and
body is connected to a 230 V voltage source.
Calculate the current running through the bodyusing internal tissue resistances from figure.
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EXERCISE EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE
Find current I in the circuit shown in figure (Answer: 4A)