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Elk Responses to Recreation on Public Forests RECREATION AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES WORKSHOP May 7, 2018, Corvallis, OR Mary Rowland, PNW Research Station United States Department of Agriculture

Elk Responses to Recreation on Public Forests · Elk Responses to Recreation on Public Forests R ECREATION AND W ILDLIFE R ESOURCES W ORKSHOP May 7, 2018, Corvallis, OR. Mary Rowland,

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  • Elk Responses to Recreationon Public Forests

    RECREATION AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES WORKSHOPMay 7, 2018, Corvallis, OR

    Mary Rowland, PNW Research Station

    United States Department of Agriculture

  • TODAY’S PRESENTATION

    Overview of recreation impacts on elk

    Starkey study of trail-based recreation and elk

    Starkey elk hunting research

    Conclusions and way forward

  • WHY ELK AS A FOCUS OF RECREATIONRESEARCH?

    @R. Cook

  • SOCIO-ECONOMIC VALUE Highly prized as a game animal and

    First Food in the Pacific NW Elk hunters contribute

    substantially to rural economies Elk viewing and shed hunting People (most) love elk – witness

    Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation 17,000 members in Oregon alone in

    30+ chapters $57 million spent to date on

    conservation efforts Nearly 800,000 acres affected

    @J. Ward

  • OTHER REASONS Elk are widespread in the PNW and locally abundant Elk distribution issues, often stemming from human

    disturbance, lead to conflict Higher density of open roads and recreationists on public

    lands can push elk to private lands

    Damage to fences, haystacks, crops

    Fewer opportunities for hunting, viewing on public lands

  • MOREOVER… Prior research has shown sensitivity of elk to

    recreation and roads

    Sensitivities ≈ other ungulates, thus relevant to managing recreation and other wildlife

    How elk respond to recreation on public lands is relevant to broader “all-lands” planning and population management

  • INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT ESSENTIAL State agencies

    manage elk herds through hunting (= recreation) to meet population objectives

    Tribal members hunt elk on ceded lands and manage habitat on reservations

    US Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management manage recreation and the majority of PNW elk habitat, especially summer and transitional ranges

  • RECREATION IMPACTS ON ELK

    Elk occupy every national forest and many BLM districts in OR and WA

    Any recreation tied to road or trail use is a potential impact ATV use, “mudding,”

    other motorized activities on roads or trails

    Roads offer access to recreation sites

  • WHAT KINDS OF RECREATION AFFECT ELK?

    Hunting Mountain biking ATV use Hiking Camping Horseback riding Cross-country skiing Snowmobiling Others…

  • DIRECT EFFECTS OF RECREATION ON ELK Hunting (consumptive)

    Mortality Wounding loss Poaching

    Road kill or injury Behavioral: habitat

    avoidance or displacement

    Physiological: stress / increased energetic costs from flight responses or vigilance

  • INDIRECT EFFECTS ON ELK HABITAT Outright loss of

    habitat from construction of roads and trails for recreation access

    Habitat fragmentation from roads/trails

    Foregone foraging opportunities

  • WHAT FACTORS INFLUENCE EFFECTS? Speed of approach and noise level of recreationists Visibility (viewshed for animal) Habitat type Animal sensitivity (individual behavior) Availability of “escape terrain” or security cover Group size/density of recreationists

    Larson et al. 2016. Effects of recreation on animals….. PLoS ONE.

  • STARKEY RECREATIONRESEARCHEffects of Trail-based Recreation on Elk

  • STARKEY EXPERIMENTALFOREST AND RANGE Manipulative research

    conducted in controlled environment

    Game-proof fence encloses main research areas

    Total area ~ 25,000 acres

    Typical dry interior forests of Blue Mts. Province

  • NORTHEAST RECREATION STUDY

    Evaluated responses of mule deer and elk to 4 trail-based recreation activities: ATVs Mountain biking Hiking Horseback riding

    Metrics included: Movement rates Probability of flight response and flight

    distance Shifts in spatial distribution of animals

  • Bike Routes, Northeast Study Area

  • 4

    6

    8

    10

    12

    14

    16

    18

    20

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24Hour (PDT)

    Mov

    emen

    t Rat

    e (M

    eter

    s/M

    inute

    ATV BIK C HIK HRS

    Elk

    Chart7

    11111

    22222

    33333

    44444

    55555

    66666

    77777

    88888

    99999

    1010101010

    1111111111

    1212121212

    1313131313

    1414141414

    1515151515

    1616161616

    1717171717

    1818181818

    1919191919

    2020202020

    2121212121

    2222222222

    2323232323

    2424242424

    Grand TotalGrand TotalGrand TotalGrand TotalGrand Total

    Trt with one control ATV

    Trt with one control BIK

    Trt with one control C

    Trt with one control HIK

    Trt with one control HRS

    Hour (PDT)

    Movement Rate (Meters/Minute)

    7.6926534959

    7.9717651524

    7.3046011692

    7.0605892159

    9.1749584844

    7.332829921

    6.9645089178

    7.3767633096

    7.614103548

    8.7573621361

    7.8746829114

    6.537052694

    5.814988804

    6.8980412178

    6.9528305413

    8.6191463549

    7.1199016265

    6.0604256664

    6.6043299404

    8.1256844161

    9.786936873

    10.3853700696

    7.0961508582

    8.7053297321

    8.2007054922

    11.8191517854

    10.2053653864

    9.1179052712

    9.2066351817

    7.9513851094

    7.998580753

    8.2129206876

    6.9169909458

    8.6982696099

    7.4438913735

    8.0187397905

    6.8156585981

    5.0103936118

    7.5535258923

    7.7706364628

    18.8077053939

    10.4747825112

    7.3423231374

    9.9774208643

    9.0034727882

    16.0216105479

    16.4400412012

    6.4611024035

    13.8447860109

    13.0694606087

    10.0930697869

    12.1621023379

    6.036425488

    10.3018858144

    13.4992674655

    7.1266209221

    7.3010884081

    6.4696426945

    7.3369633065

    7.6547204455

    9.5964767163

    8.8160177101

    4.0413526048

    9.3876133337

    10.1595645718

    12.0686011438

    7.1429447796

    5.6833165246

    6.4779597325

    8.2119926192

    8.615651935

    7.0331623964

    7.5177820419

    7.1719863442

    8.3062148016

    9.2042934803

    7.8416145845

    6.3600086498

    6.6300962625

    7.2763560882

    9.4423265692

    8.1459739368

    6.2947013327

    8.93263747

    7.463131362

    10.7552561506

    9.6325937951

    7.1199295274

    8.8335208141

    9.0971957415

    10.5125752964

    11.0476017162

    9.6689438919

    8.9675355332

    8.0702425317

    11.8730671327

    11.6046492363

    8.7993546446

    8.4697145569

    8.5085628793

    11.4031538715

    9.9952585402

    6.1659676852

    7.8697989171

    8.4271420557

    8.1389342187

    6.9624071283

    6.870243391

    6.5529799434

    7.6269031902

    8.2428339198

    7.4864368728

    5.9280667894

    7.6386458399

    7.5301320555

    9.0349562651

    6.3262376564

    7.0825267557

    8.4932435476

    6.4887084698

    10.0033273015

    8.8593939976

    6.7167585102

    8.3011505262

    8.5321050704

    Chart1

    11111

    22222

    33333

    44444

    55555

    66666

    77777

    88888

    99999

    1010101010

    1111111111

    1212121212

    1313131313

    1414141414

    1515151515

    1616161616

    1717171717

    1818181818

    1919191919

    2020202020

    2121212121

    2222222222

    2323232323

    2424242424

    Grand TotalGrand TotalGrand TotalGrand TotalGrand Total

    Trt with one control ATV

    Trt with one control BIK

    Trt with one control C

    Trt with one control HIK

    Trt with one control HRS

    Hour (PDT)

    Velocity (Meters/Minute)

    7.6926534959

    7.9717651524

    7.3046011692

    7.0605892159

    9.1749584844

    7.332829921

    6.9645089178

    7.3767633096

    7.614103548

    8.7573621361

    7.8746829114

    6.537052694

    5.814988804

    6.8980412178

    6.9528305413

    8.6191463549

    7.1199016265

    6.0604256664

    6.6043299404

    8.1256844161

    9.786936873

    10.3853700696

    7.0961508582

    8.7053297321

    8.2007054922

    11.8191517854

    10.2053653864

    9.1179052712

    9.2066351817

    7.9513851094

    7.998580753

    8.2129206876

    6.9169909458

    8.6982696099

    7.4438913735

    8.0187397905

    6.8156585981

    5.0103936118

    7.5535258923

    7.7706364628

    18.8077053939

    10.4747825112

    7.3423231374

    9.9774208643

    9.0034727882

    16.0216105479

    16.4400412012

    6.4611024035

    13.8447860109

    13.0694606087

    10.0930697869

    12.1621023379

    6.036425488

    10.3018858144

    13.4992674655

    7.1266209221

    7.3010884081

    6.4696426945

    7.3369633065

    7.6547204455

    9.5964767163

    8.8160177101

    4.0413526048

    9.3876133337

    10.1595645718

    12.0686011438

    7.1429447796

    5.6833165246

    6.4779597325

    8.2119926192

    8.615651935

    7.0331623964

    7.5177820419

    7.1719863442

    8.3062148016

    9.2042934803

    7.8416145845

    6.3600086498

    6.6300962625

    7.2763560882

    9.4423265692

    8.1459739368

    6.2947013327

    8.93263747

    7.463131362

    10.7552561506

    9.6325937951

    7.1199295274

    8.8335208141

    9.0971957415

    10.5125752964

    11.0476017162

    9.6689438919

    8.9675355332

    8.0702425317

    11.8730671327

    11.6046492363

    8.7993546446

    8.4697145569

    8.5085628793

    11.4031538715

    9.9952585402

    6.1659676852

    7.8697989171

    8.4271420557

    8.1389342187

    6.9624071283

    6.870243391

    6.5529799434

    7.6269031902

    8.2428339198

    7.4864368728

    5.9280667894

    7.6386458399

    7.5301320555

    9.0349562651

    6.3262376564

    7.0825267557

    8.4932435476

    6.4887084698

    10.0033273015

    8.8593939976

    6.7167585102

    8.3011505262

    8.5321050704

    Sheet1

    SpeciesE

    Average of Average of velocityTrt with one control

    Hour PDTATVBIKCHIKHRSGrand Total

    17.69265349597.97176515247.30460116927.06058921599.17495848447.7515281145

    27.3328299216.96450891787.37676330967.6141035488.75736213617.5703885237

    37.87468291146.5370526945.8149888046.89804121786.95283054136.6487641621

    48.61914635497.11990162656.06042566646.60432994048.12568441617.0983189451

    59.78693687310.38537006967.09615085828.70532973218.20070549228.5451073139

    611.819151785410.20536538649.11790527129.20663518177.95138510949.5697246675

    77.9985807538.21292068766.91699094588.69826960997.44389137357.6979407193

    88.01873979056.81565859815.01039361187.55352589237.77063646286.6965579945

    918.807705393910.47478251127.34232313749.97742086439.003472788210.4913379721

    1016.021610547916.44004120126.461102403513.844786010913.069460608712.0496838626

    1110.093069786912.16210233796.03642548810.301885814413.49926746559.6881960634

    127.12662092217.30108840816.46964269457.33696330657.65472044557.0597797452

    139.59647671638.81601771014.04135260489.387613333710.15956457187.1548185923

    1412.06860114387.14294477965.68331652466.47795973258.21199261927.544688554

    158.6156519357.03316239647.51778204197.17198634428.30621480167.6937632602

    169.20429348037.84161458456.36000864986.63009626257.27635608827.2787296192

    179.44232656928.14597393686.29470133278.932637477.4631313627.7622453339

    1810.75525615069.63259379517.11992952748.83352081419.09719574158.7597375927

    1910.512575296411.04760171629.66894389198.96753553328.07024253179.6559738102

    2011.873067132711.60464923638.79935464468.46971455698.50856287939.6757838491

    2111.40315387159.99525854026.16596768527.86979891718.42714205578.3378814591

    228.13893421876.96240712836.8702433916.55297994347.62690319027.1702852104

    238.24283391987.48643687285.92806678947.63864583997.53013205557.1256970445

    249.03495626516.32623765647.08252675578.49324354766.48870846987.4180332417

    Grand Total10.00332730158.85939399766.71675851028.30115052628.53210507048.1781007759

    Sheet1

    11111

    22222

    33333

    44444

    55555

    66666

    77777

    88888

    99999

    1010101010

    1111111111

    1212121212

    1313131313

    1414141414

    1515151515

    1616161616

    1717171717

    1818181818

    1919191919

    2020202020

    2121212121

    2222222222

    2323232323

    2424242424

    Grand TotalGrand TotalGrand TotalGrand TotalGrand Total

    Trt with one control ATV

    Trt with one control BIK

    Trt with one control C

    Trt with one control HIK

    Trt with one control HRS

    Hour (PDT)

    Velocity (Meters/Minute)

    7.6926534959

    7.9717651524

    7.3046011692

    7.0605892159

    9.1749584844

    7.332829921

    6.9645089178

    7.3767633096

    7.614103548

    8.7573621361

    7.8746829114

    6.537052694

    5.814988804

    6.8980412178

    6.9528305413

    8.6191463549

    7.1199016265

    6.0604256664

    6.6043299404

    8.1256844161

    9.786936873

    10.3853700696

    7.0961508582

    8.7053297321

    8.2007054922

    11.8191517854

    10.2053653864

    9.1179052712

    9.2066351817

    7.9513851094

    7.998580753

    8.2129206876

    6.9169909458

    8.6982696099

    7.4438913735

    8.0187397905

    6.8156585981

    5.0103936118

    7.5535258923

    7.7706364628

    18.8077053939

    10.4747825112

    7.3423231374

    9.9774208643

    9.0034727882

    16.0216105479

    16.4400412012

    6.4611024035

    13.8447860109

    13.0694606087

    10.0930697869

    12.1621023379

    6.036425488

    10.3018858144

    13.4992674655

    7.1266209221

    7.3010884081

    6.4696426945

    7.3369633065

    7.6547204455

    9.5964767163

    8.8160177101

    4.0413526048

    9.3876133337

    10.1595645718

    12.0686011438

    7.1429447796

    5.6833165246

    6.4779597325

    8.2119926192

    8.615651935

    7.0331623964

    7.5177820419

    7.1719863442

    8.3062148016

    9.2042934803

    7.8416145845

    6.3600086498

    6.6300962625

    7.2763560882

    9.4423265692

    8.1459739368

    6.2947013327

    8.93263747

    7.463131362

    10.7552561506

    9.6325937951

    7.1199295274

    8.8335208141

    9.0971957415

    10.5125752964

    11.0476017162

    9.6689438919

    8.9675355332

    8.0702425317

    11.8730671327

    11.6046492363

    8.7993546446

    8.4697145569

    8.5085628793

    11.4031538715

    9.9952585402

    6.1659676852

    7.8697989171

    8.4271420557

    8.1389342187

    6.9624071283

    6.870243391

    6.5529799434

    7.6269031902

    8.2428339198

    7.4864368728

    5.9280667894

    7.6386458399

    7.5301320555

    9.0349562651

    6.3262376564

    7.0825267557

    8.4932435476

    6.4887084698

    10.0033273015

    8.8593939976

    6.7167585102

    8.3011505262

    8.5321050704

    HOURVELT

    Hour PDTTrtTrt with one controlSpeciesCount of Starkey timeAverage of velocityAverage of distanceAverage of elapsed time

    1ATVATVD837.2691106926110.90670532891014.3493975904

    1ATVATVE2007.6926534959120.37358234121024.97

    1BIKBIKD687.6334345221117.9462207177991.8970588235

    1BIKBIKE1847.9717651524119.168226709959.5

    1CATVCD1075.3426245182100.07605450111137.6635514019

    1CATVCE1926.3606731069113.08739256741145.2708333333

    1CBIKCD349.8293853978178.49473996031187.4705882353

    1CBIKCE438.2485292314161.54276167571324.4418604651

    1HIKHIKD1068.2767280113129.9010021354958.6509433962

    1HIKHIKE2857.0605892159109.0412362233973.1824561404

    1HRSHRSD727.8615875869132.74693909991032.5138888889

    1HRSHRSE2179.1749584844135.2723327282937.7004608295

    2ATVATVD987.8469363666132.0354746951086.7959183673

    2ATVATVE2097.332829921121.65988336651024.2296650718

    2BIKBIKD728.3720689461154.45442922721083.5833333333

    2BIKBIKE1886.9645089178111.038429579989.2765957447

    2CATVCD1235.303665796997.25731339721195.3577235772

    2CATVCE1885.7926593109101.36135322381112.664893617

    2CBIKCD287.079722455139.41293051091190.3928571429

    2CBIKCE478.9608673082163.60702689991146.6808510638

    2HIKHIKD1027.3711258469113.2940751082967.3235294118

    2HIKHIKE2527.614103548117.450802578942.4047619048

    2HRSHRSD678.9465807072128.6413715971932.2388059701

    2HRSHRSE1778.7573621361138.4720099746968.6892655367

    3ATVATVD717.6778020285128.89116628541104.7042253521

    3ATVATVE2077.8746829114131.07248847911032.1062801932

    3BIKBIKD628.5615683176130.3745388552931.3548387097

    3BIKBIKE1986.537052694110.82721817751005.8484848485

    3CATVCD1285.517927405997.28900389791144.0546875

    3CATVCE1894.745558295584.88783765221128.5396825397

    3CBIKCD297.476518547144.84072577311234.4137931034

    3CBIKCE426.8844193125132.3617390631196.7380952381

    3HIKHIKD968.37827733128.7578007489985.5520833333

    3HIKHIKE2666.8980412178111.1956817234983.7556390977

    3HRSHRSD588.3832464845120.8327111011955.7413793103

    3HRSHRSE2276.9528305413106.2791640268975.8414096916

    4ATVATVD817.4467777206130.52044053431172.6790123457

    4ATVATVE2028.6191463549143.30885858421063.4504950495

    4BIKBIKD726.8083688909107.84368538761023.0555555556

    4BIKBIKE2217.1199016265119.6360715231040.1040723982

    4CATVCD1364.928336777885.08424989661090.7058823529

    4CATVCE1665.040036568886.74673367111078.4578313253

    4CBIKCD326.3951168051111.369319121122.90625

    4CBIKCE617.080814764135.97005404011237.2950819672

    4HIKHIKD1437.0874007626108.7791370785893.5804195804

    4HIKHIKE3206.604329940495.7281078438921.884375

    4HRSHRSD887.0253189812101.418214847914.7954545455

    4HRSHRSE2618.1256844161116.9953835473892.0459770115

    5ATVATVD1607.5329874184105.3868977291883.1875

    5ATVATVE3279.786936873140.2349971383887.5871559633

    5BIKBIKD1008.2426257693129.1305038027992.48

    5BIKBIKE27810.3853700696159.5626723933951.1079136691

    5CATVCD1657.2756181307117.85149875561027.903030303

    5CATVCE1996.4384525742101.9809701171985.2613065327

    5CBIKCD696.177689424893.8708613793946.1304347826

    5CBIKCE1117.7538491423120.6487926708975.9099099099

    5HIKHIKD2018.5946685081113.3363121073811.7014925373

    5HIKHIKE3368.7053297321116.1326079502831.4553571429

    5HRSHRSD1527.5981314697103.3373681148850.8618421053

    5HRSHRSE3198.2007054922109.5595876557825.1379310345

    6ATVATVD1937.8436665694107.253733605848.6062176166

    6ATVATVE31911.8191517854166.7983849681851.9122257053

    6BIKBIKD1069.4916409746143.4525201315952.3962264151

    6BIKBIKE25110.2053653864157.0874470966957.0517928287

    6CATVCD18510.0224715072157.123605659958.9081081081

    6CATVCE2348.8738364247145.3901818138996.7521367521

    6CBIKCD679.7331654805169.096678991071.6865671642

    6CBIKCE1039.3619741176166.59095671251046.1262135922

    6HIKHIKD1969.3283104137124.1737554334831.6326530612

    6HIKHIKE3259.2066351817130.7612954361882.0707692308

    6HRSHRSD1477.513286952698.964602733794.5850340136

    6HRSHRSE3047.9513851094111.2482570271863.5756578947

    7ATVATVD1837.3258487768102.9350616916875.6229508197

    7ATVATVE2577.998580753119.3500841298933.2996108949

    7BIKBIKD1146.10288793899.3105197558983.8070175439

    7BIKBIKE2388.2129206876124.5634584977965

    7CATVCD1809.7956591429159.2892808964980.5333333333

    7CATVCE2247.4974980625117.7214303391991.09375

    7CBIKCD656.7850913947109.31006082681053.2769230769

    7CBIKCE906.3364838291100.9625613468985.7444444444

    7HIKHIKD20110.4312230698140.6909003763837.2288557214

    7HIKHIKE2848.6982696099123.4656512459925.8802816901

    7HRSHRSD1377.9165964782103.0976967863786.9270072993

    7HRSHRSE2907.4438913735101.5474420654866.1551724138

    8ATVATVD1926.555091180893.1839470667870.6770833333

    8ATVATVE2668.0187397905115.5435811485908.037593985

    8BIKBIKD1248.393850718130.8538625826982.7016129032

    8BIKBIKE2496.8156585981100.5201911689939.0923694779

    8CATVCD1756.4892085404110.63290846251004.1942857143

    8CATVCE1934.715209395278.53820705731013.9222797928

    8CBIKCD676.267644836195.9649405841957.552238806

    8CBIKCE825.305577828385.42635431851011.8048780488

    8HIKHIKD2168.4132043326114.0495804234851.1944444444

    8HIKHIKE3097.5535258923107.0979173249919.9126213592

    8HRSHRSD1586.989541620997.5977653119875.1455696203

    8HRSHRSE3117.7706364628106.0314270316852.1479099678

    9ATVATVD2116.93833626397.1061331316845.3317535545

    9ATVATVE32318.8077053939273.154104387889.3684210526

    9BIKBIKD1307.0246190608106.8125327954938.7615384615

    9BIKBIKE29510.4747825112161.4777378302940.2203389831

    9CATVCD1715.550037079585.2177893938980.0350877193

    9CATVCE2317.1646219498109.913225081954.3722943723

    9CBIKCD707.5521751806121.4443672471027.9142857143

    9CBIKCE977.520024325118.5252175223988.3711340206

    9HIKHIKD2067.7974619065111.4455846662860.932038835

    9HIKHIKE2899.9774208643153.5122944545934.6124567474

    9HRSHRSD2208.2074285692111.2992339263824.0818181818

    9HRSHRSE3179.0034727882120.513958966839.3406940063

    10ATVATVD1976.713980340595.5000303338878.152284264

    10ATVATVE28316.0216105479214.7100549721859.554770318

    10BIKBIKD1277.5772911029114.0383038383932.3937007874

    10BIKBIKE27916.4400412012245.5832147599906.4014336918

    10CATVCD1867.4019634547113.0573219085963.7795698925

    10CATVCE2316.7750562406110.3937982673991.7705627706

    10CBIKCD696.7517342983107.3524567397996.1014492754

    10CBIKCE1026.147148566499.5821130371014.5

    10HIKHIKD2078.1797217629110.1391775209836.4637681159

    10HIKHIKE30013.8447860109203.0636672516917.0433333333

    10HRSHRSD2057.007335271992.0477315244811.8195121951

    10HRSHRSE30813.0694606087178.7919242815887.1623376623

    11ATVATVD1976.212201224892.1456698558902.6345177665

    11ATVATVE26810.0930697869142.7333527386877.1865671642

    11BIKBIKD1388.1898952329136.8692513946987.7463768116

    11BIKBIKE25812.1621023379190.5826157174936.3527131783

    11CATVCD1595.826007789996.04319490491020.5094339623

    11CATVCE2206.008519926196.6339530713984.6363636364

    11CBIKCD636.010715405290.2123537147915.873015873

    11CBIKCE966.064331049889.7765626254926.6979166667

    11HIKHIKD2017.5920116129107.8952086933885.8706467662

    11HIKHIKE26810.3018858144150.7468171765938.026119403

    11HRSHRSD1896.364965793383.6125857994826.2433862434

    11HRSHRSE38113.4992674655181.7640499766839.031496063

    12ATVATVD1985.58160107680.1289792806900.8686868687

    12ATVATVE2667.1266209221106.2367387731890.2857142857

    12BIKBIKD1527.4060755855115.2803254292963.5263157895

    12BIKBIKE2677.3010884081119.4392592158942.1198501873

    12CATVCD1555.393167843387.0625009568987.4193548387

    12CATVCE1945.522727246585.0587655237945.118556701

    12CBIKCD816.9353162163101.2230375727917.2716049383

    12CBIKCE1027.4165581424110.7386037736961.2058823529

    12HIKHIKD1915.280384132276.3898221912889.2094240838

    12HIKHIKE2517.3369633065113.8427549383931.780876494

    12HRSHRSD1886.045886772881.6915494089837.9946808511

    12HRSHRSE3247.6547204455104.230809896861.4351851852

    13ATVATVD2006.899042350395.268731621901.395

    13ATVATVE2489.5964767163143.9906890075909.6370967742

    13BIKBIKD1606.6019448608101.4736992378959.4

    13BIKBIKE2938.8160177101132.4648375199928.4061433447

    13CATVCD1497.4088813286116.99714813391010.577181208

    13CATVCE1805.34815960589.5326083881012.2111111111

    13CBIKCD755.818090661191.4200951187928.64

    13CBIKCE964.951612956877.7167518543970.84375

    13CHIKCD13.8072376218130.20752666422052

    13CHIKCE11.824285252562.96824596572071

    13HIKHIKD2056.773394416595.1823930361855.5365853659

    13HIKHIKE2829.3876133337131.9266663431889.780141844

    13HRSHRSD1996.654388002987.4139354774823.7185929648

    13HRSHRSE31710.1595645718131.4443450527826.8296529968

    14ATVATVD1666.440921493692.5850517062911.6144578313

    14ATVATVE21412.0686011438182.5506378436921.4252336449

    14BIKBIKD1487.187351554116.13889836331007.6689189189

    14BIKBIKE2587.1429447796109.5993014935951.0465116279

    14CATVCD1665.218979008282.0914822565990.2710843373

    14CATVCE2015.794266209490.9018911583956.0298507463

    14CBIKCD837.557991972124.2142077861942.6144578313

    14CBIKCE875.572366839888.4005549072985.0459770115

    14HIKHIKD2056.897657742396.3531129606894.4243902439

    14HIKHIKE2506.477959732597.382845601931.316

    14HRSHRSD1905.628383484775.5291045388829.2105263158

    14HRSHRSE3298.2119926192113.2532488765863.0547112462

    15ATVATVD1456.023146852186.0949294145861.8068965517

    15ATVATVE1728.615651935118.661691848908.2151162791

    15BIKBIKD1245.955466774291.97531001631008.0080645161

    15BIKBIKE2147.0331623964112.8056567042986.9065420561

    15CATVCD1615.838069784794.31192138391035.3043478261

    15CATVCE2265.260706414382.4987813147972.796460177

    15CBIKCD714.950288529480.93384037251064.7605633803

    15CBIKCE899.7748576695152.9376477138971.3707865169

    15HIKHIKD1946.752332412296.6845891677905.8453608247

    15HIKHIKE2557.1719863442104.8030645862932.8705882353

    15HRSHRSD1996.040782243178.9073067972826.1708542714

    15HRSHRSE3208.3062148016125.1552355436890.3875

    16ATVATVD1455.934488306485.2702503736926.9793103448

    16ATVATVE1739.2042934803130.1872618021893.2369942197

    16BIKBIKD1106.7366165838104.6005664326940.3454545455

    16BIKBIKE2067.8416145845120.388209711943.5388349515

    16CATVCD1966.9994895653102.33098594924.7653061224

    16CATVCE2256.5350593184104.1814240576970.7733333333

    16CBIKCD756.213396347102.5856178581036.76

    16CBIKCE876.1849579812105.03183413811040.7126436782

    16HIKHIKD1865.035099599270.9948740327871.9623655914

    16HIKHIKE2466.6300962625100.5794429536939.7235772358

    16HRSHRSD1706.139496823979.1923131154795.6882352941

    16HRSHRSE3017.2763560882106.5751660025903.4053156146

    17ATVATVD1506.943350226194.4361581482880.0533333333

    17ATVATVE2029.4423265692148.8974693101964.3465346535

    17BIKBIKD1335.864814879396.7327262521986.4360902256

    17BIKBIKE2178.1459739368123.625240305936.3456221198

    17CATVCD1947.3497372326110.2999265376935.7268041237

    17CATVCE2506.142948646297.3368761092991.76

    17CBIKCD927.3095195157118.5842031242994.152173913

    17CBIKCE1066.4464540193103.0536440736971.3773584906

    17HIKHIKD2107.8510013935109.9348422196867.2761904762

    17HIKHIKE2808.93263747127.870150484909.9071428571

    17HRSHRSD1557.458249063994.5437338029800.1741935484

    17HRSHRSE2997.463131362100.7553748593857.2909698997

    18ATVATVD1587.330310763296.7479528288831.0126582278

    18ATVATVE23610.7552561506145.2599034703818.4449152542

    18BIKBIKD1337.7657256265127.1450527626995.9323308271

    18BIKBIKE2259.6325937951156.25290899771001.2711111111

    18CATVCD2047.2807113232111.986528475940.8088235294

    18CATVCE2346.7220120536113.15957129791012.1666666667

    18CBIKCD937.8341306651112.7531266349901.7741935484

    18CBIKCE1107.5178470012113.849203481938.6909090909

    18HIKHIKD1929.9723046142138.0435428848897.9322916667

    18HIKHIKE3138.8335208141126.3769165501922.9233226837

    18HRSHRSD1596.286593631387.0371596856802.5786163522

    18HRSHRSE2899.0971957415126.4332222394874.2906574394

    19ATVATVD1789.9962267033132.4978421025836.393258427

    19ATVATVE29210.5125752964147.7001658736839.2705479452

    19BIKBIKD1437.0564531244109.5870476193940.8321678322

    19BIKBIKE31911.0476017162168.1827924159967.6394984326

    19CATVCD1857.6319750689118.0663904197982.7189189189

    19CATVCE23310.5041853334173.44429511861012.0686695279

    19CBIKCD927.4043768517109.9953825661914.9782608696

    19CBIKCE1268.8337024504138.5532074216967.9285714286

    19HIKHIKD2249.4798148333129.3667105829839.9642857143

    19HIKHIKE3618.9675355332128.4497867332894.7368421053

    19HRSHRSD1669.3465904024123.0640390267809.5120481928

    19HRSHRSE3038.0702425317106.540441926832.8613861386

    20ATVATVD1727.292893314893.0491902145818.5290697674

    20ATVATVE33611.8730671327169.8831066226868.7172619048

    20BIKBIKD1338.0887442054127.7224860496991.1654135338

    20BIKBIKE29811.6046492363188.7910718063995.4093959732

    20CATVCD1875.853700539690.1810988123985.1657754011

    20CATVCE2758.9938535096149.27083395881028.1054545454

    20CBIKCD847.8594317636117.69355232955.6785714286

    20CBIKCE1238.6048557796133.112541959965.5040650406

    20HIKHIKD2009.3708175904125.0374950599851.81

    20HIKHIKE3698.4697145569118.8742165454863.2113821138

    20HRSHRSD1498.5036184191112.3530338847811.5838926175

    20HRSHRSE3328.5085628793114.6185706506843.9668674699

    21ATVATVD1387.6328339614105.0935773627896.0579710145

    21ATVATVE29311.4031538715168.4758043306894.0955631399

    21BIKBIKD748.5184356647132.4865665486989.0540540541

    21BIKBIKE2329.9952585402165.38199556251017.8232758621

    21CATVCD1235.223474236189.67306309051112.1788617886

    21CATVCE1996.1892308682109.88564802141149.8844221106

    21CBIKCD694.607435211777.77354832771066.4347826087

    21CBIKCE886.142704502197.96536351261036.1704545454

    21HIKHIKD1759.0509298739124.9251838576854.4342857143

    21HIKHIKE3567.8697989171110.8759348028885.5056179775

    21HRSHRSD1608.872045227115.1002470255803.56875

    21HRSHRSE3668.4271420557107.5658472875816.7732240437

    22ATVATVD989.2197548978146.41340390851030.7346938775

    22ATVATVE2338.1389342187127.83216222761005.1931330472

    22BIKBIKD727.5316380046109.2030492475918.4027777778

    22BIKBIKE2416.9624071283113.69728977451009.4190871369

    22CATVCD1255.183992850893.57964504831133.6

    22CATVCE2024.932963314485.96231128691096.8415841584

    22CBIKCD458.2281375612140.60442654511155.0666666667

    22CBIKCE618.8075234677164.3025451651179.7540983607

    22HIKHIKD1347.9996217557111.4762319286909.8582089552

    22HIKHIKE3196.552979943494.3439669989897.2476489028

    22HRSHRSD1018.3325833242119.2437389228892.4554455446

    22HRSHRSE3257.6269031902101.2789004509853.2246153846

    23ATVATVD819.0447047846151.40851195891034.8271604938

    23ATVATVE1988.2428339198138.2460808474997.4393939394

    23BIKBIKD756.096646258497.49018928031028.4

    23BIKBIKE2377.4864368728125.13581805611012.7426160338

    23CATVCD1345.3355933994.76670159781128.5671641791

    23CATVCE2034.4030588977.30764992921100.6699507389

    23CBIKCD267.4705552234140.13435631641200.1153846154

    23CBIKCE407.4530746888142.36801153551221.2

    23HIKHIKD1267.8790693502124.094825067962.8412698413

    23HIKHIKE2877.6386458399115.2531443686957.2926829268

    23HRSHRSD729.5167088213140.8704191302938.5833333333

    23HRSHRSE2617.5301320555108.2877774269903.8697318008

    24ATVATVD697.7122933012137.67864462631155.3333333333

    24ATVATVE1699.0349562651144.13261604321027.1656804734

    24BIKBIKD768.2171170884130.083866446987.8815789474

    24BIKBIKE2246.3262376564102.4838482329977.6741071429

    24CATVCD1006.7356166304119.97244129691170.74

    24CATVCE2006.3393888513110.77078700821130.26

    24CBIKCD287.2551853344144.50982878141270.7142857143

    24CBIKCE437.8256646601147.53399164961190.8372093023

    24HIKHIKD1027.7471796683113.6492712938944.8529411765

    24HIKHIKE2748.4932435476129.077024228950.6131386861

    24HRSHRSD829.0846232071134.7211030221964.6097560976

    24HRSHRSE2586.488708469899.2726122949953.2170542636

  • ATV AM Treatment

    0

    50

    100

    150

    200

    250

    300

    350

    2002a 2002b 2002c 2003a 2003b 2003c 2004a 2004b 2004c

    Year and Replication

    Ener

    getic

    Rat

    e (k

    cal/k

    g/hr

    )

    ATVC

    Effect of ATVs on Energetic Costs for Elk

    Chart1

    111111

    #REF!

    #REF!

    Year and Replication

    Energetic Rate (kcal/kg/hr)

    ATV AM Treatment

    1

    1

    Summary

    2002

    AMPMAMPM

    2002a2002b2002c2002a2002b2002c2002a2002b2002c2003a2003b2003c2004a2004b2004c2002a2002b2002c2003a2003b2003c2004a2004b2004c

    ATV200.8281839875175.6657890328290.5423520705ATV152.083903282557.2297011328117.5731830742ATV200.83175.67290.54106.73146.28117.98121.41192.10117.69ATV152.0857.23117.57115.2484.8670.5394.0460.6282.26

    BIK162.245182790394.568746757282.716760562BIK75.21037762693.599954217474.1246716162C64.3877.4075.6364.3877.4075.6364.3877.4075.63C76.3963.7173.9176.3963.7173.9176.3963.7173.91

    HIK102.6246798498196.766479195479.5317417722HIK68.009608825180.0652500173120.8567591243ATVci70.8637.98123.7317.4924.3720.2916.8829.0924.11ATVci49.7327.6292.1328.7514.7316.7324.6312.5813.07

    HRS138.06179019780129.5416808877HRS70.1988382546065.96500439412.4112.9914.2212.4112.9914.2212.4112.9914.2216.4013.6712.4116.4013.6712.4116.4013.6712.41

    2002a2002b2002c2003a2003b2003c2004a2004b2004c2002a2002b2002c2003a2003b2003c2004a2004b2004c

    STDEVSTDEVBIK162.2594.5782.72107.85107.2785.67100.20124.45101.40BIK75.2193.6074.1275.1893.0579.2082.1069.8186.39

    ATV119.911639828861.2741289517189.3862963117ATV84.157448063939.8556762985141.0152635438C79.1059.0488.9379.1059.0488.9379.1059.0488.93C73.8273.7760.9373.8273.7760.9373.8273.7760.93

    BIK88.708107073257.80273455954.8769208845BIK74.40844086536.90590855648.2064929757BIKci54.9835.8334.0113.5318.3613.4014.6313.9915.40BIKci43.9724.1131.4929.1121.6814.3518.6210.2812.16

    HIK68.817796706994.98594891839.0466885585HIK32.685170553732.947758707444.13295173611.1711.9612.6411.1711.9612.6411.1711.9612.6413.1914.6910.2913.1914.6910.2913.1914.6910.29

    HRS50.8438664102068.4862225304HRS30.2603111219028.0271697292002a2002b2002c2003a2003b2003c2004a2004b2004c2002a2002b2002c2003a2003b2003c2004a2004b2004c

    HIK102.62196.7779.53134.78114.4784.03133.7282.47120.35HIK68.0180.07120.8689.5373.6870.9490.2966.16121.40

    nnC88.9759.4660.3188.9759.4660.3188.9759.4660.31C78.9363.7945.4078.9363.7945.4078.9363.7945.40

    ATV11109ATV1189HIKci38.9456.1324.2023.7315.859.8515.7612.2916.77HIKci18.4919.4728.8315.2512.939.9114.9513.6615.84

    BIK101010BIK119913.4312.5815.5713.4312.5815.5713.4312.5815.5711.2515.186.9611.2515.186.9611.2515.186.96

    HIK121110HIK121192002a2002b2002c2003a2003b2003c2004a2004b2004c2002a2002b2002c2003a2003b2003c2004a2004b2004c

    HRS11010HRS11010HRS138.060.00129.5465.93101.8067.78124.7176.0588.64HRS70.200.0065.9796.1672.5769.6491.6652.1589.20

    C88.1968.2967.7788.1968.2967.7788.1968.2967.77C70.5761.0249.7270.5761.0249.7270.5761.0249.72

    95 CI95 CIHRSci30.050.0042.4512.8412.5410.1512.0910.8218.74HRSci17.880.0017.3711.6012.728.438.965.8910.03

    ATV70.861905309637.9773775367123.730031072ATV49.73292938327.618050233292.128223000822.5010.1216.9922.5010.1216.9922.5010.1216.9916.3712.539.3216.3712.539.3216.3712.539.32

    BIK54.980810507235.825825851134.0124221778BIK43.9717436824.111402468431.4943107813

    HIK38.936594719856.132042957424.2009288147HIK18.493025061819.470511461828.8329810337

    HRS30.0462344796042.4473945791HRS17.8823615824017.3710899574

    2003

    AMPM

    2003a2003b2003c2003a2003b2003c

    ATV106.7317832985146.2771227994117.9799986301ATV115.240863788784.859124665470.5341162433

    BIK107.8474460017107.273082931185.6727984211BIK75.177161642493.049382388479.2025552456

    HIK134.7798537143114.467797472884.0297054262HIK89.530549417973.678064451570.9354131044

    HRS65.9267144745101.803235014567.7805809081HRS96.161740904572.566571401169.635095146

    STDEVSTDEV

    ATV46.370767379160.910908995948.5543133541ATV76.207922941636.809030209240.0432571596

    BIK33.828840487644.927590646432.0654295729BIK71.225542508153.058824833435.1056283451

    HIK61.740921357639.612700424524.614361614HIK38.898070923632.311629129124.7583431258

    HRS32.765911324931.340375697225.3652208593HRS29.599665080931.800724490821.0745309922

    nn

    ATV272422ATV272422

    BIK242322BIK232323

    HIK262424HIK252424

    HRS252424HRS252424

    95 CI95 CI

    ATV17.490822264824.368976300320.2891709851ATV28.74524858414.726399582416.7326944856

    BIK13.53409800818.361029858313.399035809BIK29.108489768721.684106647914.3469854707

    HIK23.731995533415.84807998689.8476086584HIK15.247754302412.92709856829.9052121666

    HRS12.843993378512.538523643710.1480092181HRS11.602848415712.72269802288.431408343

    2004

    AMPM

    2004a2004b2004c2004a2004b2004c

    ATV121.4097483174192.0985806178117.6872180798ATV94.035235392460.623784243782.2601418907

    BIK100.2042813791124.4524048805101.3962476637BIK82.095163983969.812457559286.3912018439

    HIK133.715780092682.4668205969120.3549242894HIK90.289496690666.1608079755121.395700975

    HRS124.712165299876.054852404188.635715349HRS91.663669307352.147942416489.2042222991

    STDEVSTDEV

    ATV43.918315588272.722479230160.2742339791ATV65.301022529831.443705898231.9688024322

    BIK37.317938883434.963791538138.486065595BIK47.502136404125.685738211729.7657114339

    HIK40.196756810530.707090993739.2080773474HIK38.904088607434.140926712437.9139281277

    HRS30.833606985527.045422891345.865195881HRS22.859257980114.732524356924.0113856429

    nn

    ATV262424ATV272423

    BIK252424BIK252423

    HIK252421HIK262422

    HRS252423HRS252422

    95 CI95 CI

    ATV16.881336501929.094498868424.114258079ATV24.631220127212.579863549213.0650259127

    BIK14.628354302813.988164376615.3973407364BIK18.620483934910.276240431412.1646655992

    HIK15.756829504612.285161804516.7692532938HIK14.953966295913.658956131815.8429214082

    HRS12.086544458610.820217270318.744210827HRS8.96065899785.894125417210.0335289544

    2005

    AMPM

    2005a2005b2005c2005a2005b2005c

    164.380132427377.401449975975.6306714175176.386488519563.70544035573.9132660418

    279.098628192659.040050621788.9289569942273.817865538773.770729196360.9270323183

    388.967489481759.463396261760.3095652862378.930175075463.793257785845.395648216

    488.194399783168.289977919767.7714676172470.570047024161.016318061549.7205976927

    STDEVSTDEV

    129.018476410231.078677465633.256607215138.355583979932.720010198129.0184764102

    226.742195124227.962467688429.5467137665231.563461880434.356506063724.0607182723

    332.135264728529.40889041735.5303991571326.915096590736.33886555815.4775450195

    453.856456514124.216860278238.7564795157439.173767990129.996287927321.2573279133

    nn

    12122211212221

    22221212222121

    32221203222219

    42222204222220

    95 CI95 CI

    112.41117172912.986706175614.2238158005116.404642780413.672562449812.411171729

    211.174639942611.959517913412.6370982887213.189280843114.694241377110.2907438068

    313.428217509212.578151387615.5715883574311.246889495215.18475714686.9594208702

    422.504753530310.119389709516.9854535699416.369364984812.53441296219.3162578439

    Summary

    111111

    #REF!

    #REF!

    Year and Replication

    Energetic Rate (kcal/kg/hr)

    ATV AM Treatment

    1

    1

    Sheet2

    111111

    #REF!

    #REF!

    Year and Replication

    Energetic Rate (kcal/kg/hr)

    ATV PM Treatment

    1

    1

    Sheet3

    111111

    #REF!

    #REF!

    Year and Replication

    Energetic Rate (kcal/kg/hr)

    BIK AM Treatment

    1

    1

    111111

    #REF!

    #REF!

    Year and Replication

    Energetic Rate (kcal/kg/hr)

    HIK AM Treatment

    1

    1

    111111

    #REF!

    #REF!

    Year and Replication

    Energetic Rate (kcal/kg/hr)

    HRS AM Treatment

    1

    1

    111111

    #REF!

    #REF!

    Year and Replication

    Energetic Rate (kcal/kg/hr)

    BIK PM Treatment

    1

    1

    111111

    #REF!

    #REF!

    Year and Replication

    Energetic Rate (kcal/kg/hr)

    HIK PM Treatment

    1

    1

    111111

    #REF!

    #REF!

    Year and Replication

    Energetic Rate (kcal/kg/hr)

    HRS PM Treatment

    1

    1

  • 4

    5

    6

    7

    8

    9

    10

    11

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24Hour (PDT)

    Mov

    emen

    t Rat

    e (M

    eter

    s/M

    inut

    e)

    ATV BIK C HIK HRS

    Deer

    Chart8

    11111

    22222

    33333

    44444

    55555

    66666

    77777

    88888

    99999

    1010101010

    1111111111

    1212121212

    1313131313

    1414141414

    1515151515

    1616161616

    1717171717

    1818181818

    1919191919

    2020202020

    2121212121

    2222222222

    2323232323

    2424242424

    Grand TotalGrand TotalGrand TotalGrand TotalGrand Total

    Trt with one control ATV

    Trt with one control BIK

    Trt with one control C

    Trt with one control HIK

    Trt with one control HRS

    Hour (PDT)

    Movement Rate (Meters/Minute)

    7.2691106926

    7.6334345221

    7.586004958

    8.2767280113

    7.8615875869

    7.8469363666

    8.3720689461

    6.191694126

    7.3711258469

    8.9465807072

    7.6778020285

    8.5615683176

    6.4972229765

    8.37827733

    8.3832464845

    7.4467777206

    6.8083688909

    5.6617267914

    7.0874007626

    7.0253189812

    7.5329874184

    8.2426257693

    6.7266537777

    8.5946685081

    7.5981314697

    7.8436665694

    9.4916409746

    9.8778184938

    9.3283104137

    7.5132869526

    7.3258487768

    6.102887938

    8.2903752688

    10.4312230698

    7.9165964782

    6.5550911808

    8.393850718

    6.3784266883

    8.4132043326

    6.9895416209

    6.938336263

    7.0246190608

    6.5511061301

    7.7974619065

    8.2074285692

    6.7139803405

    7.5772911029

    7.0768488765

    8.1797217629

    7.0073352719

    6.2122012248

    8.1898952329

    5.9183615975

    7.5920116129

    6.3649657933

    5.581601076

    7.4060755855

    6.1642420298

    5.2803841322

    6.0458867728

    6.8990423503

    6.6019448608

    5.6780698705

    6.7733944165

    6.6543880029

    6.4409214936

    7.187351554

    6.3884854901

    6.8976577423

    5.6283834847

    6.0231468521

    5.9554667742

    5.3941791571

    6.7523324122

    6.0407822431

    5.9344883064

    6.7366165838

    6.6064429561

    5.0350995992

    6.1394968239

    6.9433502261

    5.8648148793

    7.3296283742

    7.8510013935

    7.4582490639

    7.3303107632

    7.7657256265

    7.5574209942

    9.9723046142

    6.2865936313

    9.9962267033

    7.0564531244

    7.5181759603

    9.4798148333

    9.3465904024

    7.2928933148

    8.0887442054

    6.8565661516

    9.3708175904

    8.5036184191

    7.6328339614

    8.5184356647

    4.9154547239

    9.0509298739

    8.872045227

    9.2197548978

    7.5316380046

    6.706065206

    7.9996217557

    8.3325833242

    9.0447047846

    6.0966462584

    6.4030743067

    7.8790693502

    9.5167088213

    7.7122933012

    8.2171170884

    6.9954009824

    7.7471796683

    9.0846232071

    7.3089294422

    7.4760534035

    6.6983053397

    7.9808225391

    7.5718320558

    Chart1

    11111

    22222

    33333

    44444

    55555

    66666

    77777

    88888

    99999

    1010101010

    1111111111

    1212121212

    1313131313

    1414141414

    1515151515

    1616161616

    1717171717

    1818181818

    1919191919

    2020202020

    2121212121

    2222222222

    2323232323

    2424242424

    Grand TotalGrand TotalGrand TotalGrand TotalGrand Total

    Trt with one control ATV

    Trt with one control BIK

    Trt with one control C

    Trt with one control HIK

    Trt with one control HRS

    Hour (PDT)

    Velocity (Meters/Minute)

    7.2691106926

    7.6334345221

    7.586004958

    8.2767280113

    7.8615875869

    7.8469363666

    8.3720689461

    6.191694126

    7.3711258469

    8.9465807072

    7.6778020285

    8.5615683176

    6.4972229765

    8.37827733

    8.3832464845

    7.4467777206

    6.8083688909

    5.6617267914

    7.0874007626

    7.0253189812

    7.5329874184

    8.2426257693

    6.7266537777

    8.5946685081

    7.5981314697

    7.8436665694

    9.4916409746

    9.8778184938

    9.3283104137

    7.5132869526

    7.3258487768

    6.102887938

    8.2903752688

    10.4312230698

    7.9165964782

    6.5550911808

    8.393850718

    6.3784266883

    8.4132043326

    6.9895416209

    6.938336263

    7.0246190608

    6.5511061301

    7.7974619065

    8.2074285692

    6.7139803405

    7.5772911029

    7.0768488765

    8.1797217629

    7.0073352719

    6.2122012248

    8.1898952329

    5.9183615975

    7.5920116129

    6.3649657933

    5.581601076

    7.4060755855

    6.1642420298

    5.2803841322

    6.0458867728

    6.8990423503

    6.6019448608

    5.6780698705

    6.7733944165

    6.6543880029

    6.4409214936

    7.187351554

    6.3884854901

    6.8976577423

    5.6283834847

    6.0231468521

    5.9554667742

    5.3941791571

    6.7523324122

    6.0407822431

    5.9344883064

    6.7366165838

    6.6064429561

    5.0350995992

    6.1394968239

    6.9433502261

    5.8648148793

    7.3296283742

    7.8510013935

    7.4582490639

    7.3303107632

    7.7657256265

    7.5574209942

    9.9723046142

    6.2865936313

    9.9962267033

    7.0564531244

    7.5181759603

    9.4798148333

    9.3465904024

    7.2928933148

    8.0887442054

    6.8565661516

    9.3708175904

    8.5036184191

    7.6328339614

    8.5184356647

    4.9154547239

    9.0509298739

    8.872045227

    9.2197548978

    7.5316380046

    6.706065206

    7.9996217557

    8.3325833242

    9.0447047846

    6.0966462584

    6.4030743067

    7.8790693502

    9.5167088213

    7.7122933012

    8.2171170884

    6.9954009824

    7.7471796683

    9.0846232071

    7.3089294422

    7.4760534035

    6.6983053397

    7.9808225391

    7.5718320558

    Sheet1

    SpeciesD

    Average of Average of velocityTrt with one control

    Hour PDTATVBIKCHIKHRSGrand Total

    17.26911069267.63343452217.5860049588.27672801137.86158758697.7021451215

    27.84693636668.37206894616.1916941267.37112584698.94658070727.4866833531

    37.67780202858.56156831766.49722297658.378277338.38324648457.6658900189

    47.44677772066.80836889095.66172679147.08740076267.02531898126.6152199897

    57.53298741848.24262576936.72665377778.59466850817.59813146977.5702867868

    67.84366656949.49164097469.87781849389.32831041377.51328695268.988756983

    77.32584877686.1028879388.290375268810.43122306987.91659647828.0595511334

    86.55509118088.3938507186.37842668838.41320433266.98954162097.1847568715

    96.9383362637.02461906086.55110613017.79746190658.20742856927.1783430099

    106.71398034057.57729110297.07684887658.17972176297.00733527197.2720043718

    116.21220122488.18989523295.91836159757.59201161296.36496579336.6992995098

    125.5816010767.40607558556.16424202985.28038413226.04588677286.1070719377

    136.89904235036.60194486085.67806987056.77339441656.65438800296.280425606

    146.44092149367.1873515546.38848549016.89765774235.62838348476.4885475425

    156.02314685215.95546677425.39417915716.75233241226.04078224315.9266810993

    165.93448830646.73661658386.60644295615.03509959926.13949682396.1764312043

    176.94335022615.86481487937.32962837427.85100139357.45824906397.1294453852

    187.33031076327.76572562657.55742099429.97230461426.28659363137.7449627706

    199.99622670337.05645312447.51817596039.47981483339.34659040248.485906164

    207.29289331488.08874420546.85656615169.37081759048.50361841917.8282009721

    217.63283396148.51843566474.91545472399.05092987398.8720452277.3175256958

    229.21975489787.53163800466.7060652067.99962175578.33258332427.7492880657

    239.04470478466.09664625846.40307430677.87906935029.51670882137.5572129713

    247.71229330128.21711708846.99540098247.74717966839.08462320717.7920025383

    Grand Total7.30892944227.47605340356.69830533977.98082253917.57183205587.2849673119

    Sheet1

    11111

    22222

    33333

    44444

    55555

    66666

    77777

    88888

    99999

    1010101010

    1111111111

    1212121212

    1313131313

    1414141414

    1515151515

    1616161616

    1717171717

    1818181818

    1919191919

    2020202020

    2121212121

    2222222222

    2323232323

    2424242424

    Grand TotalGrand TotalGrand TotalGrand TotalGrand Total

    Trt with one control ATV

    Trt with one control BIK

    Trt with one control C

    Trt with one control HIK

    Trt with one control HRS

    Hour (PDT)

    Velocity (Meters/Minute)

    7.2691106926

    7.6334345221

    7.586004958

    8.2767280113

    7.8615875869

    7.8469363666

    8.3720689461

    6.191694126

    7.3711258469

    8.9465807072

    7.6778020285

    8.5615683176

    6.4972229765

    8.37827733

    8.3832464845

    7.4467777206

    6.8083688909

    5.6617267914

    7.0874007626

    7.0253189812

    7.5329874184

    8.2426257693

    6.7266537777

    8.5946685081

    7.5981314697

    7.8436665694

    9.4916409746

    9.8778184938

    9.3283104137

    7.5132869526

    7.3258487768

    6.102887938

    8.2903752688

    10.4312230698

    7.9165964782

    6.5550911808

    8.393850718

    6.3784266883

    8.4132043326

    6.9895416209

    6.938336263

    7.0246190608

    6.5511061301

    7.7974619065

    8.2074285692

    6.7139803405

    7.5772911029

    7.0768488765

    8.1797217629

    7.0073352719

    6.2122012248

    8.1898952329

    5.9183615975

    7.5920116129

    6.3649657933

    5.581601076

    7.4060755855

    6.1642420298

    5.2803841322

    6.0458867728

    6.8990423503

    6.6019448608

    5.6780698705

    6.7733944165

    6.6543880029

    6.4409214936

    7.187351554

    6.3884854901

    6.8976577423

    5.6283834847

    6.0231468521

    5.9554667742

    5.3941791571

    6.7523324122

    6.0407822431

    5.9344883064

    6.7366165838

    6.6064429561

    5.0350995992

    6.1394968239

    6.9433502261

    5.8648148793

    7.3296283742

    7.8510013935

    7.4582490639

    7.3303107632

    7.7657256265

    7.5574209942

    9.9723046142

    6.2865936313

    9.9962267033

    7.0564531244

    7.5181759603

    9.4798148333

    9.3465904024

    7.2928933148

    8.0887442054

    6.8565661516

    9.3708175904

    8.5036184191

    7.6328339614

    8.5184356647

    4.9154547239

    9.0509298739

    8.872045227

    9.2197548978

    7.5316380046

    6.706065206

    7.9996217557

    8.3325833242

    9.0447047846

    6.0966462584

    6.4030743067

    7.8790693502

    9.5167088213

    7.7122933012

    8.2171170884

    6.9954009824

    7.7471796683

    9.0846232071

    7.3089294422

    7.4760534035

    6.6983053397

    7.9808225391

    7.5718320558

    HOURVELT

    Hour PDTTrtTrt with one controlSpeciesCount of Starkey timeAverage of velocityAverage of distanceAverage of elapsed time

    1ATVATVD837.2691106926110.90670532891014.3493975904

    1ATVATVE2007.6926534959120.37358234121024.97

    1BIKBIKD687.6334345221117.9462207177991.8970588235

    1BIKBIKE1847.9717651524119.168226709959.5

    1CATVCD1075.3426245182100.07605450111137.6635514019

    1CATVCE1926.3606731069113.08739256741145.2708333333

    1CBIKCD349.8293853978178.49473996031187.4705882353

    1CBIKCE438.2485292314161.54276167571324.4418604651

    1HIKHIKD1068.2767280113129.9010021354958.6509433962

    1HIKHIKE2857.0605892159109.0412362233973.1824561404

    1HRSHRSD727.8615875869132.74693909991032.5138888889

    1HRSHRSE2179.1749584844135.2723327282937.7004608295

    2ATVATVD987.8469363666132.0354746951086.7959183673

    2ATVATVE2097.332829921121.65988336651024.2296650718

    2BIKBIKD728.3720689461154.45442922721083.5833333333

    2BIKBIKE1886.9645089178111.038429579989.2765957447

    2CATVCD1235.303665796997.25731339721195.3577235772

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    2CBIKCD287.079722455139.41293051091190.3928571429

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    2HRSHRSE1778.7573621361138.4720099746968.6892655367

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    3ATVATVE2077.8746829114131.07248847911032.1062801932

    3BIKBIKD628.5615683176130.3745388552931.3548387097

    3BIKBIKE1986.537052694110.82721817751005.8484848485

    3CATVCD1285.517927405997.28900389791144.0546875

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    3CBIKCD297.476518547144.84072577311234.4137931034

    3CBIKCE426.8844193125132.3617390631196.7380952381

    3HIKHIKD968.37827733128.7578007489985.5520833333

    3HIKHIKE2666.8980412178111.1956817234983.7556390977

    3HRSHRSD588.3832464845120.8327111011955.7413793103

    3HRSHRSE2276.9528305413106.2791640268975.8414096916

    4ATVATVD817.4467777206130.52044053431172.6790123457

    4ATVATVE2028.6191463549143.30885858421063.4504950495

    4BIKBIKD726.8083688909107.84368538761023.0555555556

    4BIKBIKE2217.1199016265119.6360715231040.1040723982

    4CATVCD1364.928336777885.08424989661090.7058823529

    4CATVCE1665.040036568886.74673367111078.4578313253

    4CBIKCD326.3951168051111.369319121122.90625

    4CBIKCE617.080814764135.97005404011237.2950819672

    4HIKHIKD1437.0874007626108.7791370785893.5804195804

    4HIKHIKE3206.604329940495.7281078438921.884375

    4HRSHRSD887.0253189812101.418214847914.7954545455

    4HRSHRSE2618.1256844161116.9953835473892.0459770115

    5ATVATVD1607.5329874184105.3868977291883.1875

    5ATVATVE3279.786936873140.2349971383887.5871559633

    5BIKBIKD1008.2426257693129.1305038027992.48

    5BIKBIKE27810.3853700696159.5626723933951.1079136691

    5CATVCD1657.2756181307117.85149875561027.903030303

    5CATVCE1996.4384525742101.9809701171985.2613065327

    5CBIKCD696.177689424893.8708613793946.1304347826

    5CBIKCE1117.7538491423120.6487926708975.9099099099

    5HIKHIKD2018.5946685081113.3363121073811.7014925373

    5HIKHIKE3368.7053297321116.1326079502831.4553571429

    5HRSHRSD1527.5981314697103.3373681148850.8618421053

    5HRSHRSE3198.2007054922109.5595876557825.1379310345

    6ATVATVD1937.8436665694107.253733605848.6062176166

    6ATVATVE31911.8191517854166.7983849681851.9122257053

    6BIKBIKD1069.4916409746143.4525201315952.3962264151

    6BIKBIKE25110.2053653864157.0874470966957.0517928287

    6CATVCD18510.0224715072157.123605659958.9081081081

    6CATVCE2348.8738364247145.3901818138996.7521367521

    6CBIKCD679.7331654805169.096678991071.6865671642

    6CBIKCE1039.3619741176166.59095671251046.1262135922

    6HIKHIKD1969.3283104137124.1737554334831.6326530612

    6HIKHIKE3259.2066351817130.7612954361882.0707692308

    6HRSHRSD1477.513286952698.964602733794.5850340136

    6HRSHRSE3047.9513851094111.2482570271863.5756578947

    7ATVATVD1837.3258487768102.9350616916875.6229508197

    7ATVATVE2577.998580753119.3500841298933.2996108949

    7BIKBIKD1146.10288793899.3105197558983.8070175439

    7BIKBIKE2388.2129206876124.5634584977965

    7CATVCD1809.7956591429159.2892808964980.5333333333

    7CATVCE2247.4974980625117.7214303391991.09375

    7CBIKCD656.7850913947109.31006082681053.2769230769

    7CBIKCE906.3364838291100.9625613468985.7444444444

    7HIKHIKD20110.4312230698140.6909003763837.2288557214

    7HIKHIKE2848.6982696099123.4656512459925.8802816901

    7HRSHRSD1377.9165964782103.0976967863786.9270072993

    7HRSHRSE2907.4438913735101.5474420654866.1551724138

    8ATVATVD1926.555091180893.1839470667870.6770833333

    8ATVATVE2668.0187397905115.5435811485908.037593985

    8BIKBIKD1248.393850718130.8538625826982.7016129032

    8BIKBIKE2496.8156585981100.5201911689939.0923694779

    8CATVCD1756.4892085404110.63290846251004.1942857143

    8CATVCE1934.715209395278.53820705731013.9222797928

    8CBIKCD676.267644836195.9649405841957.552238806

    8CBIKCE825.305577828385.42635431851011.8048780488

    8HIKHIKD2168.4132043326114.0495804234851.1944444444

    8HIKHIKE3097.5535258923107.0979173249919.9126213592

    8HRSHRSD1586.989541620997.5977653119875.1455696203

    8HRSHRSE3117.7706364628106.0314270316852.1479099678

    9ATVATVD2116.93833626397.1061331316845.3317535545

    9ATVATVE32318.8077053939273.154104387889.3684210526

    9BIKBIKD1307.0246190608106.8125327954938.7615384615

    9BIKBIKE29510.4747825112161.4777378302940.2203389831

    9CATVCD1715.550037079585.2177893938980.0350877193

    9CATVCE2317.1646219498109.913225081954.3722943723

    9CBIKCD707.5521751806121.4443672471027.9142857143

    9CBIKCE977.520024325118.5252175223988.3711340206

    9HIKHIKD2067.7974619065111.4455846662860.932038835

    9HIKHIKE2899.9774208643153.5122944545934.6124567474

    9HRSHRSD2208.2074285692111.2992339263824.0818181818

    9HRSHRSE3179.0034727882120.513958966839.3406940063

    10ATVATVD1976.713980340595.5000303338878.152284264

    10ATVATVE28316.0216105479214.7100549721859.554770318

    10BIKBIKD1277.5772911029114.0383038383932.3937007874

    10BIKBIKE27916.4400412012245.5832147599906.4014336918

    10CATVCD1867.4019634547113.0573219085963.7795698925

    10CATVCE2316.7750562406110.3937982673991.7705627706

    10CBIKCD696.7517342983107.3524567397996.1014492754

    10CBIKCE1026.147148566499.5821130371014.5

    10HIKHIKD2078.1797217629110.1391775209836.4637681159

    10HIKHIKE30013.8447860109203.0636672516917.0433333333

    10HRSHRSD2057.007335271992.0477315244811.8195121951

    10HRSHRSE30813.0694606087178.7919242815887.1623376623

    11ATVATVD1976.212201224892.1456698558902.6345177665

    11ATVATVE26810.0930697869142.7333527386877.1865671642

    11BIKBIKD1388.1898952329136.8692513946987.7463768116

    11BIKBIKE25812.1621023379190.5826157174936.3527131783

    11CATVCD1595.826007789996.04319490491020.5094339623

    11CATVCE2206.008519926196.6339530713984.6363636364

    11CBIKCD636.010715405290.2123537147915.873015873

    11CBIKCE966.064331049889.7765626254926.6979166667

    11HIKHIKD2017.5920116129107.8952086933885.8706467662

    11HIKHIKE26810.3018858144150.7468171765938.026119403

    11HRSHRSD1896.364965793383.6125857994826.2433862434

    11HRSHRSE38113.4992674655181.7640499766839.031496063

    12ATVATVD1985.58160107680.1289792806900.8686868687

    12ATVATVE2667.1266209221106.2367387731890.2857142857

    12BIKBIKD1527.4060755855115.2803254292963.5263157895

    12BIKBIKE2677.3010884081119.4392592158942.1198501873

    12CATVCD1555.393167843387.0625009568987.4193548387

    12CATVCE1945.522727246585.0587655237945.118556701

    12CBIKCD816.9353162163101.2230375727917.2716049383

    12CBIKCE1027.4165581424110.7386037736961.2058823529

    12HIKHIKD1915.280384132276.3898221912889.2094240838

    12HIKHIKE2517.3369633065113.8427549383931.780876494

    12HRSHRSD1886.045886772881.6915494089837.9946808511

    12HRSHRSE3247.6547204455104.230809896861.4351851852

    13ATVATVD2006.899042350395.268731621901.395

    13ATVATVE2489.5964767163143.9906890075909.6370967742

    13BIKBIKD1606.6019448608101.4736992378959.4

    13BIKBIKE2938.8160177101132.4648375199928.4061433447

    13CATVCD1497.4088813286116.99714813391010.577181208

    13CATVCE1805.34815960589.5326083881012.2111111111

    13CBIKCD755.818090661191.4200951187928.64

    13CBIKCE964.951612956877.7167518543970.84375

    13CHIKCD13.8072376218130.20752666422052

    13CHIKCE11.824285252562.96824596572071

    13HIKHIKD2056.773394416595.1823930361855.5365853659

    13HIKHIKE2829.3876133337131.9266663431889.780141844

    13HRSHRSD1996.654388002987.4139354774823.7185929648

    13HRSHRSE31710.1595645718131.4443450527826.8296529968

    14ATVATVD1666.440921493692.5850517062911.6144578313

    14ATVATVE21412.0686011438182.5506378436921.4252336449

    14BIKBIKD1487.187351554116.13889836331007.6689189189

    14BIKBIKE2587.1429447796109.5993014935951.0465116279

    14CATVCD1665.218979008282.0914822565990.2710843373

    14CATVCE2015.794266209490.9018911583956.0298507463

    14CBIKCD837.557991972124.2142077861942.6144578313

    14CBIKCE875.572366839888.4005549072985.0459770115

    14HIKHIKD2056.897657742396.3531129606894.4243902439

    14HIKHIKE2506.477959732597.382845601931.316

    14HRSHRSD1905.628383484775.5291045388829.2105263158

    14HRSHRSE3298.2119926192113.2532488765863.0547112462

    15ATVATVD1456.023146852186.0949294145861.8068965517

    15ATVATVE1728.615651935118.661691848908.2151162791

    15BIKBIKD1245.955466774291.97531001631008.0080645161

    15BIKBIKE2147.0331623964112.8056567042986.9065420561

    15CATVCD1615.838069784794.31192138391035.3043478261

    15CATVCE2265.260706414382.4987813147972.796460177

    15CBIKCD714.950288529480.93384037251064.7605633803

    15CBIKCE899.7748576695152.9376477138971.3707865169

    15HIKHIKD1946.752332412296.6845891677905.8453608247

    15HIKHIKE2557.1719863442104.8030645862932.8705882353

    15HRSHRSD1996.040782243178.9073067972826.1708542714

    15HRSHRSE3208.3062148016125.1552355436890.3875

    16ATVATVD1455.934488306485.2702503736926.9793103448

    16ATVATVE1739.2042934803130.1872618021893.2369942197

    16BIKBIKD1106.7366165838104.6005664326940.3454545455

    16BIKBIKE2067.8416145845120.388209711943.5388349515

    16CATVCD1966.9994895653102.33098594924.7653061224

    16CATVCE2256.5350593184104.1814240576970.7733333333

    16CBIKCD756.213396347102.5856178581036.76

    16CBIKCE876.1849579812105.03183413811040.7126436782

    16HIKHIKD1865.035099599270.9948740327871.9623655914

    16HIKHIKE2466.6300962625100.5794429536939.7235772358

    16HRSHRSD1706.139496823979.1923131154795.6882352941

    16HRSHRSE3017.2763560882106.5751660025903.4053156146

    17ATVATVD1506.943350226194.4361581482880.0533333333

    17ATVATVE2029.4423265692148.8974693101964.3465346535

    17BIKBIKD1335.864814879396.7327262521986.4360902256

    17BIKBIKE2178.1459739368123.625240305936.3456221198

    17CATVCD1947.3497372326110.2999265376935.7268041237

    17CATVCE2506.142948646297.3368761092991.76

    17CBIKCD927.3095195157118.5842031242994.152173913

    17CBIKCE1066.4464540193103.0536440736971.3773584906

    17HIKHIKD2107.8510013935109.9348422196867.2761904762

    17HIKHIKE2808.93263747127.870150484909.9071428571

    17HRSHRSD1557.458249063994.5437338029800.1741935484

    17HRSHRSE2997.463131362100.7553748593857.2909698997

    18ATVATVD1587.330310763296.7479528288831.0126582278

    18ATVATVE23610.7552561506145.2599034703818.4449152542

    18BIKBIKD1337.7657256265127.1450527626995.9323308271

    18BIKBIKE2259.6325937951156.25290899771001.2711111111

    18CATVCD2047.2807113232111.986528475940.8088235294

    18CATVCE2346.7220120536113.15957129791012.1666666667

    18CBIKCD937.8341306651112.7531266349901.7741935484

    18CBIKCE1107.5178470012113.849203481938.6909090909

    18HIKHIKD1929.9723046142138.0435428848897.9322916667

    18HIKHIKE3138.8335208141126.3769165501922.9233226837

    18HRSHRSD1596.286593631387.0371596856802.5786163522

    18HRSHRSE2899.0971957415126.4332222394874.2906574394

    19ATVATVD1789.9962267033132.4978421025836.393258427

    19ATVATVE29210.5125752964147.7001658736839.2705479452

    19BIKBIKD1437.0564531244109.5870476193940.8321678322

    19BIKBIKE31911.0476017162168.1827924159967.6394984326

    19CATVCD1857.6319750689118.0663904197982.7189189189

    19CATVCE23310.5041853334173.44429511861012.0686695279

    19CBIKCD927.4043768517109.9953825661914.9782608696

    19CBIKCE1268.8337024504138.5532074216967.9285714286

    19HIKHIKD2249.4798148333129.3667105829839.9642857143

    19HIKHIKE3618.9675355332128.4497867332894.7368421053

    19HRSHRSD1669.3465904024123.0640390267809.5120481928

    19HRSHRSE3038.0702425317106.540441926832.8613861386

    20ATVATVD1727.292893314893.0491902145818.5290697674

    20ATVATVE33611.8730671327169.8831066226868.7172619048

    20BIKBIKD1338.0887442054127.7224860496991.1654135338

    20BIKBIKE29811.6046492363188.7910718063995.4093959732

    20CATVCD1875.853700539690.1810988123985.1657754011

    20CATVCE2758.9938535096149.27083395881028.1054545454

    20CBIKCD847.8594317636117.69355232955.6785714286

    20CBIKCE1238.6048557796133.112541959965.5040650406

    20HIKHIKD2009.3708175904125.0374950599851.81

    20HIKHIKE3698.4697145569118.8742165454863.2113821138

    20HRSHRSD1498.5036184191112.3530338847811.5838926175

    20HRSHRSE3328.5085628793114.6185706506843.9668674699

    21ATVATVD1387.6328339614105.0935773627896.0579710145

    21ATVATVE29311.4031538715168.4758043306894.0955631399

    21BIKBIKD748.5184356647132.4865665486989.0540540541

    21BIKBIKE2329.9952585402165.38199556251017.8232758621

    21CATVCD1235.223474236189.67306309051112.1788617886

    21CATVCE1996.1892308682109.88564802141149.8844221106

    21CBIKCD694.607435211777.77354832771066.4347826087

    21CBIKCE886.142704502197.96536351261036.1704545454

    21HIKHIKD1759.0509298739124.9251838576854.4342857143

    21HIKHIKE3567.8697989171110.8759348028885.5056179775

    21HRSHRSD1608.872045227115.1002470255803.56875

    21HRSHRSE3668.4271420557107.5658472875816.7732240437

    22ATVATVD989.2197548978146.41340390851030.7346938775

    22ATVATVE2338.1389342187127.83216222761005.1931330472

    22BIKBIKD727.5316380046109.2030492475918.4027777778

    22BIKBIKE2416.9624071283113.69728977451009.4190871369

    22CATVCD1255.183992850893.57964504831133.6

    22CATVCE2024.932963314485.96231128691096.8415841584

    22CBIKCD458.2281375612140.60442654511155.0666666667

    22CBIKCE618.8075234677164.3025451651179.7540983607

    22HIKHIKD1347.9996217557111.4762319286909.8582089552

    22HIKHIKE3196.552979943494.3439669989897.2476489028

    22HRSHRSD1018.3325833242119.2437389228892.4554455446

    22HRSHRSE3257.6269031902101.2789004509853.2246153846

    23ATVATVD819.0447047846151.40851195891034.8271604938

    23ATVATVE1988.2428339198138.2460808474997.4393939394

    23BIKBIKD756.096646258497.49018928031028.4

    23BIKBIKE2377.4864368728125.13581805611012.7426160338

    23CATVCD1345.3355933994.76670159781128.5671641791

    23CATVCE2034.4030588977.30764992921100.6699507389

    23CBIKCD267.4705552234140.13435631641200.1153846154

    23CBIKCE407.4530746888142.36801153551221.2

    23HIKHIKD1267.8790693502124.094825067962.8412698413

    23HIKHIKE2877.6386458399115.2531443686957.2926829268

    23HRSHRSD729.5167088213140.8704191302938.5833333333

    23HRSHRSE2617.5301320555108.2877774269903.8697318008

    24ATVATVD697.7122933012137.67864462631155.3333333333

    24ATVATVE1699.0349562651144.13261604321027.1656804734

    24BIKBIKD768.2171170884130.083866446987.8815789474

    24BIKBIKE2246.3262376564102.4838482329977.6741071429

    24CATVCD1006.7356166304119.97244129691170.74

    24CATVCE2006.3393888513110.77078700821130.26

    24CBIKCD287.2551853344144.50982878141270.7142857143

    24CBIKCE437.8256646601147.53399164961190.8372093023

    24HIKHIKD1027.7471796683113.6492712938944.8529411765

    24HIKHIKE2748.4932435476129.077024228950.6131386861

    24HRSHRSD829.0846232071134.7211030221964.6097560976

    24HRSHRSE2586.488708469899.2726122949953.2170542636

  • Mean Speed of Off-Road Activity (Meters/Second)

    0

    1

    2

    3

    4

    5

    6

    ATV Bike Hike Horse

    M/sec

    Chart1

    ATV0.2089

    Bike0.1074

    Hike0.0307

    Horse0.0284

    M/sec

    Mean Speed of Off-Road Activity (Meters/Second)

    5.4008

    2.2594

    1.271

    1.0939

    Sheet1

    M/secUCL

    ATV5.40085.60970.2089

    Bike2.25942.36680.1074

    Hike1.2711.30170.0307

    Horse1.09391.12230.0284

    Sheet1

    0.2089

    0.1074

    0.0307

    0.0284

    M/sec

    Sheet2

    Sheet3

  • Distance to ATV (m)

    Prob

    abilit

    y of

    resp

    onse

    0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

    0.0

    0.2

    0.4

    0.6

    0.8

    Distance to HIKER (m)

    Prob

    abilit

    y of

    resp

    onse

    0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

    0.0

    0.2

    0.4

    0.6

    0.8

    Distance to BIKER (m)

    Prob

    abilit

    y of

    resp

    onse

    0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

    0.0

    0.2

    0.4

    0.6

    0.8

    Distance to HORSE (m)

    Prob

    abilit

    y of

    resp

    onse

    0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

    0.0

    0.2

    0.4

    0.6

    0.8

  • Elk distribution in relation to ATV routes

  • CONCLUSIONSo Elk responded to all four activities

    o flight responses and movement rates were substantially higher during all activities compared to controls

    o Movement rates and flight responses of elk to ATV and mountain bike riding were stronger than to horseback riding and hikingo Foraging time also less during ATV and

    mountain bike treatments

    o Mule deer did not respond strongly to any of the four activitieso May be hiding instead of running

  • STARKEY RECREATIONRESEARCHEffects of Hunting on Deer and Elk

  • EFFECTS OF HUNTER DENSITY AND TRAFFICON FEMALE ELK & MULE DEER

    10 yrs of hunts (21 rifle, 2 archery)

    Quantified effects of hunter density and traffic on movements and habitat use Archery vs. rifle Elk vs. deer responses

    Energetic cost of a typical hunting season to an elk

    Johnson et al. 2005. Elk and mule deer responses to variation in hunting pressure. Transactions of the North American Nat. Resource and Wildlife Conference.

  • ELK VELOCITY DURING ELK HUNTS

    0123456789

    1 5 9 13 17 21

    Velo

    city

    (M/M

    in)

    Hour

    Elk rifle hunt Pre-hunt

    Archery hunt Pre archery hunt

    Chart16

    1111

    2222

    3333

    4444

    5555

    6666

    7777

    8888

    9999

    10101010

    11111111

    12121212

    13131313

    14141414

    15151515

    16161616

    17171717

    18181818

    19191919

    20202020

    21212121

    22222222

    23232323

    24242424

    Elk rifle hunt

    Pre-hunt

    Archery hunt

    Pre archery hunt

    Hour

    Velocity (M/Min)

    2.7138614143

    2.3450495806

    2.2797905539

    1.6619951699

    2.4887560952

    2.303656666

    1.9831688032

    1.9762423853

    2.324845354

    2.4709353422

    1.9675883617

    2.1177195995

    2.6447267153

    2.1996299182

    2.2109388104

    2.1515901511

    4.1460974482

    2.7022362447

    3.6579311625

    3.4766820503

    5.3254123324

    3.0414537521

    5.4264920761

    4.2881973497

    6.9101293749

    3.5888153984

    5.4639786544

    3.6376408679

    6.4843226923

    3.8168359634

    3.9228817411

    2.6004770642

    5.6687747486

    2.8273836244

    3.1899200057

    1.9129323791

    5.169885554

    2.4394877709

    2.9876638284

    1.4096371198

    4.3409560782

    1.9683160889

    2.5332423045

    1.5779965113

    3.6056013402

    1.9722360434

    2.3853022856

    1.997190287

    3.8224816354

    2.1019633664

    1.8262188227

    1.6901415986

    3.3975591909

    2.4190090301

    1.8218652383

    1.8180095332

    3.5475630051

    3.1207567345

    2.1615293286

    2.6628823368

    4.4865776881

    3.5726142542

    2.4796035141

    1.6996113086

    4.459566852

    3.739856661

    3.689326335

    2.1275283468

    3.9442291083

    3.3731621065

    5.0922123532

    3.2612868191

    3.6872553602

    3.7705845364

    5.1198382464

    4.2199848328

    3.294481989

    2.8069573919

    4.4083482365

    4.5976209525

    3.0597201281

    2.3898537405

    2.7149852061

    2.6150089584

    2.7500954237

    2.285424183

    2.1727105043

    2.5891083135

    2.9392888009

    2.5362118022

    2.2828315708

    2.3133758367

    2.7763930406

    2.5027386558

    2.1074796431

    energetics

    densityriflebowmaintenanceriflebow

    000460046004600

    1529.92731.95246005129.925331.952

    21059.841463.90446005659.846063.904

    31589.762195.85646006189.766795.856

    42119.682927.80846006719.687527.808

    4600

    no hunt

    days301428

    hunters2070

    30 Day Archery14 Day Rifle28 Day Rifle

    Starkey Hunt4546.71365341.593610683.187220571.4944

    Without Hunting13800064400128800

    0.9020979021

    energetics

    Maintenance

    Rifle

    Bow

    Hunter Density (Hunters/Km2)

    Kcals/Day

    archvel

    Starkey Hunt

    Without Hunting

    Kcals/Season

    habitat

    SppHuntersCounter1 main gateJulian dayAverage of Velocity

    D001846092.6944014288

    D002046082.1830539645

    D003146112.4929007832

    D003746122.0679761986

    D005924231.3525712944

    D006624221.743346064

    D007224211.3020603852

    D008624191.8413215903

    D20.02584847624924551.4207059159

    D30.03877271434624511.5569805326

    D40.05169695253324471.527787818

    D40.05169695254424501.5852875161

    D40.05169695254724561.4568716808

    D50.06462119062624421.6419189828

    D70.09046966682824411.8105153786

    D70.09046966683824431.8769060594

    D70.09046966684324541.3892542329

    D70.09046966685424452.1784326094

    D70.09046966685724361.5534453237

    D90.1163181435224591.819028814

    D100.12924238124824581.4385862938

    D110.14216661934524491.6747762168

    D110.14216661935724571.5967861744

    D110.14216661937424401.7057130844

    D120.15509085742146323.1648190648

    D140.18093933363446343.0781555154

    D140.18093933367324391.6298166442

    D150.19386357172946332.5710345751

    D160.20678780995224531.1133192709

    D190.24556052427146402.6041030106

    D200.258484762346272.2418055041

    D210.27140900046624521.4574752774

    D220.28433323862346352.6874907566

    D230.297257476746262.703085706

    D230.29725747673646382.7631130796

    D230.29725747678246512.5593277764

    D250.32310595292746313.5331554875

    D250.323105952913346412.2152556096

    D260.336030191146253.7377397826

    D280.361878667346283.0725057259

    D300.387727143546302.889668727

    D310.40065138162046242.4731858425

    D310.40065138162046372.9650553164

    D320.413575619746293.1113843447

    D320.41357561971746363.0431235471

    D320.41357561977046472.4794174449

    D320.41357561977846502.8783788361

    D320.41357561978246463.3161054953

    D320.413575619711346492.9691846712

    D360.46527257227946482.4657447919

    D370.47819681038946453.5339827261

    D400.516969524611246432.4198280496

    D420.54281800099946442.9645593096

    D510.65913614391946232.6402673387

    D520.6720603822946222.5417139071

    D530.68498462026124321.7434069295

    E001846092.3181938491

    E002046082.8730148667

    E002346102.7719039008

    E003146113.0594332868

    E003746122.4545453368

    E005924232.1898766369

    E006624222.5534085915

    E007224211.860591975

    E20.02584847624924552.7751098151

    E30.03877271434624513.3613601217

    E40.05169695253324472.5680984525

    E40.05169695254424503.5201029271

    E40.05169695254724562.7723058896

    E50.06462119062624422.5407625584

    E50.06462119064824483.2712785548

    E70.09046966682824413.0300447351

    E70.09046966683824432.6510831591

    E70.09046966684324541.9557295012

    E70.09046966685424453.0966175075

    E70.09046966685724361.995090465

    E80.10339390494024342.7556884452

    E80.10339390494924352.7503225523

    E90.1163181435224592.0326797809

    E100.12924238124824582.8455849027

    E110.14216661934524494.2204177046

    E110.14216661935724572.2596941516

    E110.14216661937424403.8186906471

    E120.15509085742146323.2621825291

    E120.15509085744524442.2657164769

    E120.15509085747224383.7297779944

    E140.18093933363446343.8781061385

    E140.18093933367324393.3507479411

    E150.19386357172946333.0186379138

    E150.19386357174524462.2108235342

    E150.19386357175124602.6453355991

    E160.20678780995224532.5270990868

    E190.24556052427146402.9008615887

    E200.258484762346272.7989921249

    E210.27140900046624522.8565113518

    E220.28433323862346354.1696513855

    E230.297257476746263.6819045712

    E230.29725747673646383.7785523292

    E230.29725747678246513.3790627371

    E240.31018171485846393.3825386208

    E250.32310595292746313.6137041471

    E250.323105952913346413.3137936943

    E260.336030191146254.6321446873

    E260.3360301919146422.4060631187

    E280.361878667346283.38328249

    E300.387727143546303.8630586838

    E310.40065138162046243.3014011714

    E310.40065138162046373.20386728

    E320.413575619746293.5531559809

    E320.41357561971746363.2092267459

    E320.41357561977046473.0744156853

    E320.41357561977846503.2981245823

    E320.41357561978246464.3600140548

    E320.413575619711346493.1382647878

    E360.46527257227946483.5356534058

    E370.47819681038946453.0759679428

    E400.516969524611246432.7898667629

    E420.54281800099946443.3433879653

    E500.64621190588224314.5766439645

    E510.65913614391946234.0272401329

    E530.68498462026124324.9074957666

    habitat

    Deer

    Elk

    Hunter density in archery hunts (Hunters/Km2)

    Velocity (M / Min)

    Deer: y = 2.04x + 1.79R2 = 0.33

    Elk: y = 2.2x + 2.6R2 = 0.35

    hr vel

    Deer

    Elk

    Traffic Count Main Gate (Vehicles/Day)

    Animal Velocity (M / Min)

    hr hab

    SppArchery=1TreatmentHuntersCounter1 main gateDistopenDistcovrSz4-8cankkk

    DH70.090469666825312.698564593384.511961722536.5023923445

    DH90.11631814333316.744186046578.106976744235.0325581395

    DH90.11631814335397.746341463471.019512195135.70243902440.9090909091

    DH120.1550908574692.761797752885.862921348325.2966292135

    DH130.168015095512442.070967741973.980645161333.535483871

    DH160.2067878099703.789.773333333324.8111111111

    DH210.2714090004757.027160493876.022222222227.2740740741

    DH250.323105952942404.780487804969.028455284636.54065040650.40

    DH270.348954429125420.402843601968.322274881533.8957345972

    DH280.361878667364480.208695652252.530434782633.67826086960.26

    DH300.3877271435435.821428571482.214285714334.4404761905

    DH320.4135756197484.736111111174.819444444426.5138888889

    DH320.413575619715499.121212121264.560606060634.4797979798

    DH320.41357561973355498.742857142926.4857142857

    DH330.4264998578595.7171052632138.315789473726.8881578947

    DH340.439424095956461.158730158750.162698412734.7976190476

    DH410.5298937628837.281553398170.264563106828.2742718447

    DH460.5945149533507.333333333398.559748427735.4779874214

    DH500.646211905874508.140186915968.514018691630.1028037383

    DH500.646211905876392.955357142952.861607142937.8258928571

    DH510.659136143976475.586363636433.327272727338.9590909091

    DH520.67206038285425.532110091783.853211009235.8027522936

    DH550.7108330964494.566326530699.811224489830.8112244898

    DH600.77545428784511.897435897466.224358974427.0384615385

    DH650.8400754776106434.438735177991.529644268837.5098814229

    DH680.878848191976518.745762711971.435028248640.0225988701

    DH690.89177243669.285347043777.23393316230.6992287918

    DH710.917620906291343.961538461583.04700854731.5170940171

    DH720.9305451444100450.914062584.1992187528.01171875

    DH740.956393620687543.719367588996.802371541528.0197628458

    DH781.008090573130445.8105263158185.105263157919.7473684211

    DH791.0210148112136766.471.127.8375

    DH801.0339390493138455.955752212479.615044247838.3053097345

    DH821.0597875255105431.438818565448.033755274336.2869198312

    DH831.0727117636494.2484848485123.933333333328.296969697

    DH901.163181430590504.0852459016101.940983606630.0819672131

    DH981.2665753354468.679487179547.025641025633.4615384615deer in elk rifle

    DH991.279499573549493.6336633663148.485148514927.099009901Traffic

    DH1031.331196526115478.904382470186.729083665331.266932270989.9210526316

    DH1031.331196526164553.377777777867.76296296337.422222222212

    DH1041.3441207641131392.735159817492.525114155332.4383561644272

    DH1041.3441207641272597.5477386935125.030150753828.819095477453.7045881471

    DH1091.4087419547107481.2767295597108.125786163533.194968553538

    DH1121.447514669126473.362445414870.0393013133.5502183406

    DH1131.4604389071116400.831168831270.98701298732.3896103896hunters

    DH1161.4992116215149483.970370370477.703703703726.222222222266.8653846154

    DH1171.5121358596682.780219780293.758241758234.89010989017

    DH1171.5121358596146534.481012658276.670886075928.3797468354134

    DH1201.5509085739144449.726804123763.907216494835.036082474237.5692974597

    DH1221.576757050236624.313432835894.082089552227.544776119452

    DH1301.6801509551168454.564655172463.176724137934.0043103448

    DH1341.7318479076650.815384615463.676923076937.5538461538

    DP200612.115082201697.31308077230.1208005718

    DP2001330.109756097694.658536585429.8658536585

    DP2006307.484848484851.323232323228.7171717172

    DP2007278.57142857148223.5142857143Rifle pre

    DP20012509.523809523880.590476190526.4714285714Traffic

    DP20013387.917910447860.462686567231.4179104478Deer P2

    DP20014581.120481927784.048192771125.240963855464

    DP20016375.170886075999.620253164634.34177215191

    DP20019327.562874251593.730538922231.916167664727.2272727273

    DP20020536.014925373177.037313432827.343283582116.8408002812

    DP20022424.174418604770.982558139531.360465116322

    DP20023456.666666666777.788888888927.7944444444

    DP20026606.427118644169.840677966126.4271186441

    DP20028421.5538461538105.784615384630.0230769231

    DP20030474.287128712998.287128712927.1089108911

    DP20031465.504854368968.00323624633.3139158576

    DP20034440.520547945295.931506849335.301369863

    DP20036497.752777777865.713888888928.5972222222

    DP20045441.496183206179.328244274833.9160305344

    DP20047612.213333333384.4821.2

    DP20049429.581081081184.851351351433.25

    DP20056562.059523809558.559523809526.2976190476

    DP20064498.304597701165.344827586235.2183908046

    D1H20.025848476249478.703389830596.40677966127.6186440678

    D1H30.038772714346467.1797752809107.471910112428.0056179775

    D1H40.051696952533410.626865671669.55223880632.7686567164

    D1H40.051696952544543.39726027496.849315068526.7123287671

    D1H40.051696952547523.064516129122.13548387128.7483870968

    D1H50.064621190626419.326241134871.418439716327.1985815603

    D1H50.064621190648405.7142857143101.378151260527.1848739496

    D1H50.064621190659494.03296703380.527472527530.4395604396

    D1H70.090469666828360.042857142962.971428571429.0642857143

    D1H70.090469666838412.224637681286.985507246429.4347826087

    D1H70.090469666843433117.540880503125.2264150943

    D1H70.090469666854514.535483871106.890322580630.7419354839

    D1H70.090469666857494.785714285775.182539682529.0873015873

    D1H80.103393904940529.462264150978.405660377430.6132075472

    D1H80.103393904949607.267326732758.237623762428.5544554455

    D1H90.11631814352438.0118343195122.443786982225.2485207101

    D1H100.129242381248468.154696132690.45303867427.408839779

    D1H110.142166619345402.285714285772.392857142928.8071428571

    D1H110.142166619357442.3829787234107.439716312128.0425531915

    D1H110.142166619374458.192307692378.648351648428.3626373626

    D1H120.155090857421439.6010638298102.638297872330.9680851064

    D1H120.155090857445455.407142857181.585714285733.7142857143

    D1H120.155090857472535.655172413882.318965517231.6465517241

    D1H140.180939333634505.2628571429110.234285714327.3771428571

    D1H140.180939333673464.311111111188.431.562962963

    D1H150.193863571729385.611650485482.888349514631.2475728155

    D1H150.193863571745523.6066666667116.893333333330.0866666667

    D1H150.193863571751416.6666666667149.371212121225.3484848485

    D1H150.193863571766419.6516853933108.730337078731.5842696629

    D1H160.206787809952449.8687594.62527.29375

    D1H190.245560524271411.1907514451119.502890173426.4797687861

    D1H200.2584847623453.9325396825105.900793650832.0317460317

    D1H210.271409000466460.9050632911104.594936708922.8924050633

    D1H220.284333238623380.216981132195.476415094330.3490566038

    D1H230.2972574767415.282926829384.590243902432.3073170732

    D1H230.297257476736460.7688172043101.016129032329.1075268817

    D1H230.297257476782542.284.81229.464

    D1H240.310181714858573.802721088462.850340136129.8027210884

    D1H250.323105952927381.035897435993.733333333332.2564102564

    D1H250.3231059529133450.1809045226105.13567839224.6331658291

    D1H260.3360301911478.614525139791.150837988829.2625698324

    D1H260.33603019191489.5887096774120.201612903225.9758064516

    D1H280.3618786673464.0463576159111.682119205327.1390728477

    D1H300.3877271435422.5322580645112.87529.2137096774

    D1H310.400651381620444.180821917882.728767123332.9863013699

    D1H320.4135756197473.219512195193.868292682932.7317073171

    D1H320.413575619717392.341708542785.211055276433.3969849246

    D1H320.413575619770400.6679687596.195312527.8359375

    D1H320.413575619778582.333333333355.895238095234.3714285714

    D1H320.413575619782395.553299492470.040609137132.2588832487

    D1H320.4135756197113548.3612167367.307984790933.1558935361

    D1H360.465272572279396.656488549687.923664122128.9694656489

    D1H370.478196810389434.224669603596.167400881124.4449339207

    D1H400.5169695246112344.577777777896.872222222224.9055555556

    D1H420.542818000999454.083333333373.634259259331.9490740741

    D1H500.646211905882395.271929824668.070175438631.649122807

    D1H510.659136143919431.6349206349114.158730158729.8095238095

    D1H520.67206038229441.8972972973122.583783783827.372972973

    D1H530.684984620261402.575757575889.166666666729.0757575758

    D1P20018608.0574712644115.097701149427.9770114943archery pre traffic

    D1P20020507.6650246305131.847290640425.985221674918

    D1P20023537.00699300786.00699300730.223776223886

    D1P20025448.934959349681.878048780526.447154471545.9090909091

    D1P20031499.596385542283.632530120526.746987951824.627036141

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    EH330.4


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