Elixirs and Flavouring Extracts - J U Lloyd

8/6/2019 Elixirs and Flavouring Extracts - J U Lloyd

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John Uri Lloyd (c.1862)

As an apprentice for W.J.M.Gordon,Druggists (Background)

John Uri Lloyd , 1929, at eigh ty

Pictures from The American Druggist, Janu ary, 1929


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EDITORS NOTE: John Uri Lloyd (1849-1936) founded Lloyd Brothers Pharmacyin Cincinnati, and was responsible for the formulation of a body of plant extractscalled Specific Medicines (following the recommendations of Scudder). Thepharmacy closed in the early 1960s, but his legacy is still present as the LloydLibrary, (the largest library of medical plant books in the world), the LloydExtractor, his pioneering work in colloidal chemistry, and several bestselling worksof fiction, including Stringtown on the Pike and the mystical Etidorhpa.

He began as a raw apprentice in 1862 to W.J.M.Gordon in Cincinnati.When he finished the apprenticeship (a three or four-year stint), he re-apprenticedwith ANOTHER pharmacist, George Eger, in order to learn German pharmacy .By the time he met up with two famous medical radicals, Dr. John King and Dr.J.M.Scudder, he was so expert at PHYSICAL pharmacy that, now in his late 20s,he was offered the position as the director of the H.M.Merrell and Co.Laboratories, at that time the primary manufacturer for both Eclectic and Physio-Medical pharmaceuticals. He and his ill-fated brother (the premier mycologist of the age) eventually bought out Merrill...and Lloyd Brothers was begun.

The three editions of Elixir Formul were written to attempt codification of a wildly chaotic...and dangerous state of affairs in American Medicine. Theybecame THE standards for 15 years...and helped lead the way for the first NationalFormulary of 1888. Because of his alliance with medical radicals (the LoyalOpposition) he was blacklisted from the first N.F. congress, locked out byhardliners in the American Pharmaceutical Association. Since the whole thing washis brainchild, and he was de-facto editor of the first N.F., the uproar amongstREAL pharmacists was so great (they ALL used his book) that the old guard waspromptly booted out and he was elected for the first time as President of A.P.A.Shunned again ten years later (again for his association with the Enemies of Medicine), the rank-and-file AGAIN re-elected him president. EIGHT times in 45years the attempt was made to kick him out as a member of the AmericanPharmaceutical Association...all attempts soundly failed, since he was the mostfamous supporter of the working pharmacist...a grass-roots druggist whose soda-fountain recipes were famous.

The culmination of his work (in my opinion) was the Third Revision of Kings American Dispensatory in 1898, 2200 pages of the best PLANTPharmacy ever assembled. For the last 20 years of his life, he expended his near-mythic reputation in pharmacy writing curmudgeonly emeriti -type articles inPharmaceutical journals in futile attempts to draw his fellow pharmacists away fromchemical reductionism and back into viewing plants as entities , not sources of drugcompounds. That he was twice elected president of the American PharmaceuticalAssociation is a stunning tribute to his stature, since he was an infamous gadfly andirregular, always proudly flaunting his lack of formal education, devotion to plantmedicines, and Eclectic roots, mostly moribund issues in his later years, sinceregular medicine had clearly prevailed. This was the equivalent of Dr. Andrew

Weill being appointed Surgeon General or Adelle Davis being elected President of the American Medical Association.Radical though he was, he was still a MAN of his times, and should be

forgiven his failure to acknowledge the existence of TWO genders in pharmacyHe was perhaps the only true American alchemist. Michael Moore


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PREFACE.

WERE pharmacists united in opposition to elixirs, ansufficiently independent to warrant them in saying that they aunnecessary preparations, and that they would not manufacture dispense them; or could pharmacists so influence and contphysicians as to positively prevent them from prescribing elixirs; were the past numbers of all our pharmaceutical journals possessed or readily accessible to, each and every pharmacist in the countrythere would then be no necessity for, nor utility in, the publication owork upon elixirs and the methods of preparing them. At the prestime there undoubtedly exists a demand for this class of preparatioand, in order to improve, as well as retain, their legitimate trade, pharmacists are, in a measure, compelled to dispense them, as theynot desire to displease their medical patrons by any indications of wmight be considered as offensive dictation. Such being the case, anda large number of the pharmacists of this country are not possessors

the past numbers of pharmaceutical journals, we have been inducedprepare this little work.In presenting these formul, the result of years of actu

laboratory experience, and the careful study of the back numbers ofour pharmaceutical journals, we cannot doubt that they will valuable to pharmacists, and that the investment will quickly returneach pu rchaser more than the outlay for the book.

Upon this question of elixirs we find our Americapharmacists greatly divided: some decidedly object to them, no maunder what considerations or circumstances, and obstinately refuselisten to a favorable word for any one of them; others uphold tcarefully prepared elixirs, in which the disagreeableness aoffensiveness of certain drugs entering into their composition more or less masked, are to be commended. Not infrequently opponents of elixirs are quite violent in their denunciation of theand more especially as being of too complex a character; and yet thvery objectors will favor other mixtures and preparations that are smore complex, and fully as unscientific as the majority of compouelixirs. On the other hand, the advocates of elixirs frequ ently associncompatibles in their preparations, thereby rendering them valuele


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By this course they weaken the cause they are endeavoring to sustaas the articles they present to the public prove to be unreliable. In opinion, there is an intermedium, a conservative position, betwethose who unreservedly condemn and those who indiscriminatrecommend, and it will be found that there are many excellepharmacists occupying this position who argue that, with judgment

selection and skill in manipulation, a line of elixirs may be producthat will favorably compare with the products of other sections pharmacy, and that in their preparation as much science ancompetency may be displayed as in making other classes pharmaceuticals.

In the present work we have endeavored to point out defecas well as incompatible combinations; and though at first glance impression may be conveyed that we entertain a positive hostilityelixirs, yet, as it must be admitted by every one that there considerable room for friendly pruning, we trust that our remarks wbe received in the same kind spirit as that in which they are made, athat we will not be reproached for being unnecessarily censorious. Anotwithstanding that our criticisms may appear to be severe, believe them to be fair and unprejudiced, and of such a character tboth the advocate and the opponent of " American Elixirs " may der

both satisfaction and benefit from their perusal.J. U. L.

P R EFA C E T O T H E S EC O N D ED I T I O N .

WITHIN three months from the appearance of the fir

edition of this book, the publishers have notified us that a seconddemanded. This encourages us to believe that our work is not whounappreciated. We issued the first edition with misgivings. We fearthat the class of preparations embraced under the name elixir wounot prove sufficiently interesting and valuable to warrant tpublication of a work devoted exclusively to this subject. Then, tvarious problems arose when we attempted to untangle the intricelixir history, to reconcile incompatibles, to criticize judiciously, andprevent our prejudices from occasionally influencing our remarThese and other points rendered our labor by no means pleasaHowever, the favor with which the first edition has been received, athe many words of approval regarding it, lead us to believe that o


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labor has not been lost. We cord ially invite pharmacists to notify usany troublesome formula in this book, to correspond with concerning elixirs in local use, if omitted by it, and to advise us of ahistorical oversight.

J. U. L.

P R EFA C E TO T H E T H I R D R EV I S EDE D I T I O N .

As two former revisions of this little work have each been honorwith a call for several editions, and as there is at the same timepalpable decrease in the sale of trade elixirs, there seems to be amroom for the conclusion that preparations of this class are passing frthe hands of manufacturing chemists into those of the pharmacithemselves. This fact, notw ithstand ing an admitted decrease in consumption of elixirs, will suffice to account for a third revisiThe addition of about thirty new formul brings the total of tpresent edition to two hundred and seventy one; and, with the beneof experience, many of the older formul have been modified a

improved . Thanks to the cord ial interest with which it has befavored by the profession, and friendly correspondence received frmany of its members, we are enabled to present with each revisimany valuable alterations in the processes. We desire at once to thathem heartily, and to beg them to show a continued interest in tsame friend ly way.

J. U. L..........CIN CIN NATI, Novem ber 10th, 1891.


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ELIXIRS.THROUGH the courtesy of Dr. Charles Rice, to who

application was made by the author for notes on the derivation of word "elixir," we are enabled to present his reply verbatim, and addition presume to say a few words concerning the "elixir" of the pand of the present w hich m ay interest the reader:

DEAR FRIEND:In reply to your inquiry concerning tetymology of the word " elixir," I would say that the word

proximately derived from the Arabic , being compos

of the article (al or el) and .

The latter is an arabicized form of the Greek word( xirion, the ( ) being pronounced likeee). This derivation was firstrecognized and announced by Fleischer in 1839, but it seems to hbeen overlooked by later writers. Hermann Kopp , the historian chemistry, in his "Beitrage zur Geschichte der Chemie" (1869, p. 20quotes a number of passages from later Greek authors and from wriof the alchem istic school, in which he show s that the Greek athe Arabic are identical in signification, but he fails to notitheir etymological identity. The Arabs cannot pronounce an initial(x) without placing an auxiliary or supporting vowel in front of tdouble consonant, thus making . This peculiarity of avoiding initial double consonant (sc, sp, etc.) occurs also in other languages,

instance in Spanish, where we haveespera, escila, espiritu, etc.The word , in medical works, means any "dry powde(from , dry), such as is used for dusting wound s. In alchemywas used to denote the magical transformation powder so musought after, a pinch of which would convert a whole mass of bmetal into gold. Iksr , in this sense, is identical with another

interesting Arabic term, viz., from which our worchemi-stry is derived, but which is itself derived from the Greek). Twas also applied to a concrete thing, namely, the substance supposedbe capable of making gold. For instance, we meet such expressions


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, "the making of the kimiya," and

, " the making of the iksr,,"both meaningthe same thing.

In later, technical language, "Elixir" was used to denovarious preparations more or less alchemistic. It was, for instansynonymous with " Liquid Tincture," the first step in the preparatof the philosophers stone; and there was a white and a red elidistingu ished. Or, it designated any compound preparation supposed " sublime " properties, reputed to prolong life and to ward d isease. Sincerely you rs, CHARLES RICE.

By referring to the letter of Dr. Rice it will be seen that at

early period the term elixir designated "the magical transformatpowder so much sought after, a pinch of which would convert a whmass of base metal into gold." Afterward the word was used "denote various preparations more or less alchemistic," and it is to presumed that curious or potent liquids were gradually introduced aincluded among pow ders. Finally, the word elixir was app lied onlyliquids, but these, like the original magical powder, were supposedpossess the power of transmu ting base metals into noble metals.

Dr. Rice states that p articular emp hasis was once placed on awhite and a red elixir. From a curious little work in ou r possession,bearing date 1682, we present, for the readers inspection, a facsimilethe processes recommended for making these preparations; and thatthe quaint form ul may be rend ered m ore intelligible, we give afacsimile of a table which explains the characters emp loyed in the boas follows:

An Explication of Characters used in th is Book."

1This name w as app lied to Tin w hen the book was w ritten2This name was app lied to Copp er when the book was w ritten.


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It will be observed that the white elixir, Elixir Album, conly produce silver, while the red elixir, Elixir Rubrum, wtransmu te mercury into pu re gold . We call attention to the red p owwhich is formed near the completion of the process in making elirubrum, and which is used to prepare the magical oyl, and to assertion that this same red powder cureth most diseases in ma

body. Here we have an approach to the elixir of life (elixir vit) of alchemists, together with the properties ascribed to the philosophestone. In this connection, a quotation from the writings of thcelebrated author of the eighteenth century, Boerhaave, is of interconcerning the elixir vit, which, in Boerhaaves language, was oof the chief things which the alchemists promise. Their aim wasdiscover an artificial body of such virtue and efficacy, as that beapplied to any body of any of the three kingdoms, it shall improve natural inherent virtues, so as to make it the most perfect thing in kind. Thus, for instance, if applied to the human body, it will be coan universal medicine, and make such a change, both in the solid afluid parts thereof, as shall render it perfectly sound, and evmaintain it in that state, until the parts being slowly worn away aspent, death gently and withou t a struggle takes possession.

We find, therefore, that the alchemists, by the term elix

intended to designate substances which could either convert bmetals into gold or silver, or could prolong life and heal the sick, embody both properties; and also, that this substance might be eitheliquid or a solid . We do not generally accredit the alchemists withdesire to heal diseases after the manner of physicians of the presday, and d oubtless the majority searched only for riches. Howevwhile they mostly desired gold and silver, they realized that the useonly an ordinary amount could be enjoyed in the usual lifetimallotted to man. Again, many of these infatuated men were on brink of the grave when their hopes seemed most likely to be realizand of vital importance would be the possession of a substance whcould prolong life. Hence we find that some of them were searchdirectly for gold, or the philosophers stone by means of which all bmetal could be changed into gold, while others desired most the eliof life, elixir vit. which could extend life and change old age i

youth. Indeed, as incentives to their labors were the assertions tthese wonderful elixirs had been discovered by others, and we qufrom The Birth of Chemistry that S. Thomas Aquinas was, like master (Albertus Magnus), a magician. We are told that between ththey constructed a brazen statue, which Albertus animated with


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elixir vit .Culi asserted that he converted fifty thousand pounds weig

of base metals into gold, and is said to have furnished his king wsix millions of money. Paracelsus (born 1493, died 1541) is generaaccredited with instituting a new era in the study, for he wprominent in showing that alchemy, which flourished in his day, a

of which he was a zealous student, could be of value to physicians, athat the knowledge derived from their investigations could be turnto advantage in the treatment of disease. Like the old alchemihowever, Paracelsus surrounded his process with mysterioexpressions, and d isjointed them u ntil they w ere incomprehensible.

He originated the Elixir Proprietatis, stating that it was so potentto continue health and long life to the utmost possible limit(Boerhaave). This wond erful elixir was concocted by cumbersomprocesses from such simples as saffron, aloes, and myrrh; anotwithstanding Paracelsus claimed that by using the vaunted eliproprietatis he should live as long as Methuselah, he died a brokwreck in his forty-seventh year. We find that this elixir, which isrecord of Paracelsus egotism, has been recognized in our d ispensatoand in the older pharmacopias, with more or less alteration, eventhe present day. Boerhaave gave five different processes for makingeach of which produced, in his opinion, a most potent remedy. Acuriosity, and to illustrate the wonderful properties attributed to thconcoctions in those days, and to the virtues of which even suchchemist as Boerhaave could certify, we reproduce from his Eleme

Paracelsus undoubtedly borrowed freely from those who preceded him,and failed to credit them for such instru ction. Good authorities trace theapplication of chemistry in the healing of diseases far back of the day of Paracelsus. M. C. Clerc thinks there are ind ications of chemical med icines inThaddeus the Florentine, who lived in the thirteenth century, in AlbertusMagnus, Friar Bacon, and Isaac Holland us. Helmont has taken pains to showthat Basil Valentine was prior to Paracelsus by a hundred years(Boerhaave).. Of Basil Valentine the same author remarks: He would seemto have been the first who applied chemistry to medicine; for after everypreparation he never fails to give some medicinal use thereof. Paracelsus,Helmont, the elder Lemery, and many others of modern fame, owe a great partof what is valuable in them to this autllor; so that it is not without reason thathe is jud ged the father of the mod ern chemists and the foun der of the chermicalpharmacy. Abou t the midd le of the fifteenth century lived Basil Valentine,a German Benedictine monk, who led the way to the internal adm inistration ofmetallic rnedicines by a variety of experirnents on the nature of antimolly(Dunglison).


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Chemiae, w hich w as published in 1724, the formula and uses of his

ELIXIR PROPRIETATIS WITH DISTILLED VINEGAR.

Take choice aloes, saffron, and myrrh, of each half an ouncut and bruise them, put them into a tall bolt-head, pour twenty tim

their own weight of the strongest distilled vinegar thereon, let thsimmer together in our little wooden furnace for twelve hours: nsuffer the whole to rest, that the fces may subside, and gently stroff the pure liquor through a thin linen; put half the quantity distilled vinegar to the remainder, boil and proceed as before, athrow aw ay the fces. Mix the two tinctures together, and distil witgentle fire till the whole is thickened to a third; keep the vinegar tcomes over for the same use; and what remains behind is theElixir Proprietatis, made with d istilled v inegar.

THE USES.

Thus we obtain an acid, aromatic medicine, of great use the practice of physic; for when externally applied, it cleanses and heputrid, sinuous, and fistulous old ulcers, defends the parts fro

putrefaction, and preserves them by a true embalming virtue; it aheals ulcers, and cures gangrenes in the lips, tongue, palate, and jaIt has the same effects in the first passages, when used internally, often as putrefied matter, corrupted bile, concreted phlegm, wormand numberless distempers proceeding from these four causes, lodged or seated therein. Again, it has nearly the same effects in blood and viscera, as may easily appear from knowing the virtues othe three ingredients when dissolved in a subtile vinegar. It is to taken in a morning upon an empty stomach, at least twelve hours afeating; it is given from a drachm to two or three for a dose in swwine or mead, or the like, walking after it, or having the belly genrubbed. If taken in a larger dose, and with a somewhat cooler regimit always purges; if in a less dose, and often repeated, it cleanses blood by secreting thick urine; and generally performs both theoperations successively. But if taken p lentifully, while the patient is

bed and the body well covered, it acts as an excellent sudorific; aafterward usually purges, and proves diuretic, and thus becomes vuseful; whence I conceive that this is the best acidelixir proprietatis,good in numerous cases, and at the same time safe.

Paracelsus declared that an elixir made of aloes, saffron, a


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myrrh would prove a vivifying and preserving balsam, able continue health and long life to the utmost possible limits; and henhe calls it by a lofty title the elixir of propriety to man, but conceathe p reparation, in which Helmont asserts the alcahest is required.

Through the eighteenth century elixirs were numerous, a

although their former alchem istic properties were cast aside, physiciseemed to attribute to them virtues scarcely less than those ascribedthe famous elixir vit. They were also surrou nd ed w ith mysteries, atheir compositions were most carefully concealed. Prominephysicians individualized themselves by attaching their names tinctures of herbs extracted with spirit of wine or with acid solutioand these names have been handed down to us and are still in use.must not be inferred, however, that these men gave their treasuopenly to competitors, for we find that great care was employedcover their processes and to conceal the constituents of thecompounds, and at the present day we find it difficult to decide asthe authenticity of such as Daffeys Elixir, Helmonts Elixir, MynsichElixir, Vigan is Elixir, etc., etc. Indeed, many of the old works gseveral form ul for preparing a single elixir, and often all the proceswere impracticable. Thus we find that with each revision of the ol

pharmacopias and dispensatories these formul have been alteand simplified, and as the outcome we refer to some of our wknown tinctures, which have sprung from and are modificationsancient elixirs:

ELIXIR SALUTIS gave us Com pound Tincture of Senna.ELIXIR PAREGORICUM gave us Camphorated Tincture of OpiumELIXIR PROPRIETATIS gave us Com pound Tinctu re of Aloes.ELIXIR STOMACH ICUM gave u s Compound Tincture of GentianELIXIR SACRUM gave u s Tincture of Rhubarb and Aloes.

With one exception the name elixir has become obsolete withe foregoing tinctures, and that one, paregoric, will doubtless, in amoderate period of time, exist as a relic of history.

The elixir of the period we have just considered was in real

a compound tincture, or a modification of what we call a compoutincture. Hoopers Medical Dictionary of 1820 defines the elixir asterm formerly applied to many preparations similar to compoutinctures. We find, also, that the old elixirs were disagreeable abitter. There was no desire to rend er them pleasant; indeed, the a


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seemed to be the concoction of mixtures as nauseating as possible, athe physician who could produce the nastiest, and which wefollowed by the most severe torture to the patient, seemed the bman. H is motto m ight well have been

I puke. I purge, I sweat em,And if they d ie, I let em.

In connection with this phase of the elixir question, we fithat of the elixirs named in the New Dispensatory, London, 1770, one contained sugar or any form of sweetening. This view of the elis still prevalent in Europe, and the German Pharmacopia of 18recognized twelve preparations under the name of elixir, none which were sweetened. The idea accepted in our country at the prestime regarding what should be the attributes of an elixir is strictly Americanism. The term Cord ial would better define the sweetenand flavored pharmaceuticals which we shall now consider historicaas

AMERICAN ELIXIRS.

One of the popular elixirs of the present day is advertised

have been introduced in the year 1830. Our respected friend Mr. ChA. Heinisth writes us as follows:I send you a copy of an old label for a Cordial Elixir

Quinine my father formerly made. This label I remember appeaold w hen I first worked in the store in 1838. How long it had been uis more than I can say or remember. This Cordial Elixir of Calisaya wcomposed of quinine, cloves, cinnamon, bitter orange peel, capsicusugar, and d ilu te alcohol.

Mr. Heinisth enclosed us a copy of the original label, takfrom one of the bottles which was in the cellar of the store in 1838. take the liberty to reproduce it, and our readers will note that it closresembles the elixir labels of the present day:

CORDIAL ELIXIR OF QUININE.

This excellent preparation is particularly recommended persons of delicate habit and weak stomach. It increases the appetfacilitates digestion, and is well adapted to all persons living in low amarshy countries, where ague and fever prevail, and also for thowho are exposed to dam p and w et weather. It is taken with success


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persons weakened by fever and ague, or by a copious perspiratiprodu ced by the heat of summer. Persons recovering from biliofever should use it freely, to prevent a relapse. From half a wineglto a wineglassful is to be taken once or twice a day, as occasion mrequire.

Prepared and sold by John T. Heinisth, Druggist, East Ki

St., Lancaster, Pa.The first of these trade preparations which the writer c

recall was thrown upon the market in this city (Cincinnati) about 18und er the name Sims Cord ial Elixir of Calisaya.

It was of a beautiful red color, nicely flavored, and vepleasant to the taste, and it was the forerunner, or at least among first, of the line of pharmaceuticals subsequently scattered abund antly over our country. Afterward the Elixir of Calisaya a

Pyrophosphate of Iron appeared, and then Calisaya, PyrophosphatIron, and Strychnine. Soon traveling agents for pharmaceutihouses began to court physicians and so licit them to specify particubrands when prescribing, thus necessitating duplicates upon tapothecaries shelves of the same preparation, and about the year 1the elixir mania was at its height. The burden thus thrown upon opharmacists was considerablemore in the aggregate than most ofcan realize. Elixirs of the same name, and which should have beidentical, were duplicated, or multiplied, in the same store, and eadiffered in appearance and flavor from all the others. If a prescriptwas filled with an elixir of calisaya prepared by one maker, it could be refilled with that of another, since such a course would renderliable to be returned by the purchaser as a different medicine from tobtained at first. Physician of the highest reputation were accustomto specify the brand of elixir desired, and the writer can remember t

time and again he has hurried to distant portions of the city searchfor an elixir of a particular make and which was not in stock, althouseveral substitutes for what should have been the same preparatiwere on the shelves. In add ition to the above-named aggravaticombinations, or rather associations, of substances incompatible un

The first published formula that I have found for any of this class ofpreparations, under the name Elixir, is the formula we give for Elixir of

Calisaya by Mr. Alfred B. Taylor, from the Journal of Pharmacy, January, 1859The Druggists Circular of same date states that up to that time no formula fothat preparation had been p ublished.


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all ordinary conditions were advertised under the name elixir, asubstances perfectly insoluble in the menstruum employed wrepresented as being dissolved; and to add to these questionabfeatures, quinine and combinations of quinine were asserted to be isoluble form and nearly tasteless. It is needless to consider this phof the subject longer, for all are familiar with the result. The burd

was too great; elixirs as a class were severely criticized, and mapharmacists and physicians included those which were worthy amothose which were ind ifferent and bad. The reaction which followwas d isastrous to the interests of the m en w ho u nintentionally brouit about (elixir manufacturers), for physicians largely ceased orderelixirs of special make, and pharmacists threw their influences agaithe preparations compounded by manufacturers of these specialtiThe writer aims simply to give a brief synopsis of the history of class of pharmaceuticals under consideration, and does not wish argue in favor or against them; and the elixir of the present day hbeen reached .

Throughou t this country the p reparation of elixirs is grad uapassing from a few wholesale manufacturers into the hands of many pharmacists. Quantities of elixirs are prescribed, but thpreparation has extended over the entire country instead of bei

confined to a few localities. Physicians have their favorite elixirs aprescribe them, but these elixirs must, as a rule, be unquestionable. many instances, however, incompatibles are undoubtedly brougtogether at the expense of the final product, drugs insoluble in menstruum are supposed to be represented by the resultant elixir, atedious, round about methods are employed where simple, dirprocesses can be substituted. Before considering elixirs ind ividuallyis but just to review their history during the past twenty years, many pharmacists have not the necessary works at their commaand reference is constantly made to the action of the societies whconsidered them and the men w ho early made them a stud y.

The Committee on Unofficinal Preparations appointed by tAmerican Pharmaceutical Association in 1870, was Professor J. FMoore, M.D., who included in his report to the Society (1871) a serieelixirs, and this was the first general recognition these preparatio

received from that body. In the year following the appointment of committee (1871), Mr. Ottmar Eberbach read a volunteer paper befthe Society at its meeting in Cleveland. Ohio, in which he gave result of his analysis of several comm ercial elixirs. The papprovoked considerable discussion, and resulted in the following:


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Resolved, That a committee of five be appointed by thPresident to take into consideration the subject of elixirs and simiunofficinal preparations in all its bearings upon pharmacy, and, deemed proper, to report suitable formul for the guidance of tmembers of this Association.

In 1872 Professor C. Lewis Diehl contributed an interestipaper on the elixir subject. It was read before the Louisville CollegePharmacy, and afterward published by the pharmaceutical journaand by this means several admirable formul were introduced. Maof these processes are still used and accepted as standard, beipreferred by pharmacists to those afterward offered as improvemeNext (1873) the committee appointed by the American PharmaceutAssociation made a minority report (including many formul), whwas that of the chairman of the committee, Mr. J. F. Hancock, awhich, after some discussion, was adopted, and the followiresolutions were offered by Professor J. M. Maisch:

Resolved , That the report be adopted, with therecommendation that these formul be used by the members of

Association, and that the Secretary be instructed to send a printed cowith the report to the medical societies of the United States, with suggestion that physicians, if prescribing elixirs at all, prescribe osuch formul as have been adopted by this Association. The objecto attain, as nearly as p ossible, a u niform ity in th e United States.

Resolved, That Mr. J. F. Hancock be appointed thComm ittee on u nofficinal Form ulas.

At the meeting of the Society which followed, in LouisvilKy.. 1874, the Committee on Unofficinal Formul failed to introduelixirs. However, Mr. Ebert, of Chicago, presented a series of elformul, based u pon those of Professor C. Lewis Diehl, and prepareda committee under the supervision of the Chicago College Pharm acy, and suggested that they be revised or adopted by the Sociefor general use. After an animated discussion, Mr. Peixotto offered

resolution, wh ich, amend ed by Mr. Roberts, was adopted, as follows: Resolved , That a committee of three be appointed, to whom

shall be referred the formul of elixirs presented by the ChicaCollege of Pharmacy, said committee to examine the formul a


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carefully compare them with the formul adopted at the last annmeeting, or which may be submitted to them, to modify any or formul if necessary, and to report to the next meeting.

At the next meeting, 1875, the committee reported a numbof formul, some differing from those previously adopted by

Society, others new. Since that time many formul have beintroduced through the Report on the Progress of Pharmacy, whis the portion of the Proceedings of the American PharmaceutiAssociation d evoted to a review of the advance of pharmacy during year, but there has been no other official consideration of thepreparations.

In reviewing the work to which we have referred, we shsimply say that in many instances experience has demonstrated tthere are defects in the formul which may be overcome. It was nobe expected that the work of these committees could be perfect, awhile from necessity we often deviate in manipulation from tformul offered by the committees, we feel that, inasmuch as proportions of the medicinal ingredients are retained by us, oformul may be considered as answering the requirements of American Pharm aceutical Association. Twenty, nineteen, and sixt

years have passed since these committees successively reported, futhe time required between two revisions of our Pharmacopia, adoubtless the members of the committees have individually revismany of their processes, profiting by these years of experience andthe criticisms of others. In connection with the elixir question and American Pharmaceutical Association, we must not overlook valuable paper presented by Mr. R. W. Gardner at the meeting Saratoga, 1880, and which embraces more formul than had elsewhto our knowledge, been compiled at that time, and to which we ofrefer in the work which follows. We must not overlook the seriesformul adopted by the Newark Pharmaceutical Association in 18and those adopted by the Associated Committees of the NatioCollege of Pharmacy and the Medical Society of the District Columbia. The formul recomm ended by both of these bodies wpublished in the various pharmaceutical journals and served a go

purpose.Lastly (1884), the New York and Brooklyn Formularyappeared and presented an excellent (though limited in number) lof elixir formul, which work being adopted by the AmericPharmaceutical Association, Pittsburgh, l885, and enlarged under


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title National Formulary " (1888), is now the most compleauthoritative treatise on elixirs. In this edition of our work we hamade the proportions of the drug ingredients conform to those of tpublication for such elixirs as are common to both. We will add tthe National Formulary shou ld be in the hand s of every pharm aci

Compound elixirs have now multiplied until their number

such as to be burdensome. The problem regarding proportion ingredients was one that early commanded our attention, and whwe endeavored to systematize, in the absence of authority, so as conform, if possible, to some general ru le. The necessity for some saction may be illustrated as follows:

Elixir of phosphate of quinine contains one grain of quiniin each flu idrachm .

Elixir of pyrophosphate of iron contains two grains pyroph osphate of iron in each flu id rachm .

What shall be the proportion of phosphate of quinine and pyrophosphate of iron in each fluidrachm of elixir of phosphate qu inine and pyrophosphate of iron? Again,

Elixir of phosphate of quinine contains one grain of quiniin each flu idrachm .

Elixir of phosphate of cinchonidine contains one grain

cinchon idine in each flu idrachm .Elixir of phosphate of cinchonine contains two grains cinchon ine in each flu idrachm .

What shall be the proportion of the several ingredients in telixir of phosp hate of qu inine, cinchonid ine, and cinchonine ?

If each fluidrachm of this last elixir contains the amount each ingredient which is present in the same amount of the simelixir of that substance, we will have four grains of the combinalkaloids, an unreasonable quantity for a preparation of the characteran elixir.

In consequence of examples similar to those above nameand which demanded some regular plan of procedure, if such coulddevised, we have for many years attempted to systematize the matand our efforts have met with some success. In making comp ouelixirs, where it was possible, we have represented in each fluidrac

the aggregate amount of alkaloids which would be present were several elixirs mixed together in equal quantities. We believe that, arule, under the conditions which confront us in the problem compound elixirs, physicians desire the associated action of smalamounts of the several ingredients rather than the full dose of each.


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is true that, for obvious reasons, this rule cannot always be upheld, where it has been practicable we have end eavored to carry it out.

The proportion of strychnine in the elixirs of commerce hnever been uniform, and even the men who seem to have made eliformul a special consideration vary one from another. Some use ograin of strychnine to sixteen fluidounces of the finished elixir, wh

is the one-hundred and-twenty-eighth part of a grain to eafluidrachm, while others use severally one-hundredth, one-sixtieand one-fifty-first of a grain. Strychnine is far too violent apoisonous a substance for such a range of proportions, and in oopinion it is to be regretted that, even though ignoring elixirs asclass, our Committee upon Revision of the Pharmacopia did authorize some proportion which pharmacists could adopt in orderfurther a uniformity in these preparations.

Since the foregoing was written the National Formulary hauthorized the making of elixirs containing strychnine compoundswhich one and one-quarter grains of strychnine or of the strychnsalt are used in preparing sixteen fluidounces of the elixir. Thus authoritative proportion of strychnine has been acceptapproximately as the one-hundredth part of a grain to each fluidrachIn accordance therewith, in the body of the present edition of our w

on elixirs, the strychnine proportions in these elixirs are made conform to that strength.In making solutions of strychnine we usually convert it into

soluble salt by means of acetic acid. This forms a combination whichour experience is best for associating strychnine with the entire listsubstances which are used to form the compound elixirs containthat alkaloid. In some instances the elixir in which the strychnine isbe placed has an alkaline reaction and may decompose the salt; yetthe elixir contains some alcohol, and besides has as a menstruumsolvent action different from that of water, it does not necessarfollow that p recipitation of the alkaloid will result. However, it is wto be cautious, and shou ld a white, flocculent precipitate occur in elixcontaining strychnine and which are alkaline in reaction, thprecipitate should be considered as dangerous and care exercisedd ispensing the elixir.

In all the formul where it is practicable we have introducfluid extracts instead of crude drugs. This we consider advantagefor several reasons, and fluid extracts may now be readily obtainedrepresent nearly every plant used in medicine. In many instances object to certain drugs under any consideration as the foundation of


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elixir, and we have not hesitated to criticize freely where the mediciprinciples of the drug cannot in our opinion be extracted or held solution by the elixir. However, if the menstruum precipitates thprinciples from the fluid extract, it will probably refuse to extract thfrom the crude drug, so that little if any advantage will accrue in tdirection from the use of the crude material. We vary from t

methods employed by the committee appointed by the AmericPharmaceutical Association regarding the manner of mixing a tinctor fluid extract with the menstruum. If they are mixed directogether, precipitation results immediately of much of such substanas are insoluble in the resultant menstruum. This produ ces preparation which pharmacists and physicians refuse to accept as elixir. True it is that these substances may be inert and that filtratwill separate them; yet the nature of the case is such that filtrationonly of temporary benefit, and even after several filtrations tprecipitation continues. This trouble may be overcome to a grextent by following the old process for making medicated waters, tis, by triturating the fluid extract or tincture with magnesiucarbonate, or with some other inert powder if this substance inadmissible, after which the simple elixir is added and the mixtfiltered. By this process the insoluble materials are separated at on

which is preferable to having the precipitation extend over days aweeks. Besides, the surface exposure caused by the trituration of fluid extract with the magnesium carbonate may favor the saturatof the menstruum in the manner it does with essential oils under same cond itions.

We have adopted a simple elixir which practically agrees withat of our Pharmacopia (1883), although the method manipulation differs somewhat. We object to elixirs which contcinnamon, caraway, coriander, cardamom, or cloves (unless used aromatic elixirs), for many persons are prejudiced against certainthese substances, and it is not unusual to meet persons with whom flavor of one of the foregoing is unbearable. The simple elixir shouin our opinion, be as nearly as possible pleasant to the majority persons, and we have no record of an objection to the flavor of lemor of orange, separate or combined. Our formula for simple eli

therefore, associates these substances in su ch p roportion as to prod ucvery acceptable and grateful combination, the orange prepond eratingWhen we consider that in the pages which follow we fin

processes for making 271 different elixirs, we are confronted with fact that these elixirs alone would fill the shelves of an ordina


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storeroom. The problem to be considered by pharmacists is thatfinding the most convenient method which will enable them dispense these combinations in a creditable manner withooverstocking their shelves. This has been and is a consideration pressing importance to the writer, and the trouble has been overcomto a very great extent, by adopting a system which would permit

preparation of compound elixirs from those more simple, and studying how to make the different elixirs from compatibingredients. In many instances this is impossible without injury to product, and yet, in the large majority of cases, pharmacists are ableextemporize and supply most demands from their stock of standelixirs, w hich are those in m ost comm on u se.

Some elixirs may be called permanent, but this term cannot applied to the larger number. Associations of the alkaloids in asolution only, or elixir of pyrophosphate of iron in alkaline solutior others under certain conditions, might possibly be claimed as faperm anent. However, the elixir of pyrophosphate of iron wdecompose if exposed to the sunlight or even strongly diffusdaylight, and it may gelatinize after a time if of acid reaction, whalterations will follow with the solutions of the alkaloids. Few orgabodies are permanent in solutions containing far more alcohol than

permissible with the modern elixir, and in consequence many elixwill alter in appearance, or even precipitate, if they contain tsubstances which are sup posed to be present.

In reviewing the formul which follow, the reader macriticize the nu mber of different elixirs presented . This, we admit, ifault, but one beyond our control, and some of the elixirs are seldused, some are simply curiosities. This country is large, how ever, aif the reader will regard a certain preparation as one which shouhave been omitted, he may be surprised to learn that in other localiit is very mu ch in demand . Time and again w e have been surp risedlearning of the local consumption of substances we scarcely thoucommanded a sale, and, upon the other hand, we have excitcomment over certain preparations scarcely known to others and made by us in quantities. In connection with this phase of the subjwe feel that our position is not that of a judgea position occupied

certain committeesbut that, as our subject is elixirs, it is our dutyconsider them as a body.We desire to call attention to the fact that it was our fir

intention to give the several processes and criticisms which have bemade regarding each elixir introduced during the past twenty yea


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This proved to be impracticable, and we were forced to draw the lsharp ly. If the reader will select as an example any one of tprominent elixirs, and hunt up the reviews, different formul, eregarding it which have appeared in the various pharmaceuti journals and the Proceedings of the American PharmaceuAssociation during that period, he will doubtless be astonished at

magnitude of the matter; and when it is remembered that recent yehave given us several new and worthy pharmaceutical journals, athat elixirs are more or less considered by all of them, it will be sethat to give an intelligent and faithfulresume in a work like ourswould be impracticable.

Our aim has been to credit those who introduced specicombinations and the journals whose pages we consulted to find threcords, and yet it is likely that unintentional oversights and errhave been mad e.

In conclusion, we may say that we trust pharmacists will fiour formul to present some advantages over a line of compilatiofor they are not simply abstracts from the work that others have don


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ELIXIR FORMUL

1. ELIXIR ADJUVANS.

Fluid extract of orange peel,....j fluidouncesFluid extract of coriander,........k fluidouncesFluid extract of caraw ay,...........k fluidouncesFluid extract of wild-cherry bark,1 flu idou ncesFluid extract of licorice root,... 1j fluidounces.Simple elixir,..............................14 fluidou ncesAlcohol, ...................................... fluidou nces.

Carbonate of m agnesium,....... a sufficient quantity.Mix the fluid extracts and evaporate them to one-half of th

bulk, at a temperature not exceeding 150 F. Triturate the remainliquid in a capacious mortar with carbonate of magnesium in amosufficient to form a creamy mixture, then gradually add the simelixir, stirring well, and filter. Lastly, mix the filtrate with the alcohThe ingredients for this elixir were named in the Druggists Circular ,1879.

The National Formulary presents a process for making thpreparation in which the crude drugs are percolated and the eliprepared from the percolate.

2. ELIXIR OF BROMIDE OF AMMONIUM.

Brom ide of am monium ,............. 640 grains.Simp le elixir,..............................15 fluid ou nces.

Dissolve the bromide of ammonium in the simple elixir, afilter if necessary.

Each teaspoonful of the finished elixir contains five grains bromide of amm onium .

The National Formulary directs the addition of thirty graiof citric acid to sixteen fluidounces of this elixir.


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3. ELIXIR ALOES.(COMPOUN D TINCTURE OF ALOES.)

Aloes,...............................3 troy ou ncesSaffron.............................3 troy ou ncesTincture myrrh ,.................. 2 p ints.

Reduce the drugs to a coarse powder and macerate in talcohol for fourteen days, stirring the mixture thoroughly each dthen filter.

(The New Dispensatory, London, 1770.)

4. ELIXIR OF VALERIAN ATE OF AMMON IUM.

Valerian ate of am m onium ........ 256 grains.Simp le elixir, amm onia w ater, carm ine solu tion,of each a sufficient qu antity.

Dissolve the valerianate of ammonium in twelve fluounces of simple elixir, and bring this to the measure of sixtefluidounces by the addition of a sufficient amount of simple elixThen cautiously add ammonia water until in slight excess, and cowith solution of carmine until decidedly red . Each fluidrach(teaspoonful) of the finished elixir represents two grains of valerianof ammonium, the same as that adopted by the AmericPharm aceutical Association, 1873.

Valerianate of ammonium, especially if the valerianic acid in excess, has, to most persons, a very offensive odor . This the ad d it

of the ammonia water tends to subdue, but wherever valerianate ammonium is free, or in aqueous solution, the odor will remain. dissolved in officinal alcohol, however, it is scarcely apparent, but sua solution will not conform to our mod ern elixir. The add itionwater to the alcoholic solu tion revives the odor.

The history of this elixir is of interest, since it was among tfirst of the popular elixirs introduced, and has retained its prestigethe present day. In an essay by Mr. Trovillo H. K. Enos, read before Maryland College of Pharmacy, 1861, the statement is made that preparation known as Pierlots solution of valerianate of ammonihas long been used among physicians in Philadelphia; but tdisagreeable taste and odor of the solution having been fou


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objectionable to patients, the pharmacists have been led to suggsome mode of disguising both, and presenting the preparation in agreeable form for administration, without materially altering its effand the form of an elixir has been adopted." Mr. Enos then gave formula, wh ich was as follows:

Valerianic acid,...........................1 flu id rachm.Simple syrup,............................. 1 flu idou nces.Extract of sweet orange peel,... 2 fluidrachm s.Alcohol,.......................................1 flu idounces.Orange-flower water,................j fluidounces.Distilled w ater, carbonate of ammonium ,............................. of each a sufficient quantity.

Dilute the valerianic acid with one-half fluidounces of watand neutralize it with the carbonate of ammonium, add the alcohhaving previously mixed it with the fluid extract of orange peel, athen ad d the other ingred ients and filter.

In 1863 Mr. Joseph Roberts accepted a query in the AmericPharmaceutical Association, reading as follows: What is the bformula for Elixir of Valerianate of Ammonium which shall be nea

free from valerianic odor, and elegantly aromatized ? Having faito reply, in 1865 Mr. J. Faris Moore gave a formula to the Society whin substance agreed with that of Mr. Enos, the principle being tformation of valerianate of ammonium from valerianic acid, saturating it with carbonate of ammonium. At this day valerianateammonium is emp loyed instead of the valerianic acid.

SOLUTION OF CARMINE.This preparation has been used some tweyears by the writer, in preference to any tincture of cochineal. The fat in cochicauses such p reparations to pu trefy in warm weather; and to extract the fat by meaether from the powdered cochineal, previous to tincturing, is expensive and tedThe term tincture of cochineal is scarcely appropriate as applied to the aqusolutions made of cochineal, cream of tartar, and alum, and, as the object is simplsecure a coloring matter, the term might w ith equ al propriety be applied to our soluof carmine, made as follows:

Carm ine, N o. 40,.......................................60 grains.Distilled w ater , glycerin, of each,... ... 4 fluidounces.Am m on ia w ater ,..............................a sufficient quantity.

Powder the carmine and triturate with the water, gradually addiammonia water until the carmine disappears and a dark-red liquid, free from insolmatter, remains. To this add the glycerin, and mix. Shou ld this solution ever bec


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mu rky, a little ammonia water will restore its transparency.Solution of carmine is necessarily alkaline, and cannot be employed to c

acid liquids. For all neu tral or alkaline solutions it is adm irable, and for soda-wsyrups is far preferable to aniline red.

5. ELIXIR of VALERIAN ATE of AMMONIUM w ith CINCHON IDIN(ELIXIR OF VALERIAN ATE OF AMMON IA WITH CIN CH ON IDIA.)

Cinchon idine (alkaloid), ............. 128 grains.Elixir of valerianate of amm onium ,

acetic acid,.............................of each a sufficient quantity.

Triturate the cinchonidine in a mortar with acetic acid amount sufficient to effect its solution, and add to this liquid elixirvalerianate of ammonium until the product measures sixtefluidounces. If not of acid reaction, add cautiously acetic acid untiwill redd en blue litmus paper, and filter if necessary.

(All of the combinations of valerianate of ammonium and the alkaloidselixir form should have an acid reaction. It is, therefore, to be understood, withformul of this character which follow, that in case the elixir is alkaline it musacid u lated w ith acetic acid .)

Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contaitwo grains of valerianate of ammonium, and one grain cinchon idine as the acetate of that alkaloid .

6. ELIXIR OF VALERIAN ATE OF AMMONIUM WITHCINCHON IDINE AND CINCHON INE.

(ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIA WITH CINCHONIDIA AND CINCHONIA

Elixir of valerianate of am m oniumwith cinchonidine, ..............8 flu idou nces.

Elixir of valerianate of am m oniumwith cinchonine, .................. 8 fluid ou nces.

Mix them together.

Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contaitwo grains of valerianate of ammonium, and a half grain each cinchonidine and cinchonine as acetates of these alkaloids.


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7. ELIXIR OF VALERIAN ATE OF AMMONIUM WITHCINCHON IDINE, CINCHON INE, AN D STRYCHNINE.

(ELIXIR OF VALERIAN ATE OF AMMON IA WITH CINCH ON IDIA, CINCH ONAN D STRYCH N IA. )

Elixir of valerianate of am m onium

with cinchonidine,..................8 fluid ou nces.Elixir of valerianate of am m oniumwith cinchonine,..................... 8 fluid ou nces.

Strychnine,........................................1k grains.Acetic acid,.................................. a su fficient quan tity.

Triturate the strychnine in a mortar with acetic acid amount sufficient to effect its solution, and add the elixirs, havipreviously mixed them together . Filter if necessary.Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contaitwo grains of valerianate of ammonium, one-half grain each cinchonidine and cinchonine, and one hundredth grain of strychniThe alkaloids are in form of acetates.

8. ELIXIR OF VALERIAN ATE OF AMMONIUM WITHCINCH ON IDINE AND PYROPH OSPHATE OF IRON.

(ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIA WITH CINCH ON IDIA AND IRON

Elixir of valerianate of am m oniumwith cinchonidine,............... .8 fluidou nces.

Elixir of valerianate of am m oniumwith pyrophosphate of iron,..8 flu idou nces.

Mix them together.Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contai

two grains of valerianate of ammonium, one grain of pyrophosphof iron, and one-half grain of cinchonidine, the latter in the form ofacetate.

CAUTION.Excess of acid will cause the pyrophosphate iron to gelatinize. Excess of alkali precipitates the cinchonidine. Telixir should be made as nearly neutral as possible, and rematransparent, by the use of acetic acid and ammonia water, as indicaby litmu s paper.


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11. ELIXIR OF VALERIAN ATE OF AMMON IUM WITH CINCHONINE AND PYROPH OSPHATE OF IRON .

(ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMON IA, CINCH ON IA, AND IRON .)

Elixir of valerianate of am m onium w ithcinchonine, .............................8 flu idou nces

Elixir of valerianate of am m onium w ithpyrop hosp hate of iron,..........8 fluid ounces

Mix them together. Use precautions suggested with elixir valerianate of ammonium with cinchonidine and pyrophosphate iron.

Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contaitwo grains of valerianate of ammonium, one grain of pyrophosphof iron , and one-half grain of cinchonine as the acetate of that alkalo

12. ELIXIR OF VALERIAN ATE OF AMMON IUM WITH CINCHONINE, PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON, AN D STRYCHNINE

(ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIA, ClNCHONIA, IRON, AND STRYCHNIA.)

Elixir of valerianate of am mo niu m w ith cinchonineand pyrophosphate of iron,..16 flu idou nces.Strychnine,........................................1k grains.Acetic acid,.................................. a su fficient quan tity.

Triturate the strychnine in a mortar with acetic acid amount sufficient to effect its solution, and then add the elixir valerianate of ammonium with cinchonine and pyrophosphate iron. Observe precautions suggested with elixir of valerianate ammonium w ith cinchonidine and pyroph osphate of iron.

Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contaitwo grains of valerianate of ammonium, one grain of pyrophosphof iron, one-half grain of cinchonine, and one-hundredth of a grainstrychnine. The alkaloids exist as acetates. This preparation shouldas near ly neu tral in reaction as it is possible to make it.


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13. ELIXIR OF VALERIAN ATE OF AMMON IUM WITHCINCHON lNE AN D STRYCHNINE.

(ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIA, CINCH ON IA, AND STRYCHNIA

Elixir of valerianate of am m o-nium w ith cinchonine,.........16 fluidounces.

Strychnine, .......................................1k grains.Acetic acid,.................................. a su fficient quan tity.

Triturate the strychnine in a mortar with acetic acid sufficient amount to effect its solution, then add the elixir valerianate of ammonium with cinchonine, and filter if necessary. not of acid reaction, acidulate slightly w ith acetic acid.

Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contaitwo grains of valerianate of ammonium, one grain of cinchonine, aone-hu nd redth of a grain of strychn ine as the acetate of that alkaloid

14. ELIXIR OF VALERIAN ATE OF AMMON IUM WITHPYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON .

(ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMON IA AN D IRON.)

Elixir of valerianate of am m onium ,8 fluidou nces." pyrophosphate of iron , .............8 fluidounces.

Mix them together.

Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contaione grain each of valerianate of ammonium and of pyrophosphateiron. It shou ld have a slightly alkaline reaction.

15. ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIUM AND QUININE

Quinine (alkaloid),..........................32 grains.Elixir of valerianate of amm onium ,

diluted acetic acid,............... of each a su fficient quantity.

Triturate the quinine in a mortar with a sufficient amount the acetic acid to effect its solution, then mix the liquid with enouelixir of valerianate of ammonium to prod uce sixteen fluidounces. not of acid reaction, add acetic acid until it will change the color of b


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litmu s paper to red .Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contai

two grains of valerianate of ammonium, and one-fourth grain qu inine as the acetate of that alkaloid .

The National Formulary directs that thirty-two grains hydrochlorate of quinine be dissolved in sixteen fluidounces of elixi

valerianate of ammonium. Thu s each fluidrachm contains one-fougrain of hyd rochlorate of quinine. In former editions of our work directed that one hundred and twenty-eight grains of quinine be usin making sixteen fluidounces in this elixir, but in the present editirecognizing the authority of the National Formulary, have adopted foregoing strength.

16. ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMON IUM WITH QUININAND CINCH ONIDINE

(ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIA WITH QUINIA AND CINCHONIDIA.)

Elixir of valerianate of am m oniumand qu inine,............................ 8 fluidou nces.


and cinchonidine,.................. 8 flu idou nces.Mix them together.

Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contaitwo grains of valerianate of ammonium, one-half grain cinchonidine, and one-eighth grain of quinine, as acetates of thalkaloids.

17. ELIXIR OF VALERIAN ATE OF AMMON IUM WITH QUININCINCHON IDINE, AND STRYCHNINE.

(ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIA, QUINIA, CINCHONIDIA, AND STRYCHNIA

Strychnine,........................................1k grains.Elixir of valerianate of am m o-

nium w ith qu inine and cincho-nidine,.......................................16 flu idounces.

Acetic acid,.................................. a su fficient quan tity.


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Triturate the strychnine in a mortar with acetic acid sufficient amount to effect its solution, then mix with the elixir valerianate of am m onium w ith qu inine and cinchon idine.

Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contaitwo grains of valerianate of ammonium, one-half grain of cinchnidine, one-eighth grain of quinine, and one-hundredth of a grain

strychnine. The alkaloids are in the form of acetates.

18. ELIXIR OF VALERIAN ATE OF AMMON IUM WITH QUININCINCH ON IDINE, PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON, AND STRYCHNIN

(ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIA, QUINIA, CINCHONIDIA, IRON, AND STRYCHN

Elixir of valerianate of am m oniumwith qu inine and pyrophosphateof iron,...................................... 8 flu idounces.

Elixir of valerianate of am m oniumwith cinchonid ine and pyro-phosphate of iron ,..................8 flu idou nces.

Strychnine,........................................1k grains.

Triturate the strychnine in a mortar with acetic acid sufficient quantity to effect its solution, and add this to the elixihaving p reviously mixed them together; and filter if necessary.

Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contaitwo grains of valerianate of ammonium, one-fourth grain of cincnidine, one-eighth grain of quinine, one grain of pyrophosphate iron, and one-hund redth grain of strychnine. The alkaloids exist acetates. This elixir shou ld be as nearly neutral as it is possible to mit.

19. ELIXIR OF VALERIAN ATE OF AMMON IUM WITHQUININE AND CINCHONINE.

(ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMONIA WITH QUIN IA AND CINCHON I

Elixir of valerianate of am m oniumand qu inine,............................ 8 fluidou nces.

Elixir of valerianate of am m oniumwith cinchonine,.................... 8 flu idou nces.

Mix them together.


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Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contaitwo grains of valerianate of ammonium, one-half grain of cinchoniand one-eighth grain of qu inine, as acetates of these alkaloids.

20. ELIXIR OF VALERIAN ATE OF AMMON IUM WITH QUININCINCHON INE, AND STRYCHNINE.(ELIXIR OF VALERIAN ATE OF AMMON IA, QUIN IA, AN D STRYCH NIA.)

Elixir of valerianate of am m oniumw ith qu inine an d cinchon ine,..16 fluidounces.Strychnine,........................................1k grains.Acetic acid,.................................. a su fficient quan tity.

Triturate the strychnine in a mortar with acetic acid amount sufficient to effect its solution, and add this to the elixir valerianate of am m onium w ith qu inine and cinchonine.

Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contaitwo grains of valerianate of ammonium, one-eighth grain of quinione-half grain of cinchonine, and one-hundredth of a grain

strychnine. The alkaloids exist as acetates.

21. ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMON IUM WITH QUININAND PYROPH OSPHATE OF IRON.

(ELIXIR OF VALERIAN ATE OF AMMON IA WITH QUINIA AN D IRON. )


with quinine,...........................8 fluidounces.Elixir of valerianate of am m oniumwith pyrophosp hate of iron,...8 flu idou nces.

Mix them together.

Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contaitwo grains of valerianate of ammonium, one-half grain of pyphosphate of iron, and one eighth grain of quinine. Observe tprecautions suggested with elixir of valerianate of ammonium wcinchonidine and pyrophosphate of iron.


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Triturate the strychnine in a mortar with acetic acid sufficient amount to effect its solution, and mix this with the elixirvalerianate of ammonium. If not of acid reaction, add enough acacid to change blue litmus paper to red.

Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contaitwo grains of valerianate of ammonium, and one-hundredth of a gr

of strychnine as an acetate of that a lkaloid.

25. ELIXIR OF VALERIAN ATE OF AMMONIUM WITH SUMBUL(ELIXIR OF VALERIANATE OF AMMON IA WITH MUSK ROOT.)

Fluid extract of sumbul,...........2 fluid ou nces.Elixir of valerianate of

ammonium, ...........................14 fluidouncesCarbonate of m agnesium,....... a sufficient quantity.

Triturate the fluid extract of sumbul in a capacious mortwith carbonate of magnesium in amount sufficient to form a creamixture, then gradually add the elixir of valerianate of ammoniustirring well, and filter.

Each fluidrachm of the finished elixir represents two grainsvalerianate of ammonium. and according to this formula eafluidrachm should contain the active principles of seven and one-hminims of fluid extract of sum bul. But, as a matter of fact, that amowill not dissolve in that quantity of the menstruum, the exceremaining in the filter paper.

26. ELIXIR ANTIGLAIREUX.(ELIXIR FOR GLENORRH EA. LAVOLLEYS PURGATIVE ELIXIR.

TINCTURA PURGGAS. TINCTURA JALAP COMPOSITAS.)

Jalap,............................................ .8 troyou nces.Turpeth root,...............................1 troyounce.Scammony,.................................2 troyou nces.Diluted alcohol,.........................96 fluidounces.

Mix the drugs and reduce them to a coarse powder, anmacerate this in the diluted alcohol for ten days, stirring the mixt


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thoroughly each day; then filter.(American Journal of Pharmacy, 1881.)

27. ELIXIR AN TIGOUTTEUX DE VILLETTE.(DE VILLETTES GOUT ELIXIR.)

Brown cinchona bark, ............. 25 troyou nces.Poppy petals, ..............................12j troyounces.Sassafras bark, ............................6k troyounces.Guaiac resin, ..............................12j troyounces.Jam aica rum, ............................. ..... 62j pints.Syrup of sarsaparilla, ........................39 pints

Mix the drugs and reduce them to a coarse powder, anmacerate in the previously mixed Jamaica rum and syrup sarsaparilla for fourteen days, stirring the mixture thoroughly each dthen filter.

(HAGER.See N ew Remed ies, 1878.)

28. AROMATIC ELIXIR.

Fluidextract of sweet orange peel,....j fluidounces.Fluidextract of coriander seed ,..........k fluidounces.Fluidextract of angelica seed,.............k fluidounces.Simple elixir,..............................16 fluidou nces.Carm ine color, carbonate of mag-

nesium,....................................of each a su fficient quan tity.

Mix the fluid extracts and triturate them in a capacious morwith carbonate of magnesium in amount sufficient to form a creamixture, then gradually add the simple elixir, stirring well, and filtLastly, add solu tion of carm ine, enou gh to g ive a nice red color.

This elixir is used as a flavor, and may be used instead simple elixir if desired , as it is acceptable to man y persons. The N ewPharmaceutical Association (1871) recommended a formula on whthe above is based.

The National Formulary commends a formula in whicaromatic spirits is the base, practically as follows:

Aromatic spirits,........................16 fluidounces.


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Syru p and water, of each, ........24 troyouncesPurified talcum,..........................1 troyou nce.

Mix the aromatic spirits with the syrup, then add the watand the purified talcum. Shake well together and agitate occasionafor several days. Finally filter the mixture. This elixir is of the sa

strength as that recomm ended by the N ational Formulary.

29. ELIXIR OF IODIDE OF ARSENIC AND MERCURY.

Solution of iod ide of arsenic and mer-cury (Donovans solution),.. .256 min ims.

Simple elixir,..............................a su fficient qu an tity .

Mix the solution of iodide of arsenic and mercury wienough simple elixir to prod uce sixteen flu idou nces.

Each fluidrachm of the finished elixir contains two minims solution of iodide of arsenic and m ercury. Dose, one fluidrach(teaspoonful), increased carefully to two or three fluidrachms, necessary.

30. ELIXIR OF BEEF.

Extract of beef,................................. 256 grains.Simple elixir,..............................15 fluidou nces.Distilled water,...........................j fluidounces.

Triturate the extract of beef with the water, then gradually athe simp le elixir, and filter.

Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contaitwo grains of extract of beef. This formula was based on one giventhe Druggists Circular , l878.

31. ELIXIR OF BEEF AN D CITRATE OF IRON .

(ELIXIR OF BEEF AND IRON.)Elixir of beef,...............................16 flu idounces.Water,..........................................j fluidounces.Citrate of iron and am monium,....128 grains.


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Dissolve the citrate of iron in the water, add the elixir of beand filter if necessary.

Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contaitwo grains of extract of beef and one grain of citrate of iron .

This preparation is far from permanent. It deposits precipitate by age, which evidently results from the reaction betwe

the chloride of sodium, present in large amount in the beef extract, athe citrate of iron. The substitution; of chloride of iron for the citrmight prove advantageous. but the demand is for an elixir of beef wcitrate of iron .

32. ELIXIR OF BEEF, IRON , AN D CINCHON A.

Elixir of beef with citrate of iron ,......8 flu idounces.Elixir of cinchona (alkaloidal),..........8 flu idounces.

Mix them together.Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contai

one grain of extract of beef and represents two grains of officicalisaya bark.

33. ELIXIR OF BLACK HAW.(ELIXIR OF VIBURN UM PRUN IFOLIUM.)

Flu id extract of viburn um p ru ni-folium,................................................2 fluidou nces.

Compound tincture of card amom, .....l fluidou nces.Simple elixir,.......................................13 fluidounces.

Mix the liquids, allow them to stand a few days, and filtEach fluidrachm represents about seven and one-half grains of blhaw.


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ELIXIRS CONTAINING AMMONIO-CITRATEOF BISMUTH.

Ammonio-citrate of bismuth is not always entirely soluble water, owing to the fact that it parts with ammonia and assumespartially insoluble cond ition. It is well, therefore, to remember thalittle ammonia water will facilitate the complete solution of ammoncitrate of bismuth, unless the decomposition has proceeded beyondcertain lim it.

In consideration of the above fact, elixirs containing excess acids are incompatible with it, and the same is true of solutions of sof the mineral acids. However, excess of acetic acid does ndecompose it immediately, and salts of acetic acid are compatible w

solutions of ammonio-citrate of bismuth, which is one reason whyelixir form ulae we u se acetic acid in making solu tions of alkaloids.If an elixir containing ammonio-citrate of bismuth

connection with pepsin is not alkaline in reaction, or at least neutrdecomposition of the salt results, followed by precipitation. If italkaline, destruction of the pepsin follow s.

If an elixir containing ammonio-citrate of bismuth and saltsthe alkaloids is alkaline, the alkaloids are likely to precipitate; andacid, precipitation results from decomposition of the bismuth sThese incompatibles can only be associated by carefully avoiding aconsiderable excess of either acid or alkali. The alkali to be usedorder to effect neutralization is ammonia water, and the acid, aceacid.

We call attention occasionally to the above facts, iconnection with special combinations which we are forced to consid

and we trust that the repetition will be excused, as we prefer to reprather than omit a word of warning w here it may be necessary.

34. ELIXIR OF CITRATE OF AMMON IUM AN D BISMUTH.(ELIXIR OF AMMONIO-CITRATE OF BISMUTH. ELIXIR OF BlSMUTH.)

Am monio-citra te of bismuth ,.... 256 grains.

Simp le elixir, amm onia w ater,of each a sufficient quantity.

Dissolve the ammonio-citrate of bismuth in twelve flui


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ounces of simple elixir, adding cautiously enough ammonia waterrender the solution slightly alkaline, then bring to the measure sixteen fluidounces by the addition of a sufficient quantity of simelixir.

Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir represetwo grains of ammonio citrate of bismuth, and is the same in stren

as that adopted by the American Pharmaceutical Association, 18During warm weather the ammonia escapes to a greater or less extfrom solutions of ammonio-citrate of bismuth; hence the additionthe ammonia water in order to insure a perfect solution. Should telixir become cloudy from escape of ammonia, the addition of a liammonia water will restore its transparency. It is incompatible wacids and salts of the mineral acids. The first formula brought to attention, for an elixir of bismuth, was by Mr. Wm. C. Bakes in American Journal of Pharmacy, 1867.

35. ELIXIR OF CITRATE OF AMMONIUM AND BISMUTH WITHPYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON .

(ELIXIR OF AMMONIO-CITRATE OF BISMUTH AN D PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRELIXIR OF BISMUTH AND IRON . ELIXIR OF BISMUTH FERRATED.

ELIXIR OF IRON AN D BISMUTH)

Elixir of citrate of am monium andbismuth,................................... 8 flu idou nces.

Elixir of pyrophosp hate of iron ,.8 fluidounces.

Mix them together.Each teaspoonful of the finished elixir contains one grain ea

of ammonio-citrate of bismuth and of pyrophosphate of iron. Telixir shou ld have an alkaline reaction..

36. ELIXIR OF CITRATE OF AMMONIUM AND BISMUTHWITH PEPSIN

(ELIXIR OF AMMON IO-CITRATE OF BISMUTH AN D PEPSIN.ELIXIR OF BISMUTH AN D PEPSIN. ELIXIR OF PEPSIN AN D BISMUTH .)

Elixir of citrate of am monium andbismuth,................................... 8 flu idou nces.

Elixir of pepsin,..........................8 flu idou nces.


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Mix them together, and if of acid reaction, cautiously adam monia water until it is neu tral or slightly alkaline.

Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contaione grain each of pepsin and citrate of ammonium and bismu th.

This preparation, we believe, is indebted for its value to tbismuth salt and alcohol. We doubt if the pepsin retains any of

digestive power, and in connection with the subject we direct attentto our remarks concerning pepsin.

37. ELIXIR OF CITRATE OF AMMON IUM AN D BISMUTH WITHPEPSIN AN D STRYCH NINE.

(ELIXIR OF AMMON IO-CITRATE OF BISMUTH, PEPSIN, AND STRYCH NIAELIXIR OF PEPSIN, BISMUTH, AND STRYCH N IA.)

Elixir of citrate of am monium andbismu th w ith pepsin,............ 16 flu idounces.

Strychnine,........................................1k grains.Acetic acid,.................................. a sufficient, quantity.

Triturate the strychnine in a mortar with acetic acid sufficient amount to effect its solution, and then add the elixir of citrof ammonium and bismuth with pepsin. If of acid reaction, cautiouadd ammonia water until it is neutral or even slightly alkaline.

Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contaione grain each of pepsin and ammonio-citrate of bismuth, and ohu nd redth grain of strychn ine.

The remarks we have made concerning strychnine anpepsin, in their respective positions, will apply with pertinence to t

preparation; and although this elixir embraces a mass pharmaceutical incongru ities, it is among the m ost pop ular elixirs uby physicians. Were it not for this fact, the combination would ndeserve a position.


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38. ELIXIR OF CITRATE OF AMMONIUM AND BISMUTHWITH STRYCH N INE.

(ELIXIR OF AMMONIO-CITRATE OF BlSMUTH AN D STRYCH NIA.ELIXIR OF BlSMUTH AN D STRYCH NIA.)

Elixir of citrate of am monium w ith

bismuth,................................... 16 fluidou nces.Strychnine,........................................1k grains.Acetic acid,.................................. a su fficient quan tity.

Triturate the strychnine in a mortar, cautiously adding aceacid until the alkaloid is dissolved, then add the elixir of citrate amm onium w ith bismuth.

Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contaitwo grains of citrate of ammonium and bismuth, and about onhu nd red th of a grain of strychnine as the acetate of that alkaloid .

Strychnine is incompatible with alkaline solutions, and ifprecipitate should occur while the elixir has an alkaline reaction, cmust be taken that this precipitate is thoroughly mixed with the liqbefore each dose is administered, inasmuch as the ammonio-citratebismuth is incompatible with an acid, this elixir must have an alkalor at least a neu tral reaction. However, although one and one-fougrains of strychnine refuse to dissolve in sixteen fluidounces of wait seems that the menstruum composing this elixir has the propertyholding in solution the strychnine, even though it (the elixir) alkaline, and thus the general incompatibility of the constituentsovercome.

39. BITTER ELIXIR.(ELIXIR AMARUM.)

Extract of buck-bean,................. 2 troyounces.Extract of orange peel,...............2 troyounces.

Dissolve them in a m ixtu re ofDiluted alcohol,......................... 16 troyou nces.Pepperm int water ,.....................16 troyounces.

And ad d ofSpirit of ether (Hoffmans anodyne), 1 troyou nce.

This formu la is that of the Germ an Pharmacopoeia, 1872.


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40. ELIXIR OF BLACKBERRY.

Fluid extract of blackberry,.......2 fluidounces.Simple elixir,..............................14 fluidou nces.Alcohol,.......................................j fluidounces.Carbonate of m agnesium,....... a sufficient quantity.

Triturate the fluid extract of blackberry in a capacious mortwith carbonate of magnesium in amount sufficient to form a creamixture, then gradually ad d the simp le elixir, stirr ing well, and filter

Each fluidrachm of the finished elixir represents seven anone half minims of fluid extract of blackberry. A formula for this elicontaining blackberry root, cinnamon, and cloves, was suggested in Druggists Circular , 1880.

41. ELIXIR OF BOLDO.

Fluid extract of boldo, ..............4 fluidou ncesSimple elixir,..............................12 fluidou ncesAlcohol,.......................................2 flu id ou nces

Carbonate of m agnesium,....... a sufficient quantity.Triturate the fluid extract of boldo with carbonate of ma

nesium sufficient to produce a creamy mixture, then gradually add simple elixir, filter, and ad d the a lcohol.

Verne recommended an elixir of boldo in thePharmaceutical Journal and Transactions, but, as the virtues of boldo are imperfectlextracted by an aqueous liquid, we do not admire such a preparatiAccording to this formula each fluidrachm should contain the actprinciples of seven and one-half minims of fluid extract of boldo. Bas a matter of fact, that amount will not dissolve in that quantity of menstruu m, the excess remaining in the filter paper.

42. ELIXIR OF BRAN DY.

Nutmegs,........................................... 40 grains.Cardam om ,................................. ...... 60 grains.Rhubarb,............................................ 60 grains.Lavender flowers,............................ 60 grains.Cinnamon,........................................ 60 grains.


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Ginger,......................................... ...... 60 grains.Pow dered extract of licorice,........ 360 grains.Brandy,.........................................16 fluidounces.Water,.......................................... 8 flu idounces.

Mix the drugs and reduce them to a coarse powder, an

macerate this in the mixed brandy and water for fourteen days, stirrthe mixture thoroughly each day; then filter. It may also be preparedpercolation.

This elixir was once sold as a proprietary remedy, under tname Dr. Butlers Elixir of Brandy. We are informed, however, bwriter in the Druggists Circular (1858), that Dr. Butler was a fictiticharacter, coined by a couple of young men who made a sale for Butlers Medicines.

43. ELIXIR OF BUCH U.

Fluid extract of buchu,..............2 fluidounces.Simple elixir,..............................16 fluidou nces.Carbonate of m agnesium,....... a sufficient quantity.

Triturate the fluid extract of buchu with carbonate of manesium in sufficient amount to form a creamy mixture, then graduaadd the simp le elixir, and filter.

Accord ing to this formula each flu id rachm should contain tactive principles of seven and one-half minims of fluid extract buchu . But, as a matter of fact, that amount will not dissolve in tquantity of the menstruum, the excess remaining in the filter paper. our opinion, fluid extract of buchu should be made with alcohol of specific gravity 0.820, and the addition of water lessens its value amenstruum for extracting buchu and retaining its desirable principin proportion to the amount of water added. Hence it is that the elof buchu is inferior to an equivalent amount of the fluid extract buchu used in m aking it, providing the flu id extract was repu table.

4 1. COMPOUN D ELIXIR OF BUCH U.Comp oun d fluidextract of buchu , 4 fluidou nces.Simple elixir,..............................16 fluidou nces.Carbonate of m agnesium,....... a sufficient quantity.


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50. ELIXIR OF MONO-BROMATED CAMPH OR.

Mono-bromated camphor,..........128 grains.Simple elixir,..............................15 fluidou nces.Alcohol,.......................................1 flu idounces.

Dissolve the mono-bromated camphor in the alcohol, and sthis solu tion slowly in the simple elixir.Each fluidrachm (teaspoonful) of the finished elixir contai

one grain of mono-bromated camphor. Mr. T. Mund y, of Paris, hrecommended an elixir of mono-bromated camphor containing ngrains in fifteen fluidrachms, but the amount of alcohol is very greHowever, as alcohol is the best common solvent for this substance, prefer a simple alcoholic solution to an elixir, as the water presentthe elixir favors p recip itation.

51. ELIXIR CAMPHOR MONO-BROMATED, COMPOUN D.

Butyl chloral,..........................................3 grains.Essence of cinnam on,................1j drachms.

Dissolve the butyl chloral in the essence of cinnamon,and ad dTincture of gelsemium,........... ...10 minim s.Simple (red) elixir,.................... 1j fluidrachms.Simp le syrup,

a sufficient qu antity to make.....1 flu idounces.

Then triturate two grains of mono-bromated camphor a

d issolve in the above liqu id.According to thePharmaceutical Journal and Transactions,this elixir is often p rescribed in Par is.

Each fluidrachm contains about one-third grain of butchloral, one minim of tincture of gelsemium, and one-fourth grainmono-bromated camp hor.


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52. COMPOUN D CATHARTIC ELIXIR.

Simple elixir,..............................14 fluidou nces.Fluid extract of rhubarb,...........2 fluidou nces.Su lphate of m agnesium,......... 2 troyounces.Carbonate of m agnesium,....... a sufficient quantity.

Triturate the fluid extract of rhubarb in a capacious mortwith carbonate of magnesium in amount sufficient to form a creamixture, then gradually add the simple elixir, having previousd issolved in it the magnesium sulphate; stir w ell, and filter.

Each fluidrachm of the finished elixir represents seven anone-half minims of fluid extract of rhubarb, and contains seven aone-half grains of magnesium sulphate.

In the year 1876 an anonymous correspondent furnished t Druggists Circular with a mixture for making the above elixir. It wamuch m ore comp lex and presented no ad vantages over ou r formula

The National Formulary makes this elixir of a mixture senega, podophyllum, leptand ra, jalap, and Rochelle salt. It is imperfect ph arm aceutical preparation.

53. COMPOUN D ELIXIR OF CELERY.

Take of fluid extracts of celery, coca, kola, and black haw baof each one fluidounces. Mix the fluid extracts, add tw o fluidouncealcohol and enough simple elixir to make sixteen fluidou nces. Afstand ing a few d ays, with occasional agitation, filter the mixture. Telixir is of the same strength as that of the compound elixir of celerythe National Formulary. It deposits a sediment and is not a perfpreparation.

54. ELIXIR OF WILD CHERRY.

Fluid extract of wild cherry,.... 2 fluidounces.

Simple elixir,..............................14 fluidou nces.Alcohol,....................................... fluidou nces.Carbonate of magnesium, . a sufficient quant

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Elixirs and Flavouring Extracts - J U Lloyd