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Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round By P’Neung MDCU75

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Interesting points from

AMSciElimination Round

By P’Neung MDCU75

This presentation is dedicated to all healthcare workers fighting

against COVID-19.

Punnatorn Punkitnirundorn

#ตองการmRNAvaccine#ฉดPfizerใหบคลากรทางการแพทย

Test Blueprint

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

Human Other organisms

Cell● Cell Biology● Biochemistry/ Metabolism/ Nutrition● Genetics/ Molecular Genetics

Tissue ● Microscopic anatomy

Organ & System

● Musculoskeletal system● Respiratory system● Cardiovascular system● Alimentary system● Urinary system● Reproductive system● Endocrine system● Nervous system● Immune system● and their development

● Microbiology & Parasitology

Test Blueprint

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

Human Other organisms

Cell● Cell Biology● Biochemistry/ Metabolism/ Nutrition● Genetics/ Molecular Genetics

Tissue ● Microscopic anatomy

Organ & System

● Microbiology & Parasitology

● Musculoskeletal system● Respiratory system● Cardiovascular system● Alimentary system● Urinary system● Reproductive system● Endocrine system● Nervous system● Immune system● and their development

Biochemistry/ Metabolism/ Nutrition

1

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

1 Biochemistry/ Metabolism/ Nutrition

นากรดอะมโน Aspartate ทถกตดฉลากดวย C-14 บนโครงคารบอน ใสเขาไปในเซลลสารในขอใดมโอกาสพบ C-14 นอยทสด?A. Urea B. Malate C. Fumarate D. Glutamate E. α-ketoglutarate

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

1 Biochemistry/ Metabolism/ Nutrition

นากรดอะมโน Aspartate ทถกตดฉลากดวย C-14 บนโครงคารบอน ใสเขาไปในเซลลสารในขอใดมโอกาสพบ C-14 นอยทสด?A. Urea B. Malate C. Fumarate D. Glutamate E. α-ketoglutarate

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

1 Biochemistry/ Metabolism/ NutritionCatabolism of Amino Acid

Carbon skeleton (โครงคารบอน)= chain of carbon atoms forming “backbone”

Intermediate metabolites in carbohydrate metabolism

Transform into new amino acids/ other biomolecules.

Enter TCA cycle and degrade into CO2 + H2O + High energy compound.

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

1 Biochemistry/ Metabolism/ NutritionTransaminationAspartate transfers its amino group to alpha-ketoglutarate and then transforms into oxaloacetate.

How to remember Krebs cycle?Citrate is Krebs’ starting substrate for making oxaloacetate.

Choice B

Choice C

Choice E

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

1 Biochemistry/ Metabolism/ Nutrition

How to remember Krebs cycle?Citrate is Krebs’ starting substrate for making oxaloacetate.

Choice B

Choice C

Choice E

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

1 Biochemistry/ Metabolism/ Nutrition

Choice B

Choice C

Choice E

Alpha-ketoglutarate can also be converted back to glutamate by receiving 1 amino group.

Choice D

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

1 Biochemistry/ Metabolism/ NutritionConverting NH3 to urea by liver Carbon skeleton

Enter metabolic pathway of carbohydrate.

● Free NH3 is toxic to cells and can lead to encephalopathy.

● Therefore, NH3 is included in another least toxic amino acid (mainly glutamate or alanine).

● NH3 is transported to liver (facilitated by Glu or Ala) and changed to urea by UREA CYCLE

At liver

Urea cycle

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

1 Biochemistry/ Metabolism/ NutritionUrea cycle

At liver

Notice that● NH2- in urea are from Glu/ Ala

(blue rectangle) and also arginine (green oval).

● Carbon in urea is from CO2 (in HCO3

- form)How to remember urea cycle?Ordinarily, Careless Crappers Are Also Frivolous About Urination.

MolecularGenetics

2

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

2 Molecular Geneticsจากภาพ แสดง plasmid pB123 และ pB321 พรอมทงยนและตาแหนงตดของ restriction enzymes การทดลองเพอโคลนยน X โดยใช plasmid เปน vector ผานการสราง DNA ลกผสมแลวใสในเซลลโฮสต นกวทยาศาสตรควรใชพลาสมดใดและ restriction enzyme ชนดใดจงจะเหมาะสมทสด ?

A. ตองใชพลาสมด pB123 เทานน โดยใช restriction enzyme SalIB. ตองใชพลาสมด pB321 เทานน โดยใช restriction enzyme SalIC. ตองใชพลาสมด pB123 เทานน โดยใชไดทง restriction enzyme SalI หรอ PstI D. ตองใชพลาสมด pB321 เทานน โดยใชไดทง restriction enzyme SalI หรอ PstI E. สามารถใชพลาสมดไดทง pB123 และ pB321 โดยใช restriction enzyme SalI

ampR : Ampicillin resistance tetR : Tetracycline resistance lacZ : Lactose breakdown ori : Origin of replication

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

2 Molecular Geneticsจากภาพ แสดง plasmid pB123 และ pB321 พรอมทงยนและตาแหนงตดของ restriction enzymes การทดลองเพอโคลนยน X โดยใช plasmid เปน vector ผานการสราง DNA ลกผสมแลวใสในเซลลโฮสต นกวทยาศาสตรควรใชพลาสมดใดและ restriction enzyme ชนดใดจงจะเหมาะสมทสด ?

A. ตองใชพลาสมด pB123 เทานน โดยใช restriction enzyme SalIB. ตองใชพลาสมด pB321 เทานน โดยใช restriction enzyme SalIC. ตองใชพลาสมด pB123 เทานน โดยใชไดทง restriction enzyme SalI หรอ PstI D. ตองใชพลาสมด pB321 เทานน โดยใชไดทง restriction enzyme SalI หรอ PstI E. สามารถใชพลาสมดไดทง pB123 และ pB321 โดยใช restriction enzyme SalI

ampR : Ampicillin resistance tetR : Tetracycline resistance lacZ : Lactose breakdown ori : Origin of replication

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

2 Molecular GeneticsDNA cloning

Using genetic engineering/recombinant DNA technology

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Recombinant DNA (DNA ลกผสม) = Composite DNA molecules comprising covalently linked segments from two or more sources

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

2 Molecular GeneticsMain Steps in Genetic Engineering

1. Cutting target DNA at precise locations.Restriction site

(ตาแหนงตดจาเพาะ)/Recognition sequence

By restriction enzyme(เอนไซมตดจาเพาะ)

● = restriction endonucleases (typically type II)

● Break down phosphodiester bond generating a set of smaller DNA fragments.

● Found in a wide range of bacterial species. Their function is to recognize and cleave foreign DNA.

● usually 4 to 6 bp long and palindromic.

Restriction enzyme

Recognition sequence

Source

SalI Streptomyces albus G

PstI Escherichia coli ED8654

2. Selecting a cloning vector & cutting it with the same restriction endonuclease.

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

2 Molecular GeneticsMain Steps in Genetic Engineering

= a small carrier molecule of DNA capable of self-replication

● = extrachromosomal, circular DNA molecule that replicates separately from the host chromosome.

● Provides genes that confer resistance to antibiotics or that perform new functions for the cell.

● We can use these special genes as selectable or screenable markers.

Bacterial plasmidBacterial artificial

chromosomes (BACs)Yeast artificial

chromosomes (YACs)

For the cloning of very long segments of DNA or for the studying in many other problems in eukaryotic molecular biology(YACs).

2. Selecting a cloning vector & cutting it with the same restriction endonuclease.

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

2 Molecular GeneticsMain Steps in Genetic Engineering

= a sequence where replication is initiated by cellular enzymes

Origin of replication (Ori)

5 R sites & 3 I sites serve as binding sites for protein DnaA.

DnaA starts replication by denature DUE (DNA unwinding element).

2. Selecting a cloning vector & cutting it with the same restriction endonuclease.

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

2 Molecular GeneticsMain Steps in Genetic Engineering

= a sequence where replication is initiated by cellular enzymes

Origin of replication (Ori)

5 R sites & 3 I sites serve as binding sites for protein DnaA.

DnaA starts replication by denature DUE (DNA unwinding element).

2. Selecting a cloning vector & cutting it with the same restriction endonuclease.

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

2 Molecular GeneticsMain Steps in Genetic Engineering

Selectable Markers

AmpR : ampicillin resistance

TetR : tetracycline resistance

Positive selection = permit the growth of a cell

Negative selection = kill cell

2. Selecting a cloning vector & cutting it with the same restriction endonuclease.

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

2 Molecular GeneticsMain Steps in Genetic Engineering

AmpR TetR

Bacterial genome

Selective media

+Amp +Tet +Amp +Tet

-AmpR -TetR - - -

+AmpR -TetR + - -

-AmpR +TetR - + -

+AmpR +TetR + + +

2. Selecting a cloning vector & cutting it with the same restriction endonuclease.

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

2 Molecular GeneticsMain Steps in Genetic Engineering

Screenable MarkerLacZ

enzyme beta-galactosidase

5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (X-gal)

Colorless

Blue product

2. Selecting a cloning vector & cutting it with the same restriction endonuclease.

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

2 Molecular GeneticsMain Steps in Genetic Engineering

LacZ Bacterial genome

Differential media

+X-gal

-LacZ White colony

+LacZ Blue colony

“Blue-WhiteScreening”

3. Joining two DNA fragments covalently.

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

2 Molecular GeneticsMain Steps in Genetic Engineering

By DNA ligase4. Moving recombinant DNA from the test tube to a host cell (usually E. coli)

Plasmid vector

Eukaryotic genome with target gene

Restriction enzyme

Target and other DNA fragments

Purified by gel electrophoresis/ HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography)/ “DNA library”

Recombinantvector

DNAligase

Host cell

Transformation

Calcium chloride–heat shock technique/ electroporation technique

5. Selecting or identifying host cells that contain recombinant DNA.

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

2 Molecular GeneticsMain Steps in Genetic Engineering

A. ตองใชพลาสมด pB123 เทานน โดยใช restriction enzyme SalIB. ตองใชพลาสมด pB321 เทานน โดยใช restriction enzyme SalIC. ตองใชพลาสมด pB123 เทานน โดยใชไดทง restriction enzyme SalI หรอ PstI D. ตองใชพลาสมด pB321 เทานน โดยใชไดทง restriction enzyme SalI หรอ PstI E. สามารถใชพลาสมดไดทง pB123 และ pB321 โดยใช restriction enzyme SalI

Cannot use pB321 vector with SalI enzyme because it can interfere plasmid replication by destroying a origin of replication.

5. Selecting or identifying host cells that contain recombinant DNA.

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

2 Molecular GeneticsMain Steps in Genetic Engineering

A. ตองใชพลาสมด pB123 เทานน โดยใช restriction enzyme SalIC. ตองใชพลาสมด pB123 เทานน โดยใชไดทง restriction enzyme SalI หรอ PstI

pB123PstI

AmpR

TetR3 populations of bacteria

5. Selecting or identifying host cells that contain recombinant DNA.

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

2 Molecular GeneticsMain Steps in Genetic Engineering

A. ตองใชพลาสมด pB123 เทานน โดยใช restriction enzyme SalIC. ตองใชพลาสมด pB123 เทานน โดยใชไดทง restriction enzyme SalI หรอ PstI

Population Genome Media

+Amp +Tet +Amp +Tet

No plasmid -AmpR -TetR - - -

+ original plasmid

+AmpR +TetR + + +

+ recombinant plasmid

-AmpR +TetR - + -

Colony transfer

MicroscopicAnatomy

3

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

3 Microscopic Anatomy

ขอใดตอไปน กลาวถกตองเกยวกบเนอเยอเกยวพน (connective tissue)?A. เนอเยอไขมนจดเปน loose connective tissueB. เนอเยอเกยวพนจะพบ basal lamina เปนฐานเสมอC. เนอเยอกระดกพฒนามาจากเนอเยอกระดกออนกอนเสมอD. Extracellular matrix ของเนอเยอเกยวพนทกชนดประกอบดวยคอลลาเจน type IVE. เนอเยอแบบ loose connective tissue และ dense connective tissue ประกอบดวยเซลล fibrocyte ระหวาง Extracellular matrix

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

3 Microscopic Anatomy

ขอใดตอไปน กลาวถกตองเกยวกบเนอเยอเกยวพน (connective tissue)?A. เนอเยอไขมนจดเปน loose connective tissueB. เนอเยอเกยวพนจะพบ basal lamina เปนฐานเสมอC. เนอเยอกระดกพฒนามาจากเนอเยอกระดกออนกอนเสมอD. Extracellular matrix ของเนอเยอเกยวพนทกชนดประกอบดวยคอลลาเจน type IVE. เนอเยอแบบ loose connective tissue และ dense connective tissue ประกอบดวยเซลล fibrocyte ระหวาง Extracellular matrix

Beware of these extreme words!

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

3 Microscopic Anatomy4 Types of Human Tissue

Epithelium Connective tissue

Muscle Tissue Nervous tissue

● = a tightly cohesive sheet of cells that covers or lines body surfaces

● For protection, absorption, transport of material at the surface, secretion, excretion, gas exchange, and gliding between surfaces

● = a group of connective tissue cells widely separated by ECM components

● Provides the supportive and connecting framework (or stroma) for all the other tissues.

= a group of elongated cells, called muscle cells, specialized for contraction

= a group of neurons & glia (in CNS), and other supporting cells (in PNS)

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

3 Microscopic AnatomyEpithelium

Common structures

Epithelial cell“Polarized”

Apical Domainwith apical differentiations

+ CAMs

Basolateral Domainwith cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

& cell junctions

● Cilia● Microvilli● Stereocilia

1. Tight junctions/ Occluding junctions2.1 Zonula adherens/Belt desmosome2.2 Macula adherens/Spot desmosome3. Gap junctions

2.3 Hemidesmosome

3 types of cell junction

1. Tight junctions

2. Anchoring junctions

3. Communicating junctions

4 main types of CAM are :cadherins, selectins,

Ig superfamily, integrins.Basement Membrane

Integrins

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

3 Microscopic AnatomyEpithelium

Basement membrane

Epithelial cell

Fibroblast

Basal lamina

Reticular lamina

HemidesmosomeIntegrins

Fibronectin & Laminin

Components : laminin, fibronectin, type IV collagen, proteoglycans (heparan sulfate), and nidogen (or entactin)

Component : type III collagen (reticular fibers)

Basement Membrane

Produce

ProduceConnective Tissue Choice B : Basal lamina is a

basement of connective tissue

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

3 Microscopic AnatomyEpithelium

Bullous Pemphigoid

Skin Epithelium(Epidermis)

Hemidesmosome

Basement Membrane

Pathophysiology :Patient breaks self tolerance & develops autoantibody to BPAG1/ BPAG2 leading to subepidermal detachment.

1ry lesion : bullous2ry lesion : erosion

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

3 Microscopic AnatomyConnective Tissue (เนอเยอเกยวพน) = CNT

Embryonic CNT/

Mesenchyme

Adult CNT Special CNT

Loose/ Areolar CNT : cell > fiber

Dense CNT : fiber > cellDense regular CNT Dense irregular CNT

Adipose tissue Bone

Cartilage Blood & Hematopoietic

Tissue

Choice A : Adipose tissue is a loose CNT?

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

3 Microscopic AnatomyConnective Tissue

Adult CNT

Loose/ Areolar CNT : cell > fiber

Dense CNT : fiber > cellDense regular CNT Dense irregular CNT

Components● Cell : fibroblast /macrophage/ mast cell/

plasma cell

● Non-cell/ Extracellular Components○ Fiber : collagen/ elastic/ reticular

fiber○ Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

Produce

Choice C : fibrocyte

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

3 Microscopic AnatomyConnective Tissue

Types of Collagen Fiber

Collagen Fiber Sites

Type I bone/ tendon/ dentin/ skin

Type II hyaline & elastic cartilage

Type III reticular lamina basement membrane

Type IV basal lamina

Type V amnion/ chorion

Choice D : Extracellular matrix of all types of CNT is composed of collagen type IV

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

3 Microscopic AnatomySpecial Connective Tissue : Cartilage

Cartilage development

Undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cell

Chondroblasts surrounded by perichondrium (undifferentiated cell)

Maturing chondroblasts produce ECM/ pericellular matrix enclose the space called lacunae

Isogenous group

Territorial matrixInterterritorial matrix

Chondroblast differentiate to mature chondrocyte

1 2

3

4 Cartilage growth

1. appositional growth

2. interstitial growth

Perichondrium

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

3 Microscopic AnatomySpecial Connective Tissue : Cartilage

3 Types of Cartilage

Hyaline cartilage Elastic cartilage Fibrocartilage

Cell Chondrocyte Chondrocyte Chondrocyte (+fibroblast)

Pericellular matrix type II collagen type II collagen type I collagen

Sites Articular cartilage/ cartilage in respiratory tract

External ear/ epiglottis/ auditory tube

Intervertebral disk/ sternoclavicular joint/ pubic symphysis

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

3 Microscopic AnatomySpecial Connective Tissue : Bone

Bone Formation/ Osteogenesis

1. Intramembranous ossification

● Mesenchymal cell origin/ mesenchymal template

● Mesenchymal cells differentiate to osteoblasts and osteocytes.

● Osteocytes produce osteoid (type I collagen & other proteins) as an extracellular matrix.

● By a mineralization process, calcified osteoid occurs.

Examples : Flat bones of skull/ mandible/ clavicleChoice E : All bones develop from preform cartilages.

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

3 Microscopic AnatomySpecial Connective Tissue : Bone

Bone Formation/ Osteogenesis

2. Endochondral ossification

● Hyaline cartilage templates● Chondrocytes become hypertrophic and secrete

type X collagen & vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF)

● Blood vessel invade and matrix become calcified.● Hypertrophic chondrocytes undergo apoptosis.● Preosteoblasts and hematopoietic cells arrive.

Examples : long bones, vertebral column, and pelvis

CardiovascularSystem

4

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

4 Cardiovascular System

ผปวยรายหนง เมอแพทยทาการฟงเสยง Heart sound ตรวจพบวาม pansystolic murmur ทบรเวณ Apex ของหวใจ จากขอมลดงกลาวพยาธสภาพของผปวยนาจะอยทใด?A. Mitral valve B. Aortic valve C. Tricuspid valve D. Thebesian valve E. Pulmonary valve

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

4 Cardiovascular System

ผปวยรายหนง เมอแพทยทาการฟงเสยง Heart sound ตรวจพบวาม pansystolic murmur ทบรเวณ Apex ของหวใจ จากขอมลดงกลาวพยาธสภาพของผปวยนาจะอยทใด?A. Mitral valve B. Aortic valve C. Tricuspid valve D. Thebesian valve E. Pulmonary valve

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

4 Cardiovascular SystemIntroduction to Heart Sound

Ventricular Diastole

11 Atrial systole

Left atrium pumps blood ,through mitral valve, into left ventricle.

S4 “Atrial kick”

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

4 Cardiovascular SystemIntroduction to Heart Sound

Ventricular Systole2

2 Isovolumetric contraction● Ventricular contraction &

increased ventricular pressure● Mitral & tricuspid valve

immediately close at early of this phase due to ventricular > atrial pressure.

S1 = Mitral & tricuspid valve closure“LUB”

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

4 Cardiovascular SystemIntroduction to Heart Sound

Ventricular Systole3

3 Rapid ejection● Ventricular pressure increase until

it’s more than pulmonary/ aortic pressure

● Aortic & pulmonary semilunar valve open allowing blood to flow out from the heart.

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

4 Cardiovascular SystemIntroduction to Heart Sound

Ventricular Systole4

4 Reduced ejection● Less blood left in the ventricle so

ventricular pressure starts to reduce.

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

4 Cardiovascular SystemIntroduction to Heart Sound

Ventricular Diastole5

5 Isovolumetric relaxation● Ventricles start to relax making

ventricular pressure to reduce.● When ventricular < pulmonary/

aortic pressure, pulmonary/ aortic semilunar valve close.

S2 = Pulmonary & aortic semilunar valve closure“DUB”“Physiologic splitting of S2”= The aortic valve slightly close before the pulmonic one.

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

4 Cardiovascular SystemIntroduction to Heart Sound

Ventricular Diastole6

6 Rapid ventricular filling● Ventricular pressure reduce until

it’s less than atrial pressure.● Tricuspid & mitral valve open a

and then blood from atriums fill in ventricles.

S3

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

4 Cardiovascular SystemIntroduction to Heart Sound

Ventricular Diastole7

7 Reduced ventricular filling● Less blood fills in ventricles due to

less pressure gradient between atriums and ventricles.

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

4 Cardiovascular SystemApproach to Abnormal Heart Sound/ Murmur : Character

S1 S2 S1 S2

Ventricular Systole

VentricularDiastole

Mitral & tricuspid valve closure

“LUB”

Pulmonary & aortic semilunar valve closure

“DUB”

Mitral & Tricuspid valve close

Aortic & pulmonary semilunar valve open

Mitral & Tricuspid valve open

Aortic & pulmonary semilunar valve close

Mitral & Tricuspidregurgitation

Mitral & Tricuspid stenosis

Aortic & pulmonaryregurgitation

Aortic & pulmonary stenosis

Mitral & Tricuspid valve close

Aortic & pulmonary semilunar valve open

Mitral & Tricuspid valve open

Aortic & pulmonary semilunar valve close

Mitral & Tricuspidregurgitation

Mitral & Tricuspid stenosis

Aortic & pulmonaryregurgitation

Aortic & pulmonary stenosis

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

4 Cardiovascular SystemApproach to Abnormal Heart Sound/ Murmur : Character

Ventricular Systole Ventricular Diastole

Pansystolic murmur

Systolic ejection murmur

Diastolic rumbling murmur

Diastolic blowing murmur

The aortic valve slightly close before the pulmonic one.

Aortic stenosis

Pulmonic stenosis

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

4 Cardiovascular SystemApproach to Abnormal Heart Sound/ Murmur :Location

Right sternal border

Left sternal border

Midclavicular line

2nd intercostal space

5th intercostal space

Apex

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

4 Cardiovascular Systempansystolic murmur ทบรเวณ Apex ของหวใจDx : Mitral Regurgitation

2 Clinical presentations

3 Treatment

1 Causes

LA preload

Mitral regurgitation

LV preload

Cardiac output :Dyspnea on exertion

LA hypertrophy +

LV hypertrophy +

Pulmonary hypertension/ pulmonary edema/ orthopneaBack pressure

Reflex tachycardia/ palpitation

“Mitral regurgitation begets mitral regurgitation.”

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

4 Cardiovascular Systempansystolic murmur ทบรเวณ Apex ของหวใจDx : Mitral Regurgitation

2 Clinical presentations

3 Treatments

LA preload

Mitral regurgitation

LV preload

Cardiac output :Dyspnea on exertion

LA hypertrophy +

LV hypertrophy +

Pulmonary hypertension/ pulmonary edema/ orthopneaBack pressure

Reflex tachycardia/ palpitation

“Mitral regurgitation begets mitral regurgitation.”

Medical treatment : Diuretics, Beta blockers, CCA, ACEI, ARB, DigoxinSurgical treatment : Mitral valve repair, mitral valve replacement (MVR)

Percutaneous mitral valve repair

AlimentarySystem

5

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

5 Alimentary System

โรคโลหตจาง Megaloblastic anemia เกดจากการขาด cobalamin (Vitamin B12) โดยเมดเลอดแดงจะมลกษณะใหญและตดสจางกวาปกต ตางจากโรคโลหตจางทเกดจากการขาดธาตเหลก (Iron deficiency anemia) เหตการณใดตอไปนมความเปนไปไดนอยทสดทเปนสาเหตของการเกดโรคน ?A. มการทาลาย parietal cell ในกระเพาะอาหารB. มการสราง Autoantibody ตอ intrinsic factorC. ผปวยรบประทานอาหารมงสวรตอยางเครงครดทกมอD. มการรบกวนการดดซมสารบรเวณลาไสเลกสวน jejunumE. ผปวยโรคอวนทไดทาการผาตดกระเพาะอาหารและทาบายพาส (Roux-en-Y) ตอไปยงลาไสเลกโดยตรง

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

5 Alimentary System

โรคโลหตจาง Megaloblastic anemia เกดจากการขาด cobalamin (Vitamin B12) โดยเมดเลอดแดงจะมลกษณะใหญและตดสจางกวาปกต ตางจากโรคโลหตจางทเกดจากการขาดธาตเหลก (Iron deficiency anemia) เหตการณใดตอไปนมความเปนไปไดนอยทสดทเปนสาเหตของการเกดโรคน ?A. มการทาลาย parietal cell ในกระเพาะอาหารB. มการสราง Autoantibody ตอ intrinsic factorC. ผปวยรบประทานอาหารมงสวรตอยางเครงครดทกมอD. มการรบกวนการดดซมสารบรเวณลาไสเลกสวน jejunumE. ผปวยโรคอวนทไดทาการผาตดกระเพาะอาหารและทาบายพาส (Roux-en-Y) ตอไปยงลาไสเลกโดยตรง

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5 Alimentary SystemPathophysiology of “B12 deficiency anemia”1 Vit B12 malabsorption Cobalamins are relatively large

and lipophobic molecules that require transport proteins.

B12Dietary protein

Animal products

R protein

B12 R protein Intrinsic factor (IF)

B12 IF

B12 TCII B12 TCIII

Mouth

Stomach

Duodenum - terminal ileum

Plasma

Cell : cell division

Liver : storage/excrete

Causes

● veganism● sprue● enteritis● Diphyllobothrium latum ● achlorhydria● bacterial overgrowth● alcohol overuse● pernicious anemia (lack of IF)● gastric bypass surgery ● surgical resection of terminal

ileum● certain drugs : metformin

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5 Alimentary SystemPathophysiology of “B12 deficiency anemia”2 Interference of metabolism

Anemia

Macrocytic

Demyelination : Neurologic symptom

3 Megaloblastic anemiaMCV > 100 Hb < 11-13 g/dLfL Hct < 33-39 % Hypersegmented

neutrophil

UrinarySystem

6

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

6 Urinary System

ภาวะบวมนา (Edema) เปนภาวะทมของเหลวในชองวางระหวางเซลลเพมมากขนจนทาใหเกดอาการบวม ซงสามารถเกดไดกบเนอเยอตาง ๆ ของรางกาย ขอใดตอไปนเปนสาเหตททาใหเกดภาวะบวมนา?A. ผทมภาวะทพโภชนาการB. Lymphatic obstruction C. การรบประทานอาหารรสเคมจดD. ผปวยโรคตบแขงซงมปรมาณของโปรตนในเลอดนอยลงE. ถกทกขอ

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6 Urinary System

ภาวะบวมนา (Edema) เปนภาวะทมของเหลวในชองวางระหวางเซลลเพมมากขนจนทาใหเกดอาการบวม ซงสามารถเกดไดกบเนอเยอตาง ๆ ของรางกาย ขอใดตอไปนเปนสาเหตททาใหเกดภาวะบวมนา?A. ผทมภาวะทพโภชนาการB. Lymphatic obstruction C. การรบประทานอาหารรสเคมจดD. ผปวยโรคตบแขงซงมปรมาณของโปรตนในเลอดนอยลงE. ถกทกขอ

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6 Urinary System

Qffiltration/

reabsorption rate

Kfendothelial

filtration coefficient

Peffeffective filtration

pressure

Kwater

permeability

Aexchange

area

delta Phydrostatic

pressure difference

delta Pioncotic

pressure difference

Pcap- Pintcapillary - interstitial hydrostatic pressure

Picap- Piintcapillary - interstitial

oncotic pressure

“นาออก” “นาเขา”

+ นาออกสทธ- นาเขาสทธ

Pathophysiology Underlying This Phenomenon

“Starling forces”

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

6 Urinary System

Qffiltration/

reabsorption rate

Kfendothelial

filtration coefficient

Peffeffective filtration

pressure

Kwater

permeability

Aexchange

area

delta Phydrostatic

pressure difference

delta Pioncotic

pressure difference

Pcap- Pintcapillary - interstitial hydrostatic pressure

Picap- Piintcapillary - interstitial

oncotic pressure

“นาออก” “นาเขา”

+ นาออกสทธ- นาเขาสทธ

Pathophysiology Underlying This Phenomenon

Capillary pressure● Aterial : vasodilatation● Venous : venous thrombosis/

heart failure “cardiac edema”● Mixed : high salt diet ->

volume overload(Especially in lower region)

“Transudate”

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

6 Urinary System

Qffiltration/

reabsorption rate

Kfendothelial

filtration coefficient

Peffeffective filtration

pressure

Kwater

permeability

Aexchange

area

delta Phydrostatic

pressure difference

delta Pioncotic

pressure difference

Pcap- Pintcapillary - interstitial hydrostatic pressure

Picap- Piintcapillary - interstitial

oncotic pressure

“นาออก” “นาเขา”

+ นาออกสทธ- นาเขาสทธ

Pathophysiology Underlying This Phenomenon

Infection (septic shock)/ inflammation/ hypersensitivity type I (anaphylaxis)

Capillary permeability to protein

Vasodilatation“Exudate”

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

6 Urinary System

Qffiltration/

reabsorption rate

Kfendothelial

filtration coefficient

Peffeffective filtration

pressure

Kwater

permeability

Aexchange

area

delta Phydrostatic

pressure difference

delta Pioncotic

pressure difference

Pcap- Pintcapillary - interstitial hydrostatic pressure

Picap- Piintcapillary - interstitial

oncotic pressure

“นาออก”

“นาเขา”

+ นาออกสทธ- นาเขาสทธ

Pathophysiology Underlying This Phenomenon

Oncotic pressure plasma protein (esp. albumin) :● Proteinuria● Hepatic protein synthesis● Breakdown of plasma proteins

to meet energy requirements. “Hunger edema”

“Transudate”

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

6 Urinary SystemPathophysiology Underlying This Phenomenon

Lymph drainage :compression (tumor)/ surgery/ radiation/ obstruction

“Transudate”

EndocrineSystem

7

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

7 Endocrine System

ระหวางทออกกาลงกายรางกายจะมการหลง Epinephrine (Adrenaline) จาก Adrenal medulla มากขนเพอตอบสนองตอความตองการพลงงานของรางกาย ขอใดตอไปนเปนผลของ Epinephrine ตอกระบวนการเมแทบอลซมในอวยะตาง ๆ ?A. Activated glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver B. Activated glycolysis and Inhibited gluconeogenesis in liver C. Inhibited glycolysis and activated gluconeogenesis in liver D. Activated glycolysis and Inhibited gluconeogenesis in cardiac muscle E. Inhibited glycolysis and activated gluconeogenesis in cardiac muscle

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7 Endocrine System

ระหวางทออกกาลงกายรางกายจะมการหลง Epinephrine (Adrenaline) จาก Adrenal medulla มากขนเพอตอบสนองตอความตองการพลงงานของรางกาย ขอใดตอไปนเปนผลของ Epinephrine ตอกระบวนการเมแทบอลซมในอวยะตาง ๆ ?A. Activated glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver B. Activated glycolysis and Inhibited gluconeogenesis in liver C. Inhibited glycolysis and activated gluconeogenesis in liver D. Activated glycolysis and Inhibited gluconeogenesis in cardiac muscle E. Inhibited glycolysis and activated gluconeogenesis in cardiac muscle

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

7 Endocrine SystemEpinephrine/ adrenaline

“Stress” : fight or flight

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamospinal tract

Epinephrine

cAMP = 2ry messenger

Protein kinase A (PKA)

Phosphorylation of other proteins

+

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

7 Endocrine SystemGlycolysis vs Gluconeogenesisglyco = sugar

lysis = destructiongluco = sugarneo = newgenesis = production

Hexokinase

Phosphofructokinase-1(PFK-1)

Glucose 6-phosphatase

Pyruvate kinase

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase-1(FBPase-1)

PEP carboxykinase &Pyruvate carboxylase

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

7 Endocrine System

Hexokinase

Phosphofructokinase-1(PFK-1)

Glucose 6-phosphatase

Pyruvate kinase

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase-1(FBPase-1)

PEP carboxykinase &Pyruvate carboxylase

Glycolysis Gluconeogenesis

“Total activity”of these enzyme

determines which processes, glycolysis or gluconeogenesis,

a cell prefers.

Amount

Catalytic activity of each enzyme

molecule

Gene expression

Allosteric regulation

Extracellular signal :Hormonal/ neuronal/

growth factors/ cytokines

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

7 Endocrine SystemLiver cell/ Hepatocyte Glucose

Glucose 6-phosphat

e

Hexokinase IV/Glucokinase

Glucose 6-phosphatas

eLow activity

Isoenzyme/ isozyme = different proteins that catalyze the same reaction

Blood glucose Hexokinase I @ myocyte Hexokinase IV @ hepatocyte

Low level Catalyze more glucose (near Vmax).

Catalyze less glucose (conserve large activity to reach Vmax).

High level Enzymes have already been saturated.

Enzyme activity increase continuously.

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

7 Endocrine SystemLiver cell/ Hepatocyte

Blood glucose Hexokinase I @ myocyte Hexokinase IV @ hepatocyte

Low level Catalyze more glucose (near Vmax).

Catalyze less glucose (conserve large activity to reach Vmax).

High level Enzymes have already been saturated.

Enzyme activity increase continuously.

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

7 Endocrine SystemLiver cell/ Hepatocyte

PFK-1 : Phosphofructokinase-1FBPase-1 : Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase-1

Fructose 6-phosphat

e

Fructose 1,6-bisphosph

ate

Low activity FBPase-1PFK-1

High activity

Fructose 6-phosphat

e

Fructose 2,6-bisphosph

ate

Low activityFBPase-2

PFK-2

High activityPi

cAMP-dependent protein kinase

Inhibitoryphosphate

cAMP as 2ry messenger

“phosphorylation”

ATPADP

Less amount PFK-2 : Phosphofructokinase-2FBPase-2 : Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase-2

Isozyme B1 L-type

PFK-2 : Phosphofructokinase-2FBPase-2 : Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase-2

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7 Endocrine SystemLiver cell/ Hepatocyte

PFK-1 : Phosphofructokinase-1FBPase-1 : Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase-1

Fructose 6-phosphat

e

Fructose 1,6-bisphosph

ate

Low activity FBPase-1PFK-1

High activity

Fructose 6-phosphat

e

Fructose 2,6-bisphosph

ate

Low activityFBPase-2

PFK-2

High activityPi

Inhibitoryphosphate

Less amount- glycolysis

+ gluconeogenesis

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

7 Endocrine SystemLiver cell/ Hepatocyte

Phosphoenolpyruvate

Pyruvate

Pyruvatekinase

Inactive

PEP carboxykinase &Pyruvate carboxylase

PyruvatekinaseActive

cAMP-dependent protein kinase

cAMP as 2ry messenger

“phosphorylation”ADPATP

Pi

Inhibitoryphosphate

In liver only!

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

7 Endocrine SystemLiver cell/ Hepatocyte

Substrates for Gluconeogenesis

Phosphorylase a

Phosphorylase b

Active

Less active

Phosphorylase B kinase

PiPi

“phosphorylation”2 ATP

2 ADP

Stimulatory phosphate

PyruvateLactate

Cori cycle

Glucose

Glycogen Glucose 1-phosphate

Glucose

Pyruvate

Gluconeogenesis@ liver

Anaerobic glycolysis@ muscle

Glucose 6-phospha

te

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

7 Endocrine System

Blood glucose Hexokinase I @ myocyte Hexokinase IV @ hepatocyte

Low level Catalyze more glucose (near Vmax).

Catalyze less glucose (conserve large activity to reach Vmax).

High level Enzymes have already been saturated.

Enzyme activity increase continuously.

Cardiomyocyte

PFK-2 : Phosphofructokinase-2FBPase-2 : Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase-2

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

7 Endocrine System

PFK-1 : Phosphofructokinase-1FBPase-1 : Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase-1

Fructose 6-phosphat

e

Fructose 1,6-bisphosph

ate

Low activity

PFK-1 FBPase-1

High activity

Fructose 6-phosphat

e

Fructose 2,6-bisphosph

ate

Low activity

PFK-2FBPase-2

High activity

Pi

cAMP-dependent protein kinase

Inhibitoryphosphate

cAMP as 2ry messenger

ATPADP

More amount

Cardiomyocyte

“phosphorylation”

Isozyme B2 (H-type)

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7 Endocrine SystemCardiomyocyte

เอารป สตก มาไดไงอะ555555แคปมามะ5555 กอปมาเดะโดนลขสทธ

is believed not to have gluconeogenesis pathway.

Effects of Epinephrine on Hepatocyte & Cardiomyocyte

Pathway Hepatocyte Cardiomyocyte

Glycolysis Inhibit Stimulate

Gluconeogenesis Stimulate -

Choice C

NervousSystem

8

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

8 Nervous System

ผปวยรายหนง มพยาธสภาพทบรเวณสมองสวน medulla ทางดานขาง (lateral medulla) ซงบรเวณดงกลาวประกอบดวย tract (กลมของเสนใยประสาท) ทมความสาคญ เชน spinothalamic tract (เสนใยประสาทรบความรสกบางชนดจากไขสนหลง) และ sympathetic tract อกทงยงมนวเคลยส (กลมของตวเซลลประสาท) ของเสนประสาทสมองคท 5, 8, 9, 10 รวมถงพยาธสภาพทบรเวณ cerebellum บางสวน อาการในตวเลอกใดตอไปนเปนสวนหนงของอาการทพบไดในผปวย?A. รมานตาขยาย (Mydriasis)B. อาการจมกไมไดกลน (Anosmia)C. ความคดสบสน (Disorientation)D. อาการเวยนหว บานหมน (Vertigo) ทรงตวไมอย (Ataxia)E. กลามเนออมพาตแบบออนปวกเปยกดานตรงขามกบพยาธสภาพ (Contralateral flaccid paralysis)

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

8 Nervous System

ผปวยรายหนง มพยาธสภาพทบรเวณสมองสวน medulla ทางดานขาง (lateral medulla) ซงบรเวณดงกลาวประกอบดวย tract (กลมของเสนใยประสาท) ทมความสาคญ เชน spinothalamic tract (เสนใยประสาทรบความรสกบางชนดจากไขสนหลง) และ sympathetic tract อกทงยงมนวเคลยส (กลมของตวเซลลประสาท) ของเสนประสาทสมองคท 5, 8, 9, 10 รวมถงพยาธสภาพทบรเวณ cerebellum บางสวน อาการในตวเลอกใดตอไปนเปนสวนหนงของอาการทพบไดในผปวย?A. รมานตาขยาย (Mydriasis)B. อาการจมกไมไดกลน (Anosmia)C. ความคดสบสน (Disorientation)D. อาการเวยนหว บานหมน (Vertigo) ทรงตวไมอย (Ataxia)E. กลามเนออมพาตแบบออนปวกเปยกดานตรงขามกบพยาธสภาพ (Contralateral flaccid paralysis)

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

8 Nervous SystemDiagnosis (Dx) : Lateral medullary syndrome/ PICA syndrome/ Wallenberg syndromeWhat is it? : one type of vascular lesions of the medulla

Arterial Supplies of the Brain● Internal carotid artery● Vertebral artery

Left ventricle

Ascending aorta

Aortic arch

(Right) Brachiocephalic

trunk

Left common carotid artery

Left subclavian artery

Right subclavian

artery

Right common carotid artery

Right internal carotid artery

Left internal carotid artery

Right vertebral

artery

Leftvertebral

artery

Basilarartery

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

8 Nervous SystemArterial Supplies of the Brain● Internal carotid artery● Vertebral artery

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

8 Nervous SystemArterial Supplies of the Brain

Vertebral artery

Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)

Basilar artery

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)

Superior cerebellar artery

Posterior cerebral artery

Middle cerebral artery

Anterior cerebral artery

Internal carotid artery

Supply medulla & cerebellum

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

8 Nervous SystemLateral Medullary Syndrome

Lateral medullary & inferior cerebellar infarction

Infarction = injury/ death of tissue resulting from inadequate blood supply.

Cranial nerve nucleus

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

8 Nervous SystemLateral Medullary Syndrome

A group of

soma nerve fiber (axon)

CNS Nucleus Tract

PNS Ganglion Nerve

Note :

Sensory system

Autonomic system

Cerebellum

V : trigeminal systemCranial nerve nucleus

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

8 Nervous SystemLateral Medullary Syndrome

Touch/ Pressure

Pain/ temperature

Trig

emin

al n

erve

(V

1/ V

2/ V

3)

Trig

emin

al

gang

lion

Spinaltrigeminal

nucleus

Spinaltrigeminal

tract

Principaltrigeminal

nucleus

Trigeminothalamic/ ventral trigeminal

tract

Thalamus

Cerebrum

Motor nucleus of CNV

Muscles of mastication

Pons

Medulla

V : trigeminal systemCranial nerve nucleus

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

8 Nervous SystemLateral Medullary Syndrome

Touch/ Pressure

Pain/ temperature

Trig

emin

al n

erve

(V

1/ V

2/ V

3)

Trig

emin

al

gang

lion

Spinaltrigeminal

nucleus

Spinaltrigeminal

tract

Principaltrigeminal

nucleus

Trigeminothalamic/ ventral trigeminal

tract

Thalamus

Cerebrum

Motor nucleus of CNV

Muscles of mastication

Pons

Medulla

Clinical presentation : ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation from the face.

VIII : vestibular nucleusCranial nerve nucleus

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8 Nervous SystemLateral Medullary Syndrome

Cochlear nucleus @ caudal pons-rostral medulla/ CNVIII level

Vestibular nucleus @ rostral medulla

VIII : vestibular nucleusCranial nerve nucleus

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

8 Nervous SystemLateral Medullary Syndrome

Sound wave stimulates

hair cell @ampulla/

saccule/ utricle.

Vest

ibul

ar

gang

lion

Vest

ibul

ar

nerv

eVestibular nucleus : superior/lateral

/medial/ inferiorFl

occu

lono

dula

r lo

be o

f cer

ebel

lum

Abducens nucleus

Oculomotor/ trochlear nucleus

Medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)

Vest

ibul

ocer

ebel

lar

tract

Medialvestibulospinal

tract

Lateralvestibulospinal

tract

Motor neuron of head & neck muscles

Motor neuron of muscles of extremities

“Vestibulo-ocular reflex” to maintain visual fixation

Thalamus

Cerebrum

Vestibulothalamic tract

VIII : vestibular nucleusCranial nerve nucleus

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

8 Nervous SystemLateral Medullary Syndrome

Sound wave stimulates

hair cell @ampulla/

saccule/ utricle.

Vest

ibul

ar

gang

lion

Vest

ibul

ar

nerv

eVestibular nucleus : superior/lateral

/medial/ inferiorFl

occu

lono

dula

r lo

be o

f cer

ebel

lum

Abducens nucleus

Oculomotor/ trochlear nucleus

Medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)

Vest

ibul

ocer

ebel

lar

tract

Medialvestibulospinal

tract

Lateralvestibulospinal

tract

Motor neuron of head & neck muscles

Motor neuron of muscles of extremities

Clinical presentation : nystagmus, nausea, vomiting, and vertigo (บานหมน).

“Vestibulo-ocular reflex” to maintain visual fixation

Thalamus

Cerebrum

Vestibulothalamic tract

IX & X : nucleus ambiguusCranial nerve nucleus

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8 Nervous SystemLateral Medullary Syndrome

Muscles innervated bynucleus ambiguus

Glossopharyngeal nerve Vagus nerve

stylopharyngeus muscle

Intrinsic muscles of the soft palate, larynx, pharynx, parasympathetic to heart

Spinal trigeminal nucleus/ nucleus solitarius/

inferior salivatory nucleus

Dorsal motor nucleus/ nucleus solitarius /

spinal trigeminal nucleus

Sensory : epiglottis, external auditory meatus, visceral organs, baroreceptorMotor : parasympathetic to heart & GI tractSecretomotor : mucous gland @ GI/ RS

Sensory : pharynx, middle & external ear, posterior ⅓ of tongue (somatic & taste), baroreceptorSecretomotor : parotid gland

IX & X : nucleus ambiguusCranial nerve nucleus

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

8 Nervous SystemLateral Medullary Syndrome

Muscles innervated bynucleus ambiguus

stylopharyngeus muscle

Intrinsic muscles of the soft palate, larynx, pharynx

initiate the mechanism of swallowing and phonation

ipsilateral laryngeal, pharyngeal, and palatal paralysis

Clinical presentations :dysarthria, dysphagia, and dysphonia [hoarseness]

Uvular deviation :palatal palsy

Loss of gag reflex

Spinothalamic tractSensory system

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

8 Nervous SystemLateral Medullary Syndrome

Pain/ temperature

Vert

ebra

l ne

rve

Dors

al ro

ot

gang

lion

dorsal horn (lamina I&V)

Lateral spinothalamic

tract

Fasciculus gracilis/

cuneatus

Thalamus

Cerebrum

Touch/ pressure/ vibration/

proprioception

Gracile/ cuneate nucleus

Medial lemniscus

Spinothalamic tractSensory system

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

8 Nervous SystemLateral Medullary Syndrome

Pain/ temperature

Vert

ebra

l ne

rve

Dors

al ro

ot

gang

lion

dorsal horn (lamina I&V)

Lateral spinothalamic

tract

Fasciculus gracilis/

cuneatus

Thalamus

Cerebrum

Touch/ pressure/ vibration/

proprioception

Gracile/ cuneate nucleus

Medial lemniscus

“Sensory homunculus” @ postcentral gyrus

Spinothalamic tractSensory system

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

8 Nervous SystemLateral Medullary Syndrome

Pain/ temperature

Vert

ebra

l ne

rve

Dors

al ro

ot

gang

lion

dorsal horn (lamina I&V)

Lateral spinothalamic

tract

Fasciculus gracilis/

cuneatus

Thalamus

Cerebrum

Touch/ pressure/ vibration/

proprioception

Gracile/ cuneate nucleus

Medial lemniscus

Clinical presentation : contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation from the trunk and extremities

Descending sympathetic tractAutonomic system

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

8 Nervous SystemLateral Medullary Syndrome

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamospinal tract

Ciliospinal center @ Lateral horn/ intermediolateral cell

column (T1-T2) levelSuperior cervical ganglion

Target organ Normal sympathetic function

Pathology

Iris dilator muscle

Dilate pupil (Mydriasis).

Miosis เลก

Superior tarsal muscle

Elevate tarsus. Ptosis ตก

Sweat gland Produce sweat. Anhidrosis แหง

(Pseudo)enophthalmos ไมงอก

smc of blood vessel

Contract blood vessel.

Flushing

Horner Syndrome

Inferior cerebellar peduncleCerebellum

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

8 Nervous SystemLateral Medullary Syndrome

Functions :● Flocculonodular lobe

(vestibulocerebellum) : equilibrium● Vermis (spinocerebellum) : equilibrium● Cerebellar hemisphere

(cerebrocerebellum) : muscle tone & movement

Inferior cerebellar peduncleCerebellum

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

8 Nervous SystemLateral Medullary Syndrome

Clinical presentations : ipsilateral cerebellar signs

Dystaxia

Dysmetria

Dysdiadochokinesia

Finger-to-nose test

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

8 Nervous SystemLateral Medullary Syndrome : Clinical presentations

Vestibular nuclei nystagmus, nausea, vomiting, and vertigo

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

ipsilateral cerebellar signs (dystaxia, dysmetria, and dysdiadochokinesia)

Nucleus ambiguus of CNs IX and X

ipsilateral laryngeal, pharyngeal, and palatal paralysis (loss of the gag reflex, dysarthria, dysphagia, and dysphonia [hoarseness])

Spinothalamic tracts

contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation from the trunk and extremities

Spinal trigeminal nucleus and tract

ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation from the face

Descending sympathetic tract

ipsilateral Horner syndrome (ptosis, miosis, hemianhidrosis, vasodilation, and apparent enophthalmos).

“Don’t pick a (PICA) horse (hoarseness) that can’t eat (dysphagia).”

ImmuneSystem

9

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

9 Immune Systemเดกหญง และพชาย ไดรบการวนจฉยวาเปนโรคอสกอใส แตทงสองคนมอาการทแตกตางกนโดยเดกหญงมอาการนอยกวาพชาย ซงมารดาไดใหขอมลวาเดกหญงเคยไดรบวคซนอสกอใสชนด live attenuated vaccine มากอน แตพชายไมเคยไดรบ จากขอมลดงกลาวเพราะเหตใดเดกหญงจงมอาการนอยกวาพชาย?A. การตดเชอของเดกหญงเปน primary immune response จงสามารถตอบสนองไดรวดเรวและรนแรงกวาB. การตดเชอของเดกหญงเปน secondary immune response จงสามารถตอบสนองไดรวดเรวและรนแรงกวาC. การให live attenuated vaccine เปนการให antibody แกเดกหญง เมอเกดการตดเชอจงสามารถตอบสนองไดรวดเรวและรนแรงกวาD. การให live attenuated vaccine จดเปน natural passive immunization ทาใหเดกหญงสราง antibody ตอเชอไดมาก เมอเกดการตดเชอจงสามารถตอบสนองไดรวดเรวและรนแรงกวาE. การให live attenuated vaccine จดเปน natural active immunization ทาใหเดกหญงสราง antibody ตอเชอไดมาก เมอเกดการตดเชอจงสามารถตอบสนองไดรวดเรวและรนแรงกวา

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

9 Immune Systemเดกหญง และพชาย ไดรบการวนจฉยวาเปนโรคอสกอใส แตทงสองคนมอาการทแตกตางกนโดยเดกหญงมอาการนอยกวาพชาย ซงมารดาไดใหขอมลวาเดกหญงเคยไดรบวคซนอสกอใสชนด live attenuated vaccine มากอน แตพชายไมเคยไดรบ จากขอมลดงกลาวเพราะเหตใดเดกหญงจงมอาการนอยกวาพชาย?A. การตดเชอของเดกหญงเปน primary immune response จงสามารถตอบสนองไดรวดเรวและรนแรงกวาB. การตดเชอของเดกหญงเปน secondary immune response จงสามารถตอบสนองไดรวดเรวและรนแรงกวาC. การให live attenuated vaccine เปนการให antibody แกเดกหญง เมอเกดการตดเชอจงสามารถตอบสนองไดรวดเรวและรนแรงกวาD. การให live attenuated vaccine จดเปน natural passive immunization ทาใหเดกหญงสราง antibody ตอเชอไดมาก เมอเกดการตดเชอจงสามารถตอบสนองไดรวดเรวและรนแรงกวาE. การให live attenuated vaccine จดเปน natural active immunization ทาใหเดกหญงสราง antibody ตอเชอไดมาก เมอเกดการตดเชอจงสามารถตอบสนองไดรวดเรวและรนแรงกวา

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

9 Immune SystemThe Theme of Immunology

Innate immunity Adaptive immunity

Specific to groups of molecule with shared structure (PAMPs, DAMPs, etc.)

Specific to any particular antigens

Limited diversity Very large diversity

No memory cell Memory cell

Initial response Later responseInnate immunity Adaptive immunity

APC

Cytokine

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

9 Immune SystemThe Theme of Immunology

Innate immunity

virus

infected cell

Activated natural killer (NK) cell kills infected cell.

Stress signal

Dendritic cell/ macrophage (antigen presenting cell; APC) phagocytoses infected cell after stimulated by nonself molecules (pathogen associated molecular patterns; PAMPs).

APC circulates to draining lymph node.

NK

APC

APC

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

9 Immune SystemThe Theme of Immunology

Interaction Between Innate & Adaptive Immunity

APC processes viral antigens and

presents them at MHC (major

histocompatibility complex) molecules.

MHC class I

APC CD8

Costimulatory molecule/ costimulator Effector CD8+ T cells

circulate to site of infection.

CD8

Naïve CD8+ T cell

T cell receptor

(TCR)

Costimulatory receptor

Clonalexpansion

นอนนรจง

Memory CD8+ T cells

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

9 Immune SystemThe Theme of Immunology

MHC class II

APC CD4

Costimulatory molecule

Effector CD4+ T cell

CD4 Naïve CD4+ T cell

TCR

Costimulatory receptor Clonal

expansion

Interaction Between Innate & Adaptive Immunity

Memory CD4+ T cell

Full B cell activation requires 3 steps.

BNaïve B cell

B

B cell receptor

(BCR)

MHC class II

1

B cell (as APC) recognizes, processes, and presents viral antigen

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

9 Immune SystemThe Theme of Immunology

Effector CD4+ T cell

CD4 Naïve CD4+ T cell

Activation, differentiation, & proliferation

Full B cell activation requires 3 steps.

2 B cell is activated by effector CD4+ T cell via stimulatory signal.

BCRMHC

class II B

CD4Effector CD4+ T cell

TCR

Stimulatory signal

B cell undergoes proliferation, isotype switching, & somatic hypermutation.

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

9 Immune SystemThe Theme of Immunology

Effector CD4+ T cell

CD4 Naïve CD4+ T cell

Activation, differentiation, & proliferation

Full B cell activation requires 3 steps.

3

BCR

MHC class II B

TFHFollicular helper T cell

TCR Among this B cell population, the one whose receptor has highest affinity to antigen is selected.

Differentiation

Follicular dendritic cell

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

9 Immune SystemThe Theme of Immunology

Effector CD4+ T cell

CD4 Naïve CD4+ T cell

Activation, differentiation, & proliferation

Full B cell activation requires 3 steps.

3

BCR

MHC class II B

TFHFollicular helper T cell

TCR

Clonal expansion & differentiation

Differentiation

Follicular dendritic cell

Memory B cell

Plasma cells circulate to site of infection.

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

9 Immune SystemThe Theme of Immunology

Adaptive immunity

infected cell

Humoral immunity Cell-mediated immunity

virus

Plasma cell

Neutralizing antibody

Prevent cell from being infected with virus.

CD8

Viral antigen at MHC class I

TCR

CD8+ T cells recognize & kill infected cells.

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

9 Immune System1ry vs 2nd Immune Response to the Same Antigen

T cell function B cell function

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

9 Immune System1ry vs 2nd Immune Response to the Same Antigen

T cell function B cell function

1ry response

2ry response

T

Naïve T cell Effector T cell

Memory T cell Effector T cell

B

Naïve B cell Plasma cell

Memory B cell Plasma cell

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

9 Immune SystemWhat make memory cell has a higher performance than that of naïve cell?

Memory T cell Memory B cell

● Greater number of memory cell than that of naïve cell : typically 10x to 100x.

● Prolonged maintenance from cytokine stimulation : increased anti-apoptotic protein & low-level proliferation.

● Rapid response : more active gene.● Immediate action at peripheral tissue : less

dependent on costimulation.

● Prolonged survival without antigenic stimulation.

● “Fully activated” : potential isotype switching & high-affinity receptor

“The success of vaccination is attributed in large part to the ability to generate memory cells on initial antigen exposure.”

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

9 Immune SystemImmunization

= immunity that is induced by exposure to a foreign antigen

= immunity from transferring serum or lymphocytes from a specifically immunized individual

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

9 Immune SystemImmunization

Types of immunity Passive Active

Naturally acquired Maternal IgG passed through placenta, IgG in colostrum

Natural exposure to antigen

Artificially acquired Serum, antitoxin, IVIG Vaccine, toxoid

C. การให live attenuated vaccine เปนการให antibody แกเดกหญง เมอเกดการตดเชอจงสามารถตอบสนองไดรวดเรวและรนแรงกวาD. การให live attenuated vaccine จดเปน natural passive immunization ทาใหเดกหญงสราง antibody ตอเชอไดมาก เมอเกดการตดเชอจงสามารถตอบสนองไดรวดเรวและรนแรงกวาE. การให live attenuated vaccine จดเปน natural active immunization ทาใหเดกหญงสราง antibody ตอเชอไดมาก เมอเกดการตดเชอจงสามารถตอบสนองไดรวดเรวและรนแรงกวา

Microbiology &Parasitology

10

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

10 Microbiology & Parasitology

ขอใดตอไปนกลาวไมถกตองเกยวกบโรคไขมาลาเรย?A. โรคไขมาลาเรยเกดจากเชอกอโรคใน Genus PlasmodiumB. คนเปน Intermediate host หรอ Vertebrate host ของเชอกอโรคมาลาเรยC. การทผปวยมอาการหนาวสนเปนชวง ๆ เกดจากการทเชอทาใหเซลลเมดเลอดแดงแตกD. เชอกอโรคมาลาเรยมยงเปน Definitive host และมการสบพนธแบบไมอาศยเพศเทานนเกดขนภายในตวยงE. เชอกอโรคมาลาเรยอยกลม Apicomplexa ซงม Apical organ สาหรบการเขาไปในเซลลของ Host

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

10 Microbiology & Parasitology

ขอใดตอไปนกลาวไมถกตองเกยวกบโรคไขมาลาเรย?A. โรคไขมาลาเรยเกดจากเชอกอโรคใน Genus PlasmodiumB. คนเปน Intermediate host หรอ Vertebrate host ของเชอกอโรคมาลาเรยC. การทผปวยมอาการหนาวสนเปนชวง ๆ เกดจากการทเชอทาใหเซลลเมดเลอดแดงแตกD. เชอกอโรคมาลาเรยมยงเปน Definitive host และมการสบพนธแบบไมอาศยเพศเทานนเกดขนภายในตวยงE. เชอกอโรคมาลาเรยอยกลม Apicomplexa ซงม Apical organ สาหรบการเขาไปในเซลลของ Host

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

10 Microbiology & ParasitologyLife Cycle of Plasmodium spp.

“Apical organ”

“Anopheles spp.”(A. dirus, A. minimis,

A. maculatus)

ยงกนปลอง

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

10 Microbiology & ParasitologyLife Cycle of Plasmodium spp.

“Fever/ febrile paroxysm”

References & Selected Readings

Interesting points from AMSci Elimination Round by P’Neung MDCU75

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Interesting points from

AMSciElimination Round

By P’Neung MDCU75