ELEVATORSElevator (lift):

A mechanical device for transporting people or goods from one level to another. The term lift or elevator generally denotes a unit withautomatic safety devices; the very earliest units were called hoists. Lifts consist of a platform(cabin) or car travelling in vertical guides in a shaft, with related hoisting and lowering mechanisms and a source of power.

Basically they can be divided into two main groups

1. Personal Lifts : are used to carry human beings (i.e. Home lift, passanger lifts)

2. Load (or Service) Lifts : are used to carry goods (i.e. Freight lifts, dumbwaiters, hospital lifts)

Passanger lift Hospital lift Dumbwaiter

The capacity and size is determined by the number of people to be carried or load in two types. Even working principles are almost similar but they show slight differences in design and construction. (i.e.personalLifts should be more safe) Average velocity of an elevator is around 1 m/sec. EN 81is the European standard forthe elevators.

Another classification can be made according to the working mechanism,

1. Transaction (Mechanical rope) :The transaction elevator system is the most popular grace to its flexibility. The machine is composed of 2 parts: the gear box and the eletric motor.The machinery location may be at the overhead or basement of hoistway. The evolution in the lift technology in the 90's allow the building owner to install his elevator without machine room, called MRL (Machine RoomLess).(For high speed elevator in high-rise building)

2. Hydraulic : An overhead machine room will not be needed. The machine room shall be at the start floor, adjacent or not to the hoistway. This installation is suitable for old building where the structure was not planified to support the overhead machine room.A hydraulic lift is driven by an oil pump and jacks. More expensive than transaction lifts but less noisy operation.(For low and medium-rise buildings)

Transaction type lift

Hydraulic Lift

More than one lift can be installed on the same building. This is determined by anaylzing below factors.

• Population of the building

• Type of the building

• Starting and finishing time of population

• Number of floors and heights (i.e. 1 lift for 3 floors is excellent)

• Position of the building in relation to public transport services

Hoistway plan view

Hoistway section view

Machine Room

No.Pers.

Load Capacity

Car Size a x b (mm)

EntranceW

(mm)

Hoistway X x Y (mm)

Pit P

(mm)

OverheadOH

(mm)

Machine Room A x B x MH

(mm) 1800x1450 1550 4550 2050

6 450 KG 1400x850 800 1800x1500 1850 4750

2400 3300 2250

1800x1650 1550 4550 2400 3300 20508 550 KG 1400x1030 800

1800x1700 1850 4750 3000 3500 2250 1800x1700 1550 4550 2400 3400 2050

1850 4750 9 600 KG 1400x1100 800 1850x1750

2150 4950 3000 3600 2250

1800x1850 1550 4550 2400 3600 20501850 4750 10 700 KG 1400x1250 800

1850x1900 2150 4950

3000 3600 2250

1800x1950 1550 4550 2400 3700 20501850 4750 11 750 KG 1400x1350 800

1850x2000 2150 4950

3000 3700 2250

1800x2000 1550 4550 2400 3800 20501850 4750 12 800 KG 1400x1400 800

1850x2050 2150 4950

3200 3800 2250

2050x2000 1550 4550 2600 3900 20501850 4750 13 900 KG 1600x1350 900

2100x2100 2150 4950

3200 3900 2250

2050x2150 1550 4550 2600 4100 20501850 4750 15 1000KG 1600x1500 900

2100x2250 2150 4950

3400 4100 2250

2300x2250 1550 4550 3500 4100 20501850 4750 17 1150KG 1800x1500 1000

2350x2300 2150 4950

3500 4100 2250

2300x2450 1550 4550 3500 4300 20501850 4750 20 1350KG 1800x1700 1000

2350x2500 2150 4950

3500 4300 2250

2500x2500 1550 4550 3600 4300 2050 1850 4750 24 1600KG 2000x1750 1000

2550x2550 2150 4950

3600 4300 2250

Standard Size for a Passanger Lift

Components of a lift System

Components of a Lift System

• Guide Rails: protects the cabin and the counter weight along the vertical direction and, it prevents any turning of cabin and counter weight. All rails are used by the parachute aarangement to hold the cabin. Generally T-profile steel are used for guide rails.

• Counter Weight: The weight of the counter weight is equal to the cabin weight and 0.4 or 0.5 of the whole weight. To be able to carry it easily and to arrange the required amount, it is made with cast iron.

• Buffer or Bumper : In any case if an elevator can not stop at the lowest stop and continue on its way, to soften the crash to the ground and to reduce the damage that may occur, according to the speed of the elevator, wooden, plastic, spring, or hydraulic elements known as bumpers are used.

• Speed regulator : If the downward speed exceeds the normal speed by %25, speed regulator effects the parachute brake and shuts off the electricity of the motor. It acts like “speed limit”.

• Parachute system : This system stops the elevator on guide rails with breaking, if ropes are broken or if the speed of going down is increased too much. It gets signals from a speed regulator.

• Electricity arrangement : In the Machinery room on a panel there is a circuit breaker and fuses. Many circuits are installed to start the electric motor, to loosen the automatic breakes, lightining, security and control.

• Control System : To be able to use the elevators easily, comfortably, orderly and securely, control systems are installed. For modern elevators, “button” control are used. Button control are divided into two. Buttons outside the cabin are “external” and buttons in side the cabin are “internal” control buttons.

• Ropes or Cables : Ropes are produced from high carbon cold drawn wires. Wires are wraped up in helix way to create cordons, and cordons are wraped up in helix way to create ropes.

• Cabin Doors : Cabin doors can be seperated in three according to their operation as follows :

1. Slam-doors opened and closed by hand2. Semi-automatic doors closed with the help of shock absorbers3. Full-automatic doors operate by electric motors

• Stop or Floor Doors : These should be fixed to the openings, which allows entries to the elevators. They are fire resistant.

• Ventilation : There could be proper ventilation in cabins and in the Machine room.