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Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Elettronica Tmoduli I e II
Docenti: Massimo Lanzoni, Igor Loi [email protected] [email protected]
A.A. 2015/2016
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Scheduling
MOD 1 (Prof. Loi) Weeks 39,40,41,42, 43,44
» MOS transistors» Digital electronics
MOD 2 (Prof. Lanzoni) Weeks 45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52
» OPAMPS» Analog electronics
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
What is this class all about?
Introduction to digital integrated circuit design engineering» Key concepts needed to be a good digital IC designer» Design creativity
Models and techniques that allow reasoning about circuit behavior» Allow analysis and optimization of the circuit’s performance, power,
cost, etc.» Understanding circuit behavior is key to making sure it will actually
work Teach you how to make sure your circuit works
» Do you want your transistor to be the one that screws up a 1 billion transistor chip?
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
MOD1: What you’ll learn...
Understanding, designing, and optimizing digital circuits for various quality metrics:
» Performance (speed)
» Power dissipation
» Cost
» Reliability
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Detailed Topics
CMOS devices and manufacturing technology CMOS gates Combinational and sequential circuits Arithmetic building blocks Interconnect Memories Propagation delay, noise margins, power Design methodologies
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Logistics Instructor’s office hours
» By appointment (e-mail)
Textbook» J. Rabaey, A. Chandrakasan, B. Nikolic,
“Circuiti integrati digitali," 2a edizione,Prentice-Hall 2005 (http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/IcBook/)
» N. Weste, D. Harris, “CMOS VLSI Design” 4th Ed., Addison-Wesley 2011 (http://www3.hmc.edu/~harris/cmosvlsi/4e/index.html)
Lecture notes» WEB site
http://www-micrel.deis.unibo.it/ELET1/2015
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Written Exam
Open book (you can bring book, notes etc) No electronic devices allowed (only calculators) No more penalties if the score is less than 14/30 Dont cheat!! 6 exam per year
» 3 exams during Jan-Feb 2016» 2 exams during June-July 2016» 1 exam during September 2016
Exam info: 2 open questions, 1 execise, 75min available.
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Exam and Grades
Witten final exam» 1 + 1 hrs (Mod1 + Mod2)» Mod1 and Mod2 are independent» Written_grade = (Mod1_grade + Mod2_grade)/2
Oral exam is optional» Final grade = Written_grade» or» (Written_grade + Oral_grade)/2
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Digital integrated circuits rEvolution
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Introduction
Digital Integrated Circuit Design: The past, the present and the future
» What made Digital IC design what it is today» Why is designing digital Ics different today than
it was before?» Will it change in the future?
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
The First Computer
The BabbageDifference Engine(1832)
25,000 partscost: £17,470
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
ENIAC - The first electronic computer (1946)
Balistic calculator (Used during 2° World War)
18000 valves1500 relais30 tons200 KW
$ 486.804,22 (1946)
During 10 years of opeating life 19000 valves had to be replaced
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
The transistor revolution
First transistor
Shockley, Brattain,Bardeen
Bell Labs, 1948
Same Functionality of vacuum tubes but less power and compact, reliable and fast.
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
The first Integrted Circuit
Improvement on technology process :
» Planar Transistors (BJT)
Phase shift oscillator – Jack Kilby (1958)
Integration of many transistors on the same semiconductor substrate
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
The first integrated circuit
ECL 3-input GateTechnology: bipolarMotorola 1966
Noyce –Fairchil Co-Founder
Idea: Planar transistor Process in a single shot
several transistor Manufactoring steps
Doping Oxidation Lithografy Etching Deposition EtcBeginning of the IC REVOLUTION!!!
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Transistor – Transistor Logic
TTL is a class of digital circuits built from bipolar junction transistors (BJT) and resistors.
Became very popular after 1963 (Texas) 7400 and 5400 series
Main issue:» Speed» Power
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
MOS transistor
Patented : 1935 (IGFET)...Reinvented in late ‘60.First working device : ‘70
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Microprocessors
Intel 4004 (1971)2300 transistors3x4mm10um process PMOS<1 MHz operation
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Microprocessors
Intel 4004 (1971)2300 transistors3x4mm10um process PMOS<1 MHz operation
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Intel Core 2 Microprocessor
Intel Core 2 (2006), 291M transistors,65CMOS, 143mm²3GHz
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Transistor Counts
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Intel SRAM Prototype Chip (2009)
22nm 364MB SRAM > 2.9B transistor 3rd generation High-K + Metal Gate
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Moore’s Law In 1965, Gordon Moore noted that the number of transistors on a chip doubled
every 18 to 24 months He made a prediction that semiconductor technology will double its
effectiveness every 18 months
161514131211109876543210
195
91
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Electronics, April 19, 1965.
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Cost per Transistor
0.0000001
0.000001
0.00001
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.11
1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012
cost: ¢-per-transistor
Fabrication capital cost per transistor (Moore’s law)
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Scaling
Transistor count is the most common measure of integrated circuit complexity.
» Intel's 10-core XeonWestmere-EX 2.5 Billion» Xilinx currently holds the "world-record" for
an FPGA containing 6.8 Billion transistors.
More integration due transistor scaling:» More compact devices» faster» Less power hungry
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
65nm CMOS Technology
8 Metal Layers for local/global interconnects
PMOS (gate 65nm)
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Evolution in Complexity
memories
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Frequency
P6
Pentium ® proc486
38628680868085
8080
80084004
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
Fre
qu
ency
(M
hz)
Lead Microprocessors frequency doubles every 2 yearsLead Microprocessors frequency doubles every 2 years
Doubles every2 years
Courtesy, Intel
Now it’s over!
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Power Dissipation Prediction (2000)
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Power density
40048008
80808085
8086
286386
486Pentium® proc
P6
1
10
100
1000
10000
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
Po
wer
Den
sity
(W
/cm
2)
Hot Plate
Nuclear
Reactor
Rocket
Nozzle
Power density too high to keep junctions at low tempPower density too high to keep junctions at low temp
Courtesy, Intel
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Not enough cooling
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Why Scaling?
Technology shrinks by 0.7/generation With every generation can integrate 2x more functions per chip; chip cost
does not increase significantly Cost of a function decreases by 2x But …
» How to design chips with more and more functions?» Design engineering population does not double every two years…
Hence, a need for more efficient design methods» Exploit different levels of abstraction
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Design Abstraction Levels
n+n+S
GD
+
DEVICE
CIRCUIT
GATE
MODULE
SYSTEM
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
34
Not Only Microprocessors (cell phone…)
Analog Baseband
Digital Baseband
(DSP + MCU)
PowerManagemen
t
Small Signal RF
PowerRF
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Challenges in Digital Design
“Microscopic Problems”• Ultra-high speed design Interconnect• Noise, Crosstalk• Reliability, Manufacturability• Power Dissipation• Clock distribution.
Everything Looks a Little Different
“Macroscopic Issues”• Time-to-Market• Millions of Gates• High-Level Abstractions• Reuse & IP: Portability• Predictability• Verification
…and There’s a Lot of Them!
?